PHYSICS AT WORKContents 5 Nature of Waves 6 Wave Phenomena 7 Light Waves 8 Sound 24 35,ze Nature of Waves Multiple-choice questions vA 2D #3 C mth a5 26D 27D “8A a9 D 108 auB 2B %C 4A 1D 3 Wavelength = minimum distance in which a wave repeats itself =20 2 =10em Amplitade = size of maximum disturbance measured from equilibrium postion 8 2 = tem 10 5 Frequency = 100 12.5 He 6 Wave speed = 943 = 9 ems" 7 Byo=fh, frequency = 2= « =8H2 8 Q) X aand dare in antiphase @) X Ina transverse wave, particles do not move along the direction of travel ofthe wave 9 (1) x aleads b. (© Osfoes Univers Pree 2009 [New Senor Secondary Physics at Work | 1Bs pres vows 2 10 (1) X aismomentarily at rest 2) X bismoving downwards 11 Q) X The ampli information. 14 (2) x Amplitude = 1m ax information, ide cannot be determined because of insufficient ‘The wave speed cannot be determined because of insufficient ® Short questions 1 Energy is wanaferred to the leaf through wave motion mn “Therefore, the leaf moves up and down tA 2 f@) Aisatacres 1A ‘Ghana 1A H Kamer sgeand downa. i’ Tew not move toxards 8 ia Th hs eveierottemoeracet Te dence tecous it, A ss pe peace ea areal woe 1A (b) ris at a compression. 1A 3 fem sateen 1a 4 Begiey -25% A Period = — 1M | odeeoas 1A ty No 14 5 ta) Frequency = 5-25 He 1a () @ Wavelength = 0.6 m 1A i) Bye=py iM convene Asa <18 me 1A 6 (a) Wovlengh = $= m 1A () (Frequency = 2 Hz 1A Gi) Byo= fh, IM speed = 2x3=6ms 1A NewS Sentry Pt Wak © ted Unesictin 81A 1A 1A 8 1A IA 1A “The transverse wave travels to the lft 1A 9 (a) (@ Particles band e are atthe equilibrium poston 1A Pantices «and fare momentarily a res 1A Particle eis moving downwards 18 r vayomstra.2s (Correct waveform) 1" 0 1A ‘Wavelength = 4m 1A ©) aim a] 3 lL (Comect waveform) 1A 11 G) Period =4s 1A bet Frequency = IM = 1-025 Hz = 1-025 4 1A © Ost Unies Pres 2009 [New Senior Secondary Payses at WorkDs nee or woes w) (Correct waveform) 1A 1 (2) X The number of waves increases with frequency 1 3) 4 Tet f 2) x Frequency is the number of complete waves produced in one second. (3) A Frequency is the number of vibrations made by a particle in cone second, 4 Byo=f, ength = 2 = 25.003 m wavelength = 2 = $6 = 0.03 S (1) ¥\ Three-quarters of a wave is produced in 0.3 s, Period = time taken to produce one compete wave= 93 = 04s (2) ¥ Wavelength =2 x5 = 10 om a -t. 1 @) ¥- Prequencys b= b= 25 He 4 | New Senior Secondary Papnce at Work © Oso Univers Press 20096 Speed =f2=2.5 x 0.1 = 0.25 ms" 10. Speed = 4-98-08 mst 11. The wave speed depends on the medium in which the wave travels. When the medium is the same, the speed does not change. P Conventional questions 1 Amplitude = 0.8 cm 1A Wavelength = 2.2 cm 1A aX, & Byes 1M 22 speed = 22 =11cms? 1A Wavelength = 0.2 x 2 =04m 1A moves downwards to the lowest posi 1A ‘Then it moves upwards to the highest position, 1A Period = 2% 2 nts 1A 1 Frequency = requency = ad iM oi + = 0.25 He 1A (@) By v= sr, 1M speed = 0.25 x 04 =0.1 ms" 1A 3 1A 1A 1A is because wave speed is not related to the speed of vibration, 1A (Or wave speed depends on the medium the wave travels through. ‘unchanged, the speed will not © Oso University Press 2008 [New Senior Secondary Physles at WorleBs naire of wore o © o o @ 6 @ © 0 @ Wavelength = 2% 4 = 8 em 1A " y= S205 He Gi) Frequency = 5 = 0.5 Hi 1A : 1 Peviod = 1 __ aM 4 Frequency 1 “as =2s 1A (i) By >= fa, 1M speed = 0.5 x 0.08 = 0.04 ms" 1A 2X is moving downwards, 1A ¥ is momentarily at rest. 1A Zs moving upwards 1A ‘Trough 1a ‘The amplitude in Figure b represents the largest distance of the mass from the equilibrium position. 1A ‘The mass is pulled downwards. 