Prepared by:

M Gopala Reddy
Training Associate (Physics)ZIET,
(Unit: 1)
MUMBAI
ELECTROSTATICS

Content of the Unit (Full Details)

Charges and their conservation, Coulomb‟s Law-force between tow points charges, Forces between multiple
charge, super position principle and continuous charge distribution.

Electric field, Electric field due to a point charge, Electric field lines, Electric dipole, Electric field due to a
dipole, Torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field. Electric flux, statement of Gauss‟s theorem and its application to
find field due to infinitely long straight wire uniformly charged infinite plane sheet dna uniformly charged, Thin
spherical shell (field inside and outside). Electric potential, Potential difference, electric potential due to a point charge,
a dipole and system of charges equipotential surfaces, Electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges and
of electric dipoles in an electrostatic field.

Conductors and insulators, free charges and bound charges inside a conductor. Dielectrics and electric
polarisation capacitors and capacitance, Combination of capacitors in series and in parallel capacitance of a parallel
plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates, energy stored in a capacitor.

ELECTROSTATICS
1
 (Unit : 1)

I. POINTS TO REMEMBER

1. Frictional Electric: Frictional electricity is the electricity produced by rubbing together two
bodies of different substances.

2. Electricity Charge: Electric charge is defined as a basic and characteristic property or

elementary particles of matter in terms of which certain forces and interaction energies may be
defined.
a) There are two kinds of electric charges. The cause of charging is the loss or gain of
electrons. The loss of electron results in +ve charge where as gain of electrons results
in –ve charge.
b) Charges of the same sign called like charges repel each other.
c) The process of charging by conduction is permanent whereas charging by induction is
temporary.
d) Charges always reside on the surface of body (Skin effect)
e) We can charge a body by
i. Friction
ii. Conduction
iii. Induction
f) The S.I. unit of Charge is Coulomb (C) The C.G.S unit of charge is Stat Coulomb.

g) The magnitude of the charge is independent of its speed. i.e. called invariance of
charge.

h) An apparatus used for detection of charge is known as Gold Leaf electroscope.

3. Quantization of Charge: The quantization of charge means that charge can exist only as
integral multiple of electronic charge. Where n is an integer.
i.e. Q = + ne where n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ……

a) The cause of quantization of charge is that the charges can neither be lost nor gained in
fractions.

4. Charge conservation: In an isolated system, the total net charge of the system always
remains constant.
a) Charge is a scalar quantity
b) Charge is additive in nature.

5. a) Coulomb’s Law: It states that magnitude of the electric force between two charges is
directly proportional to the product of the magnitudes of the charges and inversely
proportional to the square of the distance between them.
2
 i.e. Fv = (1/4πε0) (q1q2/r2)
Fm = (1/4πε) (q1q2/r2)

Where ε0 = permitiviy of the free space

ε0 = 8.854 × 1012 c2 / N – m2
= (1/4πε0) = 9 x 109 N – m2 / c2
ε = permitivity of the medium.

b) Nature of electro static force

i. it obeys the principle of super position
ii. it is a central force.
iii. it is a mutual force.
iv. it is a conservative force.
v. Coulomb‟s law does not hold for charges that cannot be treated as point charges.
The Coulomb‟s forces have a range between 10-15m to a few kilometers.

c) Dielectric constant of a medium or relative permittivity. It is defined as the ralation of force

of interaction between two point charges separated by a certain distance in vacuum to the
force of interaction between the same two point charges, held at the same distance in the
medium.
K (or) εr = (ε/ ε0)
In terms of electrostatic forces εr = F0/Fm

6. Continuous charge distribution: It has three types.

i. Linear charge distribution: Charge is distributed along the line.
i.e. λ = q/l
For continous linear charge distribution net force on a test charge q 0 is
→ ^
F0 = (q0/4πε0) [ ( ∫1 λdlr ) / r2 ] Where λ is linear charge density.

ii. Surface charge distribution: Charge is distributed over a surface.

i.e. λ = q/A
For continuous surface charge distribution: Charge is distributed over a surface.
→ ^
F0 = (q0/4πε0)[(∫1 σdsr)/r2] Where σ is surface charge density.

iii. Cubical charge distribution: Charge is distributed over a volume.

i.e. σ = q/v
For continuous surface charge distribution
→ ^
F0 = (q0/4πε0)[(∫1 ρdlr)/r2] Where ρ is volume charge density.

