CHAPTER 2

Review of Related Literature

This chapter discusses the review of related literature and studies which the

researcher strongly believes to be useful in the entire research.

Foreign Literature

Hall (2017) mentioned that anti-bullying policies might be effective at reducing

bullying if their content is based on evidences and the act must be implemented with a

high level of fidelity and the role of the each stakeholder is essential.

Aside from that, Hall concluded that several studies show that the presence or

quality of policies is associated with lower rates of bullying among students. In

connection, Underwood (2016) stated that the best way to keep children safe at school is

to prevent school crime and disorder which merely brings out the fact with what Hall

mentioned above .Those effective policies are ways to prevent school crime like bullying

from happening.

In addition, Mishna and Van (2012) commented that bullying of children and

adolescent is serious and pervasive. It comprises the wellbeing of an individual, family

and communities worldwide. Adults are obligated to intervene in situations of bullying, or

the consequences of the experiences can be extremely damaging. Adults or guardians’

participation in the implementation of the policy is extremely important.

Furthermore, Carpenter and Ferguson (2011) revealed that bullying has always
been an omnipresent phenomenon.

Moreover, Pecora (2011) commented in his book that no matter how much one owes

for self-improvement if the environment is hindered by oppression in its various forms it

will be difficult to achieve. If one wants to be a better individual, one should secure a

better environment which now the schools and community must do.

Hall’s (2017) statement is a very striking one and the researcher strongly agrees that

bullying might be reduced if the policies being implemented are well studied and based on

the real scenario happening every day and the people behind the implementation should

possess integrity in order to attain the goal.

As school teacher, everybody looks up to, believes so much, and expect so much. The

respect given to teachers motivates them in doing good job every day. However, it cannot

deny the fact that some school teachers do not possess honesty in doing their job that

hinders the good goals that the top wanted to achieve.

Likewise, Underwood’s (2016) book is related to this research because one of the

variables mentioned in his book in preventing school violence is the prevention program

which the researcher also used as one of the variables in assessing the implementation of

the Anti-Bullying Act 2013.

Prevention program is the best way to keep children secure at school. Parents are in

full confidence that their children are at school in peace and in good condition and the

teachers are there to take good care of their children.

This is a big responsibility to teachers that sometimes it is difficult to attain. The

Mishna and Van (2014) stated that the participation of adults or guardians in the

implementation of Anti-Bullying Act is important. Without their cooperation the success

of the implementation would be hard to achieve. The researcher believed in what Mishna

and Van (2014) stated for as a teacher, parent participation in any policy in school is

substantial.

The ideas of Carpenter and Ferguson (2011) that bullying is existing anywhere serves

as an eye opener to everyone especially to adults to properly guide their children. Also

according to them bullying is a natural problem that is hard to eradicate. It awakens

everybody that bullying is not that easy to abolish. It takes time, process and proper

guidance.

The statements above convey that if one wanted to be a better individual, one should

secure a better environment which now the schools and community must do working

hand on hand for the betterment of the children.

Local Literature

Latawan (2016) in his book student discipline, defines bullying as any severe, or

repeated use by one or more student of a written, verbal or electronic expression, or a

physical act or gesture, or any combination thereof, directed at another student has the

effect of actually causing or replacing the latter in reasonable fear of physical or emotional

harm or damage to property.

low esteem, fear, anger and helplessness if left unaddressed by the authorities. In

connection to Latawan’s (2016) statement, DepEd Manual, DepEd Order No.40 series of

2012 Implementing Rules in Child Protection Policy, requires all elementary and

secondary schools to adopt policies to prevent and address act of bullying. In short, it

really mandates that all institution public or private must adopt the said policy on bullying

and what programs or activities provided by the school to ensure that the policy is being

implemented excellently. This literature is greatly important to the study of the researcher

for it is used as a basis or guide in assessing the implementation of the said policy.

Moreover, Zarco and Shoemaker (2012) added that school violence like fraternity in

the University of the Philippines was already prevailing since 1930’s to 1990.Resolutions

of professors and students as well as recorded incidents of violence and in the campus

based on police records, reports and communication with UP administrators were

analyzed.

Soliven (2011) stressed that school must develop a guidance program that will

eradicate abuses like bullying in which Montessori school are recommending to apply to

every school.

Bullying is a heterogeneous negative act, as Latawan (2016) who mentioned above,

there are different kind of bullying that affect children in different ways. This was

supported by Baranta (2016) which he mentioned the varied effects of bullying to

someone involved in such negative acts.

alone is vital to the success of the implementation.

The success of the stakeholders in developing children is dependent on another

human factor, the parent or the people in the community. Through good administration

and working harmoniously with the community children are guided in a way they should

be. By doing this, bullying act would be minimized or totally eradicated.

Record made by Zarco and Donald is useful in this study of implementation of Anti

Bullying Act of 2013 for it gives a background review that even before violence in school

already exist. It is related on this study in such a way that both studies address violence in

school. The only difference is that Zarco and Donald focused more on fraternity.

As stated above, bullying has been rampant even before but awareness about it is

lacking and so it booms into a large number of victims. But now a days, people are aware

of their rights and according to an interview to some teachers, usually parents and

children exaggerate bullying. This wrong notions of them must be corrected and it is now

the mission of the school to communicate the information about bullying that will not

make everyone misuse and overuse it.