1A Period = 0.8 s 1A Frequency = im mean = riod at a8 = 1.25 He 1A ‘The mass is momentarily at rest at #= Out 5. A A seismograph is used to determine the time, location and size of an earthquake. 1A Period and amplitude TASIA Modern seismographs are much smaller in size. 1a ‘The vibrations of a transverse wave are at right angles to the ction of travel ofthe wave 1A ‘The vibrations of a longitudinal wave are along the ditection of travel of the wave. 1A 6 | New Senior Secondary Physics at Work © Oxford Universiy Press 2009Wave Phenomena I Drilling ® Multiple-choice questions a2 a7 a2 a7 a2 “27 32 u>>erog ae 13 wt8 23 28 osryag ahd aS B 9c #10 B amc | 18D we 20 A MC ms A 2D 30D 1G) X The wavelength is the shortest distance between two bright Lines (or two dark lines). 2 Byy=fh, as v is unchanged, f increases = 4 decreases 4 Wavefronts of circular waves, for example, are not equal in length. say x av 6 It x 7 x For water of constant depth, speed is constant. Since # is constant, by v= fh, finereases = A decreases Frequency of the wave = frequency of the vibrator ‘Wave speed is detert ed by the depth of the water. ‘The direction follows the laws of reflection. 8 Draw a normal, angle of incidence = 50° angle of reflection = 50° 10 (2) x fdoes not change during refraction and so L = 1. (© Oecd Univesity Pres 2009 fe [Now Senior Secundary Physics a Work 7Ws wove Prenonene 8 12. Frequency remains constant. By 0=f2, v decreases = A decreases 13. (1) X _ Inregion X, longer wavelength = wave is faster @) ¥ In region X, longer wavelength = water is deeper (3) ¥ A change in wave direction due to a change in wave speed is observed. 14 When waves travel from a deep region to a shallow region, the wave direction bends towards the noma 17. (1) X Ifthe width of the gap inereases, the difference between the ‘gap width and the wavelength will be 2) X Increasing the frequency of the wave in wavelength. Therefore, the difference be and the wavelength wil be larger. @) / Ifthe wavelength increases, it will be closer to the gap width. 18 (1) ¥_ Depth of the wat @) X Frequency increases = wavelength decreases increases “+ wavelength increases 22, The amplitude of points along the nodal lines is always zero. 25 For constructive interference, path difference = 27 - 24 = 3 em = nk ‘Therefore, 2 can be 3 em, 1.5 em, 1 cm .. 27. The trough is reflected as a crest by the fixed boundary. QO Short questions 1 @)_ We can use an overhead projector to project the wave pattern on a screen, 1A (b) They reduce the bouncing back of water waves from the sides. 1A 2 Bright lines correspond to wave crest 1A Dark lines correspond to wave trough. 1A ‘They are perpendicular to each other. 1A (©) Wavelength 3.6m 1A S New Senior Secondary Physics at Work © Oxon© Byv=fn iM ota ast frequency = 2 = 28-51 1A 4 © cope saan ‘. ») ‘st *) (Correct wave shape) 1A (Correct wave shape) 1A (Constant wavelength) 1A (Constant wavelength) 1A = 6m 5 (@) Wavelength = 5 = 6 1A (©) Speed of wave = fa 1M = 60.06 = 0.36 ms" 1A 6 @ {Doubling the number of original wavefronts) 1A (0) The wavelength is halved and 1A the wave speed remains unchanged, 1A 7 (a) New wavelength = 1x 2=2cm 1A (b)_ New speed of the wave = 18 em s* 1A 1A (Correct normal} erect waver rreet direction) (Correct normal) (Correct wavet (Correct di © Osfoed Unicity Pets 2009 [New Senior Secondary Phyice at Work |i 6 Wave Phenomena 1A, 1A () f= 55° 1A = 55° 1A ) Region A 1A 1A 1A 1M aA (Correct reflected pulse) 1A 1A (Correct direction) 1A 1A 12 (Correct shape of wavefronts) 1A 10 | New Senior Secondary Physics at Work 1 Unies Press 200913 @ (Comect direction of (Correct direction of wavefront) 1A wavefront) 1A (Reduced wavelength) 1A (Reduced wavelength) 