7. Electric field: Electric field due to a given charge is defined as the space around the charge
in which electrostatic force of attraction/repulsion due to the charge may be experienced by
any other test charge. The S.I unit of electric field is N/C. or v .
m

a) Mathematically
→ Lt →
3
 E = q0 → 0 (F/q0)

b) Electric field due to a point charge

→
1 q
E=   rˆ
4 0  r 2 
→ →
For a charge q > 0. E points away from q whereas for q<0, E points towards q.

c) Electric lines of force and properties of electric lines of force.

i. The tangent to a line of force at any point gives the direction of the electric field
intensity E at that point.
ii. The number of electric lines of force crossing a unit area. Where area is held
perpendicular to field lines gives the magnitude of electric field at that point.
iii. They originate from positive charge and terminate from positive charge.
iv. They do not form closed loops.
v. They do not cross each other.
vi. They are close together where the field is strong and far apart where the field is
weak.

8. Electric dipole: A pair of equal and opposite point charges separated by a finite distance
constitutes an electric dipole.

9. Electric dipole moment: The electric dipole moments of an electric dipole is given by the
product of one of the two charges constituting the dipole and distance between them and its
direction is from negative charge to the positive charge.
a) Strength of a dipole is called dipole moment. It is a vector quantity.
→ →
P = q(2a)
b) Dierection of dipole moment is from –ve charge +ve charge. SI unit is CM.
c) Ideal Dipole: Ideal dipole is just a point dipole, it has no size, i.e. charge is very-very large
and separation is very-very small.

c) Torque experienced by an electric dipole in a uniform electric field. When an electric dipole
moment P is placed in a uniform electrostatic field E such that P makes an angle θ with E,
then
→ → →
the dipole experienced a torque. Σ = P x E
If θ = 00, dipole is in stable equilibrium and for θ = 1800, it forms unstable equilibrium.

e) Potential energy of a dipole in a uniform electric field.

Work has to be done in turning an electric dipole in a uniform electrostatic field from its
position of stable equilibrium. This work is stored as potential energy (U) associated with
the orientation of the dipole in the field and is given as → → →
U = – P. E.

4
10. Electric potential: Electric potential at a point in an electric field is defined as the quantity of
work done in moving a unit +ve test charge from infinity to that point against the
electrostatic force of repulsion. It is a scalar quantity and ist S.I unit is volt.
a) Electric Potential due to a Single Charge: Electrostatic potential at a point in an electric
field is the amount of work done in moving a unit test charge from infinity to that point
against the electrostatic force along any path
V = (1/4πε0)(qi/ri)
b) Electric Potential difference:
Electric Potential difference between two points. A and B is an electric field is defined as
the amount of work done to make a test charge q0 from A to B, always keeping it in
equilibrium against the electrostatic force of the field along any path between the two points.
B→ →
VB – VA = WAB / q0 = ∫ E.ds
A

WAB / q0 = (q/4πε0)[(1/rb)-(1/ra)]

11. Equipotential surface: Equipotential surface is a surface obtained by joining all the point
in an electric field having same electric potential.

a) An equipotential surface is a surface every point of which is at the same electric potential.

b) As equipotential surface are normal to E , they also do not cross / intersect each other.

c) The electric potential gradient dv/dx along an equipotential will be zero and hence the
electric field along an equipotential surface will be zero. Thus, electric field will only be
normal to an equipotential surface.

d) Electrostatic potential energy: Electrostatic potential energy of a system of charges is the

total amount of work done in bringing them from infinity to the present arrangement in the
system.
For a system of two point charges q1 and q2 at a separation r the electrostatic potential
energy is given by
U = (1/4πε0)[(q1q2)/r]

12. Gauss’s theorem: Gauss‟s theorem states that the total electric flux linked through a closed
surface is equal to l/ε0 times the net charge enclosed by the surface.
→ →
a) i.e. υ = ∫ E.ds = q/ ε0

b) On the basis of Gauss‟s law, it can be

i. Any net charge placed on an isolated charged conductor resides entirely on its outer
surfaces.
ii. The electric field must be zero at every point inside a charged conductor, whether
hollow or solid in electrostatic equilibrium.
iii. The induced charge is equal in magnitude but opposite in sign.
iv. At points outside a spherically, symmetric charge distribution, the charge behaves as
though it were all placed at the centre of the sphere.

