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Operational Amplifier

An operational amplifier (op-amp) is a high-gain differential amplifier with two inputs and one output. It uses feedback to control its response characteristics. It has very high input impedance and very low output impedance. In a closed-loop configuration with negative feedback, an op-amp can be used as an inverting amplifier, non-inverting amplifier, voltage follower, or summing amplifier. Common applications take advantage of its high gain and ability to perform mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, integration and differentiation.

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69 views7 pages

Operational Amplifier

An operational amplifier (op-amp) is a high-gain differential amplifier with two inputs and one output. It uses feedback to control its response characteristics. It has very high input impedance and very low output impedance. In a closed-loop configuration with negative feedback, an op-amp can be used as an inverting amplifier, non-inverting amplifier, voltage follower, or summing amplifier. Common applications take advantage of its high gain and ability to perform mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, integration and differentiation.

Uploaded by

sowmya manchineella
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER

Definition:
An operation amplifier is a multistage, high gain direct coupled amplifier with
two differential inputs and a single ended output, which uses feedback to
control its overall response characteristics.

Block Diagram:

Input Stage-Differential Amplifier:


1) Increases the CMRR
CMRR = Adiff/Acomm
CMRR is ratio of differential mode gain to common mode gain.
Differential mode voltage gain is the gain given to a voltage that appears
between the two input terminals. It represents two different voltages on
the inputs. Differential amplifier amplifies the difference between the
two voltages on the two inputs.
Common mode voltage gain is the gain given to a voltage that appears
on both input terminals with respect to ground. Same input is applied on
both terminals. Ideally, an op amp will reject voltages that appear on
both input terminals, resulting in common-mode voltage gain of zero.
Ideally CMRR is infinite because Acomm is zero.
2) Most of the gain adjusted.
3) Provides very high input impedance.
If the input is very high compared to the circuit impedance, then applied
input voltage will be appeared across the circuit.

Intermediate Stage-Voltage Amplifier:


1) Supress the dc level.
The output obtained from stage-I will have high DC value and will be
supressed in this stage.
2) Gain will be further increased.
Gain from stage-I need to be increased and is done in this stage.
Common source and common gate will in generally have high gain.
But in this stage common source is used because in common gate mode,
input is applied to source and gate is connected to gnd. To make
transistor ON, DC level at gate and drain should be higher than that of
source which is difficult.
In common source mode, Vin is applied to gate and output taken across
drain.

Fig:Common Source
Fig:Common Gate

Output Stage-Amplifier:
1) Provides low output impedance.
In this stage, common drain is used because out of all the topologies,
common drain output impedance is very low.
Common drain acts as voltage follower and ideally its gain is unity.
Also common drain supports for high current drivers
If opamp requires high current then common drain is used for current
amplification.

Fig:Common Drain
Characteristics of Ideal Operational Amplifiers
An ideal op-amp would exhibit the following electrical characteristics:

1. Open loop Voltage Gain A0 is infinity.


2. Infinity input resistance Ri so that almost any signal source can be drive
it and there is no loading of the preceding stage.
3. Zero output resistance R0 so that the output can be drive an infinity
number of other devices.
4. Zero output voltage when input is zero.
5. Infinity bandwidth so that any frequency signal from 0 to ∞ Hz can be
amplified without attenuation.
6. Infinity common-mode rejection ratio so that the output common-
mode noise voltage is zero.
7. Infinity slew rate so that output voltage changes occur simultaneously
with input voltage changes.

Slew Rate:
Slew rate is defined as the maximum rate of change of an op amp's output
voltage and is given units of volts per microsecond.

Slew rate defines how fast the output is changing with the applied input.
Slew rate effects the Rise time and fall time.Slew rate should be high.
Open Loop Vs Closed Loop Configuration of op-amp:
Open Loop:
The configuration in which the ouput depends on the input, but the output has
no effect on the input is known as Open Loop Configuration.
Open Loop config acts as switch only.
Op-amp works as high gain amplifier.

Op-amp is generally not used in open loop mode:


Open loop gain of op-amp is very large, very small input voltage drives the op-
amp voltage to the saturation level.

Closed Loop:
Closed loop operation is possible with the help of Feedback.
Feedback allows to feed some part of the output back to the input terminals.
In linear applications, the op-amp is used with negative feedback.
Negative feedback helps in controlling gain, which otherwise drives the op-
amp out of its linear range, even for a small noise voltage at the input terminal.
Applications of op-amp:
1)Inverting Amplifier:

Gain of inverting op-amp equals to –Rf/R1.


Negative sign in the gain indicates the 1800 phase difference between the input
and the output.

2)Non-Inverting Amplifier:

Gain of the non-inverting amplifier is equal to 1+Rf/R1.


No phase difference between the input and the output.
3)Voltage Follower:
A voltage follower is an electronic circuit, which produces an output that
follows the input voltage. It is a special case of non-inverting amplifier.

V0=Vi
The gain of a voltage follower is equal to one since, both output voltage V0 and
input voltage Vi of voltage follower are same.

4)Summing Amplifier:

Vout = Rf(Vin1/ Rin1+ Vin2/Rin2+ Vin3/Rin3)

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