1A Goapregion salon vgion (Correct direction of wavefront) 1A 1A (Reduced wav | * cae eee shall eon (Constant amplitude) (Reduced wavelength) 1A 1A 1A 16 (a) Frequency = 2 He 1A Wavelength = 18 = 6 cm 1A (© Osfod Unies Pres 2009 [Now Senior Secondary Phyics a Woe:i 6 Wave Phenomena fra 7 18 19 20 In shallow region, speed = f 1M = 2 0,04 = 0.08 ms" 1A In deep region, speed = 2 = 2 0.06 = 0.12 ms aA (Comet wavefronts) 1A Gending more prominent) 1A ) (Correct wavefron qA (Bending more prominent) 1A ) @ Any two of the fol Decrease the gap © O} Decrease the frequency of the vibrator. Increase the depth of the water. [New Senior Secondney Physics at Work MLA (Correct wavefronts) qA (Bending less prominent) 1A, Y (Correct wavefronts) 1A (Bending less prominent) 1A (Correct wavefronts) 1A (Bending more prominent) 1A 2x 1A1A ih th A th wetltes _~ PKR mii See (Comet raving of nota and anno ine) 1A 23 (a) T rT | + isk | et poet ertt (Comes sap) a | i | (Comet step) 1” 24 (a) rence at X = 18-13 =S em 1A, (‘Since path dierence = Som = 2.9% 2 em = 2%, iw desis inererence occ at X 1A 25) Wovknghh=$=2 cm A (© Oxon Univer Pre 009 [New Senioe Secondary Pigsce at Work| (b) Path difference at X = Six -S.X IM =4-3h=h=2em 1A (c). Path difference at X= % IM Constructive interference occurs at X. 1A 26 (a) (( { 8 8 (Correct antinodal lines) 3x 0.5A Hi a & 3x05A (b) The antinodal ines are closer when the two sources are further pact. A 27 (a) (Bent wavefronts) 1A (Two sets of wavefronts are identical) 1A 1A 1A 14 | New Senioe Secondary Physis at Workae (Correct shape) A (Correct shape) 29° displacement som (Correct period) (Correct amplitude) (Correct waveform) ng wave, all particles vibrate with the same a stationary wave, particles vibrate with different 30 (a) Ina trav ing wave, neighbouring particles vibrate out of phase. In a stationary wave, particles in the same loop vibrate in phase. ‘A travelling wave transmits energy from one place to another. Energy in a stationary wave is localized, (© Oxted Universiy Press 2009 [New Senior Secondary Physis at Work 1A 1A qA qA A 1A 1AThs vive prenorene 31 b: upwards 1A « stationary qA 4: downwards 1A 32 @) (Correct position of N) a (Correct position of A) 1A (0) (Comect waveform) aA 33 (@)_ Wavelength = 2.x 15 = 30m 1A (0) Wave speed = fh 1M =20x03=6ms" 1A II Revision P Multiple-choice que: arc 2C #3 A 4B «5D 6c a7 B ac 9c st 8B eu C eZ B 618 Cath Cmts B 16C #17 D #18 D 198 #20 Cc enc 1 2) X Wave speed is affected by the depth of the water. 5-2 = 5-2-1 om= 001m 3 aS2-1 v= fh=10x0.01=0.1 ms" 16 | New Senior Secondary Physics at Worle4 5 7 10 " 2 1B “4 15 © Oxtont Uriversi Pr By v= fh, as frequency is a const Beach = shallow region => wave travels slower and wavelength is shorter Frequency of a wave is determined by the frequency of the vibrator only. is not affected by reflection, refraction, diffraction and interference. ) Depth changes = speed changes )) Pass through gap => diffraction = direction changes ) 7 Frequency of the wave is determined by the frequency of the vibrator: Shallow region = shorter wavelength ‘The wavelength decreases as the wave travels outwards. (1) X Constructive interference with the maximum ampli positions of constructive ‘The path differences of different points on 5,5; are differ Iways zero = constructive ine ways occurs at ¥. Particles vibrate ide instead of staying at a crest at terference. phase ss = zero amplitude = Lis the best Path difference = 3 em = ) X Constructive interference occurs at X. Particles vibrate with the tide instead of staying at a crest at positions of ructive interference, (3) X Frequency double = wavelength half > new wavelength = 15cm Path di Constructive se = 3em=2x15=22 erference occ: 09 [New Senior Secondary Physics at WorkDs wav Pheromone 17, The amplitude of ¢ antiphase, half of that of p. Also, p and q vibrate in 18 Ist X Counter examples: When an incident wave meets its reflected wave, interference when a straight wave passes through two slits with a small separation, interference occurs. 