5
13. Capacitance: Capacitance of a conductor may be defined as the ratio of charges given to a
conductor and the resulting potential developed on it when it is completely isolated.
a) i.e. C = q/v Farad.
b) Parallel Plate Capacitor: A parallel plate capacitor is an arrangement of two large metal
plates of area A each kept parallel to each other a distance „d‟ apart. If the space between
the plates is filled with air or vacuum the capacitance C of such an arrangement is
C = (ε0 A)/d

c) Effect of Dielectrics in Capacitors: When a dielectric slab of dielectric constant K having a

thickness t<d is placed between the plates of parallel plate capacitor as shown here, the
capacitance of the capacitor will be
C = (K ε0 A) / [ K (d-t) + t ] or C = ( ε0 A ) / [ d – t ( 1- (1/K)] When t<d

d) Dielectric Field Strength: Dielectric field strength is the maximum electric field or
potential gradient which can exist in a dielectric without its electric breakdown value of
electric strength depends upon the nature of the given dielectric.

e) Energy stored in a Capacitor: Energy U stored in a capacitor of capacitance C charged to a

potential difference „V‟ is given as

2
 Q
2
U = ½ CV2 = ½ QV = ½ Q2/C CV  CV
2 2 2C

14. Vande Graff generator: The Vande-Graff generator is based on the principle that the
charge given to the hollow conductor is distributed entirely on its outer surface only.

a) It is a machine which is used for generating high electric potentials of the order of ten
millions volts. Such high electric potentials are needed for accelerating charged particles to
very high speeds.

6
 II. FORMULAE

1. Quantisation of Charge q = + ne where n = 1,2,3 . . .

2. Conservation of charge ∑q = constant
3. Coulombs Law:
   q1 q2 
(i) Fo = 1/4Πε0 q1q2/r2 =  1   
 4  0   r2 
Where Fo = the force between two point charges placed vacuum.
ε0 = Electrical permittivity of free space
ε0 = 8.854 x 10-12 C2 N-1 m-2
   q1 q2 
ii) Fm  1   
 4   p  r2 
Where Fm = The force between two point charges placed in a material medium.
ε = electrical permittivity of the medium.

4. Dielectric constant: k= ε/ε0 =F0/Fm

5. Force between multiple charges

→ n → →
F = (q0/4πε0) ∑ (qi/|r0- ri|3 ) (r0- ri)
0

i=1
6. Principle of superposition of electric charge
→ → → → → →
i. F1 = F12 + F13 + F14 + ……… + F1n  F1n

Where  F1n is the force acting on the 1st point change by all the other point charges in
the system.
____________________
ii. F = √ F12 + F12 + 2F1 F1 cosθ
→ →
Where F is the magnitude of resultant force due to the forces F1 & F2 and θ i. e. the
 
angle between F1 & F2 .

7. Net force on a test charge (q0) due to a continuous linear charge distribution.
F0 = (q0 / 4π ε0) ∫ ( λ / r2 ) dl r̂ , where λ – Linear charge density
l

8. Net force on a test charge (q0) due to continuous surface charge distribution
F0 = (q0 / 4π ε0 ) ∫ (σ / r2) ds r̂ , where σ – surface charge density
s

9. Net force on a test charge (q0) due to continuous volume charge distribution
F0 = (q0 / 4π ε0 ) ∫ (ρ / r2) dv r̂ , where ρ – volume charge density
v

10. Relation between electric field strength and force

→ → → →
E = F / qo => F = qo E Where E – Electric field strength
E = (1 / 4π ε0) q / r2 (from coulombs law)
7
11. Electric field strength due to an infinity long straight wire
E = λ / 2π ε0 r
Where λ = linear charge density.
r = distance of the point charge from the linear charge distribution.

