BIO2135 Amphibia

Amphibians

BIO 2135 Animal Form & Function

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BIO 2135 Animal Form & Function

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Craniata (Vertebrate) phylogeny

Agnatha

Myxini
Cephalaspidomorphi
Chondrichthyes
Osteichtyes

Actinopterygii
Sarcopterygii
!
Amphibia
Testudies
Reptilia

Laepidosauria
! Animal innovations
(Symplesiomorphies) Crocodilia
• Paired appendages Aves
• Jaws with replaceable teeth Mammalia
• Three pairs of semicircular canals
• Gills from lateral supports
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 BIO2135 Amphibia

Craniata (Vertebrate) phylogeny

Agnatha
Myxini
Cephalaspidomorphi
Chondrichthyes

Osteichtyes
Actinopterygii
Sarcopterygii
Amphibia
!
! Testudies

Reptilia
Laepidosauria
! Animal innovations
(Symplesiomorphies) Crocodilia
• Bony skeleton Aves
• Swim bladder Mammalia
• Fins with bones and muscular
articulations
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Craniata (Vertebrate) phylogeny

Agnatha

Myxini
Cephalaspidomorphi
Chondrichthyes
Osteichtyes

Actinopterygii
Sarcopterygii
Amphibia
Testudies
Reptilia

!
Laepidosauria
! Tetrapoda
(Autapomorphy) Crocodilia
• Tetrapod stance for movement Aves
on land. Mammalia

defines the group

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What’s new in amphibians?

 Transition to land
 Tetrapod stance
 Strong, bony skeleton
 Double circuit circulatory system
 Moist, glandular skin gas exchange

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water was evaporating and there was more land and the earth was
heating up so that is why they moved up
Transition to land

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Aquatic vs. terrestrial

 Oxygen easy access to oxygen but the problem is we need to get O2 from gas exchange through moist skin -- make sure skin does not
dry up
 Density need a bony squeleton of some sort to stay up from the extra gravity
 Temperature cold and heat so there are lots of fluctuations in temperature that they never use to have to deal with before
 Water no water problems (aquatic so you need to make sure that you have the right isotonicity)

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Ichthyostega

BIO 2135 Animal Form & Function

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they do not have any bones under the pelvic girtle

their squeleton attaches at the sides and so when they are at rest they
will always be against the substrate and so it spends muscular
energy to get up in order to move

BIO 2135 Animal Form & Function

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Integument

c
Epidermis
secret moisture to the skin in order to get wet so because of this is that there is a large
Mucus gland musuc gland but now there is no way to protect the skin and so the amphibians produce
poison glands in order to protect themselves (no scales because that would block respiration
Poison gland through their skin)

Dermis

BIO 2135 Animal Form & Function

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Body wall resembles a fish

External
Internal
there is no rib cage -- layers of muscles that run in opposite directions

Transverse

between the muscles we can hold the internal organs together

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Vertebrae

Zygapophysis

Spinous process
Diapophysis
extensions of the bone so they over lap --- so that the whole organism can get up
Parapophysis and not just a part of them

BIO 2135 Animal Form & Function

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Skeletal support

way to hold the body up

Cervical vert. Sacral vert. like a suspension bridge

Trunk vert.
Caudal vert.
with ribs

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Axial skeleton
apendicular and axial skeleton are now connected and can work
together

Pelvic girdle

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Axial skeleton

Pectoral girdle

BIO 2135 Animal Form & Function

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Tetrapod stance

 Pectoral girdle  Pelvic girdle

– Joints: – Joints
• Shoulder • Hip
• Elbow • Knee
• Wrist • Ankle
– Bones – Bones
• Humerus • Femur
• Radius • Fibula
• Ulna • Tibia
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Skeletal support

sternum supports the viseral but the urostyle transports the forces
Urostyle
from the legs to the axial squeleton to move forward -- to jump

Sternum

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Hind limb
takes the leg and modified it even farther in order to jump
-- puts 3 parts into 1 long one very fast which is where the force
comes so handily
Urostyle
Femer single bones and double bones connecting to each other
Ilium Tibiofibula
Metatarsals
Phalanges Tarsus calcanum original wrist bones
Tarsus astragalus

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Amphibian heart

Atria
Lungs or skin

Ventricle
Systemic circulation

BIO 2135 Animal Form & Function

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Circulatory system (frog)

there is a lung in between of the blood vessels this causes the 3
1. chambered heart
2.
3. Carotids
4.
5. Pulmonary artery
6.
Lung

Pulmonary vein

Systemic arch

Dorsal aorta

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partisions the blood between different systems

Heart Truncus arteriosus

Carotid Pulmocutaneous (exit)

Systemic
Pulmonary vein (entrance)
Pulmocutaneous
Left auricle
Right auricle Sinus venosus (entrance)
Spiral valve
determine which
way blood flows
when leaving Ventricle
the blood mixes in here
heart

BIO 2135 Animal Form & Function

ex: when 22
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there is no
use for the lung to get any O2 because it is not working under water

Arterial circulation
Systemic arch
Conus Coelic and
arteriosus mesenteric Dorsal Iliac
aorta
4.
6.
Carotid heads out to the lung

Gonadal Renals
Subclavian more efficient method
Pulmonary
Cutaneous

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Venous circulation
still have jugular that brings it back
Hepatic portal Ventral abdominal and subvlavian and iliac
Mesonephros but now we only have one that brings blood from abdomen instead
of one
Iliac
Anterior
vena cava single unified vessels to bring blood and get blood
External
jugular Hepatic

Renal portal
Internal Subclavian
jugular Posterior vena cava
Cutaneous

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Respiration
& gas exchange

for the most part lungs are small so frogs swallow air and pushes it
into the lungs to breath

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Lingual flip
the tongue that is hinged at the front so they can invert it
and so they can extend them very quickly in order to get the insects
in order to feed

literally flips the other way

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Male urogenital system

Fat body

Testis
Adrenal gland
Mesonephros

Archinephric duct Rectum

Urinary vladder
Cloaca

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Female urogenital system

Ostium
Fat body
Oviduct
Ovary

Mesonephros

Adrenal gland

Ureter Uterus

Bladder
out of ovary into funnel
Cloaca

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still need to have the egg fertilised in the water and there is still
a major part of the life cycle that relies on being in the water
Amphibian life cycle to develop

Adult

Tadpole

Egg
Gastrula
Blastula
Gastrula 29
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