20 2nd X This statement is correct only if the wave speed is constant, 21 Ind X Constructive interference = path difference is an integral multiple of Conventional ee juestions 1@ @ (Correct wavefronts) 1A (Correct wavefronts) 1A (b) Reflection 1A Circular wave 1A 18 | New Senior Secondary Physics at Worle © oxford2@ | re tt (Comect wavefront) (Correct wave direction) Weoley veins enor Wave speed remains unchanged. (©) Interference shallow rego (Correct wavefronts) (Correct wave direction) (© sto University Press 2009 1A, 1A 1A rr 1A 1A 1A [New Senior Secondary Physes at Work1s wo rrenorene (0) Refraction 1A oN \\\ shatow region [fs NY ep een bh (Correct wavefronts) 4A (Correct wave direction) 1A 5 (a) Anantinede is the position where the particle vibrates with the sin ample JA e424 ly2sth fete eis 1M Byv= fa, 1M avelength = 2 =—2_ 1.6m wavelength =F = 535 = 16 1A (i) sspacoment em (Correct graph) 1A © () Wavelength = 15 x2 = 0.6 m aA ‘The string vibrates irregularly and 1A no stationary wave can be formed. 1A This is because stationary waves can only be formed at some particular frequencies. 1A 20 | New Senior Secondaty Physics at Work © Oxon Univers Press 2009w ‘There will be 6 loops when a stationary wave is formed again, New wavelength = 1.5 2 IM =05 m 1A Since the wave speed remains unchanged, by » = fh, IM fia = fide 400.6 = fx 05 f= 48 He ‘The new frequency is 48 Hz 1A 7 @ 16 1A 9 1A (©) Any one of the following: 1A Decrease the frequency of the vibrators. Increase the depth of the water: (Correct antinodal 1A 8 @ (Correct sha 1A (Wavelength halved) 1A tb) 5) (Amount of bend 1A (Wavelength unchanged) 1A © Ostend Uninesy Press 2009 [New Senior Secondary Physce at Work | 21[6 wor Pronarene (©) Wavelength decreases, 1A Speed decreases. qA 9 (@) (i) Itproduces straight waves. 1A, ‘They reduce the bouncing back of water waves from the sides. 1A Oo) (Bent wavefronts) 1A {Increased wavelength) 1A (0) Diffraction 1A and refraction 1A 10 (a) Path difference at X = 4 -2.5\ = 1.54 1A Path difference at Y= 3.52~2.5k=2 1A (©) ALX: destructive interference 1A [At ¥: constructive interference 1A © (Correct antinodal line) 1A © (Correct waveform) 1A, (© (Path difference at X= 1.54=3%4= 9% 1A Path diference at Y=2=2% B= 2h 18 22 | New Senior Secondary Phyrice at Work {© Oso Univers Prss 2008(i) AtX: constructive interference ACY: constructive interference 11 (@) Region B is deeper. ‘This is because the wavelength in region B is larger. Warclength in region A = $= 2 em Warsengih in region #= £9 Refractive index from region A to region B= ower ) Frequency remains unchanged. ‘Wave speed increases. @ Bye=fr, speed in region A = 5 x 0.02 = 0.1 m speed in region B = 5 x 0.03 = 0.15 ms? 12 (a) Wavelength of the fundamental wave = 21 Byo=fh, ofed [T fundamental fequeney =F gry) srease the tension in the sti The pitch becomes higher. He cai % trom webve f= /E. Thesewhen £deens, fincreases, 1A 14 1A 1A 1A 1A 1M 1A 1A 1A IM 1A 1A IM IM 1A 1A 1A 1A Press 2009 [Now Senior Secondary Pysis at Work 2Bi | Light Waves I Drilling Multiple-choice questions 1c 28 3B 4D sD a6 A a7 B BA #9 A wD A eB #12 C 3A mB 15 6A WC WC «9D 20D 6 ©) X Direction of travel changes as the wave bends, (@)_X Degree of diffraction depends on the wavelength of wave. The wavelength of blue light is shorter than that of red light. 