12. Electric field strength due to infinitely extended plane sheet of charge E = σ / 2ε0
Where σ – the surface charge density

13. Electric field strength due to uniformly charged spherical shell

i. E = (1 / 4π ε0) q / r2 (At any point outside the shell)
here r > R (radius of the shell)
ii. E = (1 / 4π ε0) q / r2 (At any point on the surface of the shell)
iii. E = 0 (At any point inside the shell)

14. Electric dipole moment

→ →
P = q2a (where 2a distance between the two charges)

15. Electric field intensity (strength) at any point on the axial line of an electric dipole.
 1  P
Eaxial = (1 / 4π ε0 ) 2pr / (r2 – a2)2 , (Eaxial) ideal    3
 4 0  r

16. Electric field intensity at any point on the equatorial line of an electric dipole.
 1  P
Eequit = (1 / 4π ε0) p / (r2 + a2)3/2, (Eequitorial ) ideal    3
 4 0  r

17. Torque acting on an electric dipole placed in a uniform electric field τ = pE sin θ

18. Electric potential due to a point charge: V = (1 / 4π ε 0) q / r

n
19. Electric potential at a point due to n – point charges: V = (1 / 4π ε0) ∑ qi / ri
i=1

20. Electric potential at any point near an electric dipole: V = (1 / 4π ε 0 ) P cosθ / r2

21. Electric potential energy of a system of two point charges: U = (1 / 4π ε0) (q 1q2 / r)

22. Electric potential energy of an electric dipole in a uniform electric field:

U = - PE (cosθ2 – cosθ1)
Where P = electric dipole moment
E = electric field intensity
→ →
23. Gauss theorem  E.ds  (1/ ε0) (q)
→ →
Where ∫E . ds - total normal electric flux over a closed surface

E
24. Flux density = Electric field intensity E 
A
8
25. Relation between electric potential and electric field gradient
E = V / r (in case of uniform field)
E = - dv / dr (incase of non uniform field)

26. Capacitance C = q/v

27. Capacitance of a spherical conductor of radius R: C = 4π ε 0 R

28. Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor without dielectric: C 0 = (ε0 A)/d

29. Capacity of a parallel plate capacitor with dielectric: Cd = (ε0 A)/[d-t(1-(1/k))]

30. Combination of Capacitors

i. In series combination: 1/Cs = 1/C1 + 1/C2 + ………+1/Cn
ii. In parallel combination: Cp = C1 + C2 + ………+Cn

31. Dielectric constant K = E0/E = C/C0

2 2
32. Energy stored in capacitor U  CV q  qv
2 2C 2

2 2
33. Energy stored in a parallel plate capacitor U  CV  QV  Q
2 2 2C
_
2
34. Energy density in a parallel plate capacitor U = ε0 E
2

35. Common potential of capacitors due to sharing of charges V = (C1V1 + C2V2)/(C1 + C2)

9
 III. (A) MEMORY TIPS

Sl No. Charge Distribution Point of Observation Electric Intensity Electric Potential

1. Uniformly charged I) Point at infinity E=0 V=0

non conducting sphere ii) Point at center E=0 V=3/2 Kq/R
of radius R. of sphere (r=0)
iii) Point on the surface E=Kq/R2 V=Kq/R
of sphere(r=R)
iv) Point outside the E= Kq/r2 V=Kq/r
sphere(r>R)
v) Point inside the E=Kqr/R3 V=K(3R2-r2)/2R3
sphere(r<R)

2. Infinite sheet of Charge Point anywhere from E=/20 V= r/20 +c

sheet where  is surface where c is
constant of density of charge
integration

3. Infinite line of charge Point at a distance „r‟ E=/ 20r V=-/ 20 log
r+c
or charged cylindrical from line of charge where  is linear where c is constant of
conductor i.e. (r>R) charge density integration

4. Charged circular ring I) Point on the axis at a E= R/(20 (R2+r2)3/2 )

Of radius R distance „r‟ from the V= /(20r(R2+r2))
Center
ii) At the center of ring E=0 V= Constant

5. Short electric dipole I) Point on axial line E= 2Kp/r3 V= Kp/r2

3
ii) Point on equatorial E= Kp/r V=0
line
* Electric field intensity due to a point charge q, at a distance t 1+t2 where t1 is thickness of
medium of dielectric constant K1 and t2 is thickness of medium of dielectric constant K2 is

E= 1/4r0 q/ (t1K1+t2K2)2
* Electric potential at the same point in the case described above is

V= 1/4r0 q/ (t1K1+t2K2)

When an electric dipole at moment p is held at angle  with the direction of a uniform

electric field E, a torque  acts on the dipole, given by:
  
 = p x E = pE Sin  in magnitude

10
This torque tries to align the dipole in the direction of the field, reducing angle  to zero.

To orient the dipole at any other angle with E , work has to be done on the dipole, which is stored
as P. E. of dipole given by ,
P.E. = -pE(cos 2 – cos 1)
 
The variation of P.E. of electric dipole with angle  ( between E and p) is shown in figure.

