Arthropoda

most abundant, most successful

great numbers, and long evolutionary history

Introduction to the
show up in ancient ore cambrian oceans, some of earliest fossils,
Phylum Arthropoda

550 million years, some of 1st on land

habitats: all!!! crustaceans primary herbivores of oceans

insects dominant on land

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success of spiders from trapping insects
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Porifera
Placozoa
Cnidaria
Ctenophora
Platyhelminthes
Gastrotricha
Gnathostomulida
Cycliophora
Rotifera
Annelida
Mollusca
Sipuncula
Nemertea
Brachiopoda
! Phoronida
Bryozoa
Arthropoda
Tardigrada
! Ecdysozoa
(autapomorphies)
Onychophora alpha-chitin, not collagenous
Nematomorpha
Nematoda
• Moulted protein cuticle
Priapulida
reinforced with alpha-chitin or Kinorhyncha open circulatory with haemocoel, beating heart on dorsl surface
collagen Loricifera
• No surface cilia Echinodermata
• Loss of the coelom Hemichordata
Chordata
-tubular heart runs length of body, ostia (like molluscs), but tube

-Ecdysis molting

-food manipulated by limbs: new! So far, by mouth or around

mouth.
Porifera
Placozoa
Cnidaria
Ctenophora
-saccate metanephridia (new)
Platyhelminthes
Gastrotricha
Gnathostomulida
Cycliophora
Rotifera
Annelida
Mollusca
Sipuncula
Nemertea
Brachiopoda
Phoronida
! Animal innovations Bryozoa
Arthropoda
(Symplesiomorphies) ! Tardigrada
• Cuticle of alpha-chitin and Onychophora
noncollagenous protein Nematomorpha
Nematoda
• Haemocoel with dorsal tubular
Priapulida
ostiate heart Kinorhyncha
• Ecdysis Loricifera
• Food manipulated by limbs Echinodermata
• Saccate metanephridia Hemichordata
Chordata

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has
alpa
Chitin

O=C-CH3 O=C-CH3

NH CH2O NH
H
O
OH OH
OH
O O
O O

CH2O NH CH2O
H H
O=C-CH3

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compact, dense ionic/molecular bonding, tough chitin fibre.

Alpha-chitin
very tough! polar,

used in many ways, pliable and stretchy or tough and hard

CO NH CO NH CO NH

NH CO NH CO NH CO

NH CO NH CO NH CO NH CO

CO NH CO NH CO NH CO NH

CO NH CO NH CO NH

NH CO NH CO NH CO

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Porifera
Placozoa
Cnidaria
Ctenophora
Platyhelminthes
Gastrotricha
Gnathostomulida
Cycliophora add on top of alpha chitin
Rotifera
Annelida
Mollusca
Sipuncula
Nemertea
Brachiopoda
Phoronida also see unique arrangement of muscles!
Bryozoa
Arthropoda
!
Tardigrada
! Onychophora
no hydrostatic skeleton, covered in tissue
Animal innovations Nematomorpha
(synapomorphies) Nematoda
• Articulated limbs Priapulida
Kinorhyncha
arranged in bands/fibres, not sheets like before! Lever system,
• Three segmented brain
• Exoskeleton with articulated
Loricifera
Echinodermata
muscles spand across join, pull to move 1 part of appendage
plates Hemichordata
Chordata

-unique visual system, NOT BASED ON EYECUP, which don't

work w/ solid cuticle: COMPOUND EYE

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-sensory antenna
-3 appendages between head! 6 SEGMENTS, 3 IN BRAIN,
Porifera
Placozoa 3 BEHIND HEAD!!!!
Cnidaria
Ctenophora
Platyhelminthes
Gastrotricha
Gnathostomulida
Cycliophora
Rotifera
Annelida
Mollusca
Sipuncula
Nemertea
Brachiopoda
Phoronida
Bryozoa
! Arthropoda
! Arthropoda Tardigrada
(Autapomorphies) Onychophora
• Muscles arranged in bands Nematomorpha
Nematoda
• Compound eye Priapulida
• One pair of preoral antennae Kinorhyncha
• Three pairs of post oral Loricifera
appendages Echinodermata
Hemichordata
Chordata

Cuticle layers

 Basement membrane
 Epidermis
 Cuticle
epicuticle – Outer epicuticle outcasing/exoskeleton
– Inner procuticle
procuticle

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Cuticle exo vs endocuticle different chemistry

-take proteins of chitin fibres and crosslink them.
Epicuticle protein matrix covalently linked together! Very resistant
Exocuticle to breakdown, digestion, stable and tough.
(procuticle)
procuticle
Endocuticle
(procuticle)
Epidermis (secretes cuticle)
Basement
(not unique to arthro)
membrane
move on land: epicuticle waterproofs! endocut: instead of crosslinking, hydrogen bonded matrix of
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shellac: from an insect (lac, sapsucker dig into branches, vulnerable. Coat w/ excess epicuticle, fuzzy!) we cut off twig, dries
bug dies. pulverize and boil, centrifuge, ethanol and alcohol, extract organics, centrifuge, get alcohol soluble layer with
waxes rom cuticle. Shellac = alcohol extract of the epicuticle, waxes. Polishing lines up molecules, shiny.