7 @) X The sit separation should be comparable to the wavelength of light (10° m).. @ 7 A single light source is used to produce coherent sources for forming observable interference patterns, AD _ $80x10°x4.2 9 dy= AD SBOIOA2 -g 0192 m = 122. 10 A Grating spacing = 9000 nm = 9 x 10% m 8 Geng spacing = PIE? «25104 m © eating pang = LEO «3.353104 D Gating spacing = L107 «2.865 10% m 11 Bydsin@ =m, 34x 1" sin 8 = 1 x 540 x 10” 9-914 24 | New Senior Secondary Physics at Work © OtordUniversy Press 200919 20 Dre aby Since D and 2 remain unchanged, andy = daly 022 x 107 x 1.76 = 0.3 x 109 Ay y= 117 em nob 3kW gam Ff” 1x10 Ist X The speed of all EM waves is the same and equ 310° m s ina vacuum. @ Short questions 1 © oxecd Unies Press 2009 (a) Ir spreads into the shadow of the slit. (0) Pattern formed by red light spreads out more because the wavelength of red light is longer. (@)_ Evenly spaced dark and bright fringes are observed (b) No, this is because the nwo lasers are not eoherent @) By ay=%?, wavelength = 209. — 025 X10 1.25107 «6 197 m avelength = 2. = 025107 x12%107 «6 19 (rine separation = 225 — 001 m Wavelength = 2 = 0252107 20.01 8 5 107 my is = te” org 10a (@}, Grating spacing = LET = 1.67 x 10 (b) The fringe separation decreases. (6) The fringe separation increases. aA qA 1A 1A 1A 1A 1A 1M 1A 1M 1A 1A 1A qA [Now Senior Secondary Physi at Werk 2si 7 Light Waves 5. The bright fringes formed by a grating are more widely spaced 1A and much brighter compared to that formed by a double-slt. aA 6 (@)_ Distance berween the second order bright fringe and the central bright fringe - 22 -036m 1M 1 second order bright fringe is 13.5° 1A () By dsin 0» m, iM 1 spacing = 4. = 2%S10210" «4.57 19% grating spacing = A, = 2%S10%10" 4.37 10° 1A 1 7 Grating spacing = 1210 IM v_ 3x10 2 Wavelength = 2 = = 6x10? m IM fo sx10% 1M order of fringe is 6 1A 8 (a) Yellow 1A (6) Bright fringes comrespond to constructive interference 1A nges correspond to destructive interference 1A qA y qA (@) The number of fringes increases. 1A Also, the fringes are more closely packed. 1A 26 |New Senioe Secondary Physics at Work, (© Oxon Unies Press 20099 10 12 13 (© Oxi Univers Pres 2009 Direct the laser at the adjustable slit and use the screen to capture the pattern on the other side of the The slit should be very narrow (comparable to the wavelength of the laser. (@)_ Visible spectrum co) ) (a) Red (9) A: infra-red radiation Ds ultra-violet radiation Xs radio waves ¥: microwaves 2: Xorays () Gamma rays (0) Radio waves (@ All electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of lg vacuum, ina (@) Microwave (b) The speed of radar pulses is the same as that of light. 6x10" (0 @ Time needed = $4 =3x10%s (i) Distance of aeroplane = vt = 3x 108x310 = 9000 (@) Radio wave () Bye fa, wavelength = 2 phe 3x08 500 x 105 = 333 m 1A 1A, 1A 1A 1A 1A 1A 1A 1A 1A 1A 1A 1A 1A 1A 1A 1A 14 1A IM 1A, 1A IM 1A, [New Senlor Secondary Physics at Work 27Ws vse woe © a igure showing diffraction) 1A 1A II Revision Multiple-choice questions 1¢ 2€ 63D 44a 5B 6B 47B 68 B 9B we enc 3 ight is an EM wave. 4 Bydsino=m, aa dene = dsine 2 __ 3x10 7 aot - 3419 137m Sf A864 10% 8 The wavelength of red light is longer. Therefore, the fiinges separation ‘The wavelength of blue light is shorter, Therefore, the fringes separation decreases. 28 | New Senior Secondary Pysis at WorkdD. 9 By dy =A wD aa Since D and ¢ remain unchanged, f wax + The maximum order of fringe is 9. 