While Soliven’s thought provides a good idea for guidance counselors to also create

a program that corrects negative behavior of learners to avoid any type of abuses or

maltreatment, similarly with this research, its goal is to assess the implementation of Anti

Bullying Act 2013 and create an action plan or intervention program that will serve as

solutions to the problems.

an intervention program written, however it is not put into actions. Simply intervention

programs are just in words written on a piece of paper but not put into practice. This kind

of scenario in schools should be checked or visited. Every words written in a piece of

paper must be implemented because the effort and time they invest to it is precious. This

may create a big dilemma in the future if not solvedas early as now.

Foreign Studies

Al-Raqqad (2016) investigated that school bullying exists in all schools, regardless

if they are public or private ones.

The study also concluded that school bullying affects student’s academic

achievement either as victims or the bullies. The researcher also suggest that teachers and

the school management have to take different measures for the purpose of reducing the

bullying volume.

In addition, a study made by Fretwell (2015) which was participated in by a middle

school’s principal suggests that the term bullying should be further clarified to reduce

misuse and over use of the term. The principals strongly felt that they could effectively

address student bullying and had a high perception of their own self-efficacy. They

reported several factors contributing to this perception, including training and distinct

stance on bullying.

Another study made by Block (2014) found out the students who are bullied have
fear of coming to school because they feel unsafe; thus they are unable to concentrate and

their academic success is hindered. Additionally, student with

exceptionalities are bullied more often than students who do not have social skills to stand

up to bullies to protect themselves. Lastly the findings inform how teachers, schools and

parents can better support students who are experiencing bullying which this research

wanted to do.

Furthermore, Darmawan (2010) in his study showed that in general boys were more

involved in bullying than girls. However, girls were often took part in calling names or

teasing than boys did, and no less than boys insulting orshutting others out and physically

bullied. In terms of grades, the percentage of bullying and victimization were higher in

grade eight than in grade seven for both girls and boys. Another study was conducted by

Marshalll et al (2009) about the student’s perception on bullying in Oklahoma public

schools. The study focused on the perception of Oklahoma public school students on

bullying. Specifically, the study asked for their thoughts about seriousness of bullying,

the hurtfulness of bullying, their involvement in bullying, their response to being bullied

or seeing someone else being bullied and what they wanted adults to do to make the

situation better The study made by Fretwell (2015) is in line with this research because

this research also wanted to assess the problems that the implementer’ s encounter during

the implementation just like perceptions on bullying and financial resources that may be

used during trainings and seminars. It also gives important reminders

that the provided trainings, seminars, or orientation are

meant to curb the acts of bullying especially among school children.

A study made by Soriano (2017) on the implementation of gender and development in

District II Rodriquez Rizal quoted that “gender equality refers to the principle asserting

the equality of women and men and their right to enjoy equal conditions realizing their

full human potentials to contribute and benefit from the results of development and with

the state recognizing that all human beings are free and equal in dignity and rights.”

Another study made by Flores (2016) on implementation of child protection policy in

Binangonan is also very similar to this study however the variables used in herstudy are

different. Flores mentioned that schools must provide students with good environment for

them to breathe and grow-to nurture their fresh ideas and speak their minds without

compromising what is right. In addition, Barranta (2016) discussed bullying and its effect

on the children to those who have been bullied, who are bullies, and children who witness

bullying situations. He also discussed how the school, parents and guardians deal if their

children were caught in different bullying situations. The paper highlighted the issues of

school bullying in the Philippines and its serious psychological consequencesfor victims

that includes low psychological wellbeing, poor social adjustment and

psychological distress and physical illness.

Barranta added that in the Philippines there are about 1,700 cases of child abuse or

bullying in schools for the years 2013 and 2014.

Moreover, Tangalin (2015) found out that teachers in Binakayan National

implement very often the following methods such as direct instruction, focusing,
modeling, assertive I-messages, non-verbal cuing, and humanistic I-messages, of that

order.

However, student respondents claimed bullying incidence of different magnitude. Under

the direct type of bullying students experienced incidences of pushing/shoving, being

bitten, cases of extortion, theft, hitting, spitting, kicking and throwing of papers.

Furthermore, in the study made by Witkus (2012) cyber bullying among Filipino

adolescents, quoted that cyber bullying among Filipino remains under reported in the

Philippines because few parents or schools want to place the cyber victims or school

reputation under public spotlight unlike in USA that parent sue schools who are not

protecting teens against bullying.

In connection, Rogel (2012) mentioned that maltreatment has detrimental impact on the

academic performance and classroom behavior if not properly addressed that may lead to

chaotic environment that posed obstruction for growth. Similarly, Rodel’s (2012) study

shows that the implementation of Anti- bullying

Act 2013 is necessary and timely today because of the negative impact of bullying to those

who experienced this kind of maltreatment.

The study made by Soriano (2017) is comparable with this study for both studies talk

about the implementation of policies in schools that caters the

protection of children. The only difference is that Soriano focused on gender

and development while this study focused on bullying. However, gender and

development is under bullying.

of the learners so with this study, the researcher wanted to assess the

implementation of anti-bullying which is a great factor or reason why majority

of learners are afraid of going to school. Flores found out that the

implementation of child protection policy to parents and students in

Binangonan was much implemented together with teacher’s assessment of

bullying was also much implemented.

The studies cited are about anti-bullying which is also the focus of the

present study and are therefore relevantly cited.