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tries to recover from oldcuticle to recycle it!

Moulting - apolysis

message to epith: ramp it up! Secrete more! Epithelia grows

larger (cells)

epithel
n
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-seperates from old cuticle (apolysis)

-secrete enzymes into space that break down old cuticle, starts
Moulting - new epicuticle apolysis

-places protein crosslinked matrix over surface of epith, semi-

permeable "membrane"

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Moulting - digestion of old cuticle

-once layer in place, start producing more procuticle: don't want
cuticle digesting enzymes to break down the new one! Protein
matrix.

protein new cuticle

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when only exocuticle left, can't digest furthur.

Moulting - undigested exocuticle
-now have new, undifferentiated procuticle.

exo

procuticle

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-preprogrammed weakness in exo, organism starts swallowing

water, swelling up, bursts old cuticle! Walks out.
Moulting - ecdysis
Terrestrial puff up digestive system with air.

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while puffed and big, can stretch the new, pliable procuticle.
Moulting - outer waxy layer
-activate enzymes that turn procuticle into exo cuticle: crosslink!

-puff up to get it bigger, then harden it! Depuff, have armour with

space to grow! completion of molt!

-last stage to wax it.

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key in the arthropods, not successful w/o ability to enlarge

Moulting
exoskeleton

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- 2 contact points that bend against each other

Arthropod articulating limbs
-cannot have ball and socket joints with tubular skeleton

-flexes in 1 direction in each joint. Add more joints to get greater

articulation! consequence of tubular skeleton

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Arthropod joints

soft membrane
layer of cuti (endo)

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muscles work as bands across joints. Right leg, stretch it out and
Muscle organisation
whole leg extends = jump

muscle -1 strand pulls 1 way, other strand pulls other way: levers.

tendon

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-camera eye doesn't work. Don't have culmination of ... ike squid
Compound eye

Facet -compound: surface lenses. Subsamples visual field around, builds

image!
Cornea
-1 optic unit on each("lens"),
Retinular
cell

Nerve fibres and

optic nerve

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optic units -sample 1 part of visual field. "look through handful of drinking straws"
Ommatidium
Cornea -stitches together little views to see the whole.
Crystalline cone
-pigment cells ensure no light bounces around, only see 1 piece
Pigment cells

Retinular cell -crystalline cone concentrates light collected by cornea, fires down to
cells inside. Collect all light from visual field, send to retinular cells
Rhabdome
which process quality of light

-rhabdome fires off message. Don't see red, see green and blue.
-only knows intensity of red, green, or blue. not series of mini pictures.
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light.

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pixels! instead of details inside pictures, get the composite colour,

Mosaic model of insect vision

more omatidia = better resolution of compound eye

Mosaic model of insect vision

subsamplign small dots of light, integarating into 1 image, and

Mosaic model of insect vision processing them as a mosaic!

cones for colour... arthro kinda like thousands of cones.

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Mosaic model of insect vision

surface area of dots concept... sea stars use principle of their arms
Mosaic model of insect vision

if we had compound w/ all our sensors! Vertbrates, each cell

sensitive to the 3 colours, athro just 1 or 2?

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Parazoa (1.2%)
Extant Animalia Radiata (0.9%) 85% arthropods!
~1,300,000 species
Protostomia (3.9%)
Platyzoa (2.2%)
Platyhelminthes (1.9%)
Others (0.3%)
Lophotrochozoa (9.8%)
Mollusca (8.5%)
Annelida (0.9%)
Others (0.5%)
Ecdysozoa (82.0%)
Crustecea (3.1%)
Chelicerata (7.6%)
Tracheata (70.3%)
Others (1.1%)
Deuterostomia (4.0%)
Chordata (3.5%)
Others (0.4%)

Arthropod taxa

 Subphylum Trilobita extinct

 Subphylum Crustacea marine, dominate marine
 Subphylum Chelicerata
 Subphylum Uniramia

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Trilobita

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Crustacea

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primary herbivores! Consume algae. Microscopic crustaceans

Crustacea the "cows" or ungulates of land.

turn the primary productivit around

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become dominant in terrest (scorpions 1st), learn to spin silk

Chelicerata and use to trap insects. Since insects most abundant, huge resource
tapped into!

figured out how to filter feed the air! of flying isects.