11 2nd X An interference ight is not as clear as the v 3x 10" 7 wavelength ofred light == 2210" 659 107m 1A . BMF 6010" v 3x10" 7 wavelength pe- B= 9X10 ag igtm 1A same f° 625x10" (b) In order to observe the diftaction of ould be comparable tothe wave 1A IA 2 1A Receiving: 44.32 MHz 1A ws dhe user to talk and listen at the same time, 1A ad 3 @) ton at IM _ 36x10¢ 670x107 =537 ‘The maximum order of fringe is 5 1A © Osfond Uniersty Pres 2009 "New Senior Secondary Pye a Work 29Uy pe es 0) 4 © ) © 5 @ 1x10 Grating spacing = 1220" = 410% m Wavelength = 5 = S% Og = 7.317 «107 m d 410% nag = b= MO 5.47 4 Fait x10 ‘The maximum order of fringe is 5. IM qA Distance between the first order bright fringe and the central bright fringe 0.92 = 22 0.46 m | 1.5 = 384 ms" 1A 20 vieeaton taeangn ——]]j— rel droston| (Correct direction of vibration) 1A (Correct travelling direction of sound waves) 1A () Byo= fr, iM eee wavelength = 3 = SP = 0.068 m 1A 3 1A © 1A 1A @ 1a and soft sounds are heard in walking along HK. 1A 4. (a). Sound can travel through solids, 1A ids 1A and gases. 1A (0) Bye < gut < Ba 1A 5 A candle flame is placed in front ofa loudspeaker 1a ‘The flame moves backwards and forwards. 1A ‘This shows that the air around it also moves in the same direction. 1A ‘The vibrations of the air particles are along the direction of travel of the sound, aA ‘This shows that sound wave is a longitudinal wave, © Oso University Poss 2008 [New Senior Secondary Pisses at WorkBs cane 6 (@) They have the same pitch 1A but diferent qualities. 1A () Frequency = 4 IM ae a0" = 250 Hz 1a 7 (@) Type b earphone is less harmful to our he a because it blocks away some noise from the outside of the carphones. 1A People usually turn the volume up when the background is noisy 4A (©) Lower the volume 1A and reduce the the earphone 1A 8 @ inal wave is one in which the vibrations are along the ection of travel ofthe wave. aA 1 Wavelength = 0.8 m 1a Period = 0.8 s 1A Frequency = — Froquengy = i 1M L125 He = Giga 1s He 1A By v=, iM speed = 1.25 x08 =1 ms" 1A @ @ [Times @ [01] 02 [o3[ oa Displacement sim | -0.06 | -0.1 | -0.06 | 0 | 0.06 4x 0.58 ao 8a (Correct axes) 1a aA © stort Uniriy Press 200910 " ‘This can minimize the reflections from the walls 1A and the interference pattern will be clearer. 1A ©) Byo=p, IM wavelength = 1A “The two loudspeakers should be placed at 0.34 m apart. 1A (0) The path difference along the ine is abways zero. 1A constructive interference occurs there and a loud sound is 1a For desc nterence, path diference «1 1A 0.610 - 0525 = 44 a=017 A So, the experiment agrees with the calculated part (). {@)_ The frequency used is above 20 kHz 1A (b) The p 1A Such signals a 1A © No. 1A Since ultrasound is beyond audible frequency range, people are not affected by the ultrasonic signals. 1A @ § icides may be harmful to human especially to 1A pesticides and the effect may 1A 1A hydraulic erushers crushing the conerete 1A ing action produce less noise than the stiking action. 1A 1A 1A 1A (Or other reasonable answers.) [New Senior Secondary Pics a Work a3OXFORD Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford, It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi ‘Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi jew Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan South Korea Poland Portugal ‘Singapore Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam’ Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Pros © Oxford University Press 2009 First published 2009 ‘This impression (lowest digit) 13579108642 ights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, ‘a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, ISBN: 978-0-19-800483-7 Printed in Hiong Kong Published by Oxford University Press (China) Ltd 18th Floos, Warwick House East, Taikoo Place, 979 King’s Road, Quarry Bay Hong KongNew Senior Secondary