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when vertebrates start to dominant, become parasites.

Chelicerata
ticks and mites

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1st on land. Fed on snails and 1st terrest stuck in moist enviro
Chelicerata (scorpions)
became water proofed and took off

Metasoma

Mesosoma

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drive diversity of plants, once become pollinators drive develope

Uniramia of flowring plants

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Uniramia

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cambrian explosion primary explosion in arthro body plan,

Arthropod success (importance)
but only 4 plan survive today (the groups)
 Numbers of species
 Distribution
 Evolutionary history
-huge impact on humans! destroy 1/3 grains stores before used
 (Impact on man)
malaria, black plague (took 150 years to recover from popn loss
and economic downfall, flea).

compete for fibre (cellulose, wood)

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Subphylum
Crustacea

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the current, real ones!!!

-when switch to haemocoel, need the new meta structure?

Arthropoda
Atelocerata biramous: 2 branch appendage
Chelicerata Crustacea (Uniramia, Tracheata)

symplesio of ! gnathobasic mandible: base of an originally articulated limb to manip

arthro food.
-bottom segment enlarged (grinding surface), little segments above.
! Crustacea (remnants)
• Antennal and/or maxillary
saccate metanephridia -grinding surface not whole limb, just a segment
• Nauplius larval stage
mandible • Biramous appendages
• Gnathobasic articulated
mandible
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-hatches w/ 3 limbs in place! 2 antenna and mandible

Nauplius larva
-compound eye fused in center
1st antenna
-add more segments as it matures.
2nd antenna
Naupliar eye
Mandible

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exopodite

protopodite: articulation with body, anchor!

Biramous appendages
Protopodite - two parts, exo and endo, branch from it.
coxa
basis
Exites Endites

Exopodite Endopodite

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Arthropoda
-cilliated funnel
normal meta

coelom remnant
Antennal gland
saccate metanephridia

Labyrinth -haemo, not coelom.... remnant of ancient coelom covers

Excretory
End sac pore the funnel, inside of haemocoel. ULTRAFILTER!

Bladder
Nephridial canal

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all segments originally had an appendage!

Crustacean limb and serial homology
Thorax 4 roles for appendages
paddles
 Locomotion Head
 Feeding Abdomen paddles for movements, also seive and collect particles
of food from water. use base of limbs to scrape off food, push into mouth
 Respiration
 Sensory
breathe across the elaborate paddle surface.

cuticle hairs on paddle also sensory!

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** limbs become specialized! appearance changes. Embryologivally same origin, but take on different forms. HOMOLOGY.
Original ancestral limb becomes modified.

base of head ancestrally 5 appendages.

Tagmosis - (Crustacea)
Pereon Pleon abdomen = no legs, trunk = legs
Cephalothorax
some trunk legs adaptedto feeding, mixture of head +thorax
=cephalothorax.

Pleopods lost 2 of 10 segments. trunk name changes, divided up. can't really
call abdomen. so pleopods...

Pereopods

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lab: determine fate of endopodite, exopodite and proto?

Modified limbs (thorax)

En-endopodite, Ex-exopodite, Pr-protopodite

Gill
En
En
Pr
Pr
Gill

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Modified limbs (head) En Mandible

En-endopodite, Ex-exopodite, Pr-protopodite
Pr

En
En
Pr
Ex
En 1st Max.

Pr Pr En
Antennule Pr Ex
Antenna
2nd Max. Ex

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Gastric mill crustaceans, such as lobsters

Feeding and digestion
bottom feeders, seperate food from nonfood in stomach.
Cardiac stomach Pyloric stomach
- 3 giant jaws inside stomach (crayfish). Btwn cardiac and pyloric
Intestine stomach (like bryo), teeth to pulverise food.
Teeth digestive gland receives food it can handle

Setal
sorting Digestive
Esophagus fields gland

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SORTING FIELD, only letting small particulate food through. But, cuticle=no cilia! SORT USING SETA, CUTICULAR
HAIRS!!
ESSAY QUESTION: sorting of arthro vs other (?) w/ cilia thing.
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Circulatory system
Heart
Anterior Posterior artery
arteries

Gill
Sternal artery

Ventral artery Ventral vein

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Circulatory system

Pericardial cavity

Heart

Gill

Sternal artery

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Circulatory system

Ostium

Arteries

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Feeding and digestion

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