The regions of negative potential energy are from

0 to r/2 and 3r/2 to 2r. They are the regions of stable
equilibrium of dipole. The region of positive potential
energy is from r/2 to 3r/2. This is the region of unstable
equilibrium of the dipole.

Some of the important formulae for electric field intensity and electric potential at a point due to
various charge distributions are tabulated below:

Sl . Charge Point of Observation Electric Electric

No. Distribution Intensity Potential

1 Point Charge (q) Anywhere at distance „r‟  

E = Kq r/r2 V =Kq/r

2 Group of Point Point at distance r1, r2 E=  Kq i/ r2 i V= 

Charges q1, q2, q3 From charges q1, q2… qi/ri

3. Charged conducting i) Point at infinity (r= ) E=0 V=0

Sphere of radius „R‟
ii) Point at center of sphere(r=0) E=0 V=Kq/R
iii) Point on the surface of E= Kq/R2 V=Kq/R
sphere(r=R)
iv) Point outside the sphere (r>R)  V= Kq/r
2
E= Kq /r r
v) Point inside the sphere (r<R) E=0 V=Kq/R

 The capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor having a number of slabs of thickness t 1, t2,
t3…… and dielectric constants K1,K2,K3…… respectively in between the plates is,
C = 0 A / [t1/K1 +t2/K2 + t3/K3+ ……]
Obviously, distance between the plates in this case is d = t1 + t2 + t3……
 When a number of dielectric slabs of same thickness „d‟ and different areas of cross section
A1, A2, A3 having dielectric constants K1, K2, K3 …… respectively are placed between the
plates of a parallel plate capacitor, its capacitance is given by ,
C = 0 (K1A1 + K2 A2 + K3A3 + ……)/d
11
 When two capacitors charged to different potentials are connected by a conducting wire,
charge flows from the one at higher potential to the other at lower potential till their potentials
become equal. The equal potential is called common potential (V), where,
V = total charge / total capacity = (q1+ q2) / ( c1 + c2) = (c1v1+c2v2) / (c1+c2)
It should be clearly understood that in sharing charges, there is absolutely no loss of charge.
Some energy is, however lost in the process, which is given by :
E1 – E2 = C1C2 ( V1-V1)2 / 2(C1+C2)
 When a dielectric slab is placed in between the plates of a parallel plate capacitor, the charge
induced on its sides due to polarization of dielectric is ,
qi = q (K-1)/K

When a number of dielectrics of same thickness „d‟ having different areas of cross section A 1,
A2, A3, …… with dielectric constants K1, K2, K3, … … respectively are placed between the
plates of a parallel plate capacitor, it‟s capacitance is given by ,

C = 0 ( K1A1+K2A2+K3A3+……)/d

III (B) FLOW CHARTS

12
13
14
 III (C) DIMENSION AND FORMULAE
Physical Quantity Symbol Dimensions Symbol Unit Remarks

Vector area element ΔS [ L2 ] m2  S = Δ S n̂
Electric field E [MLT-3 A-1] Vm-1 or NC-1
Electric flux Φ [ML3T-3 A-1] Vm Δ Φ = E. Δ S
Dipole moment P [LTA] Cm Vector directed from negative to
positive charge
Charge density
Linear Λ [L-1TA] Cm-1 Charge/length
Surface ΢ [L-2TA] Cm-2 Charge/area
Volume Ρ [L-3TA] Cm-3 Charge/volume

Physical Symbol Dimensions Symbol Remarks

Quantity Unit
1 2 -3 -1
Potential Φ or V [M L T A ] V Potential difference is physical
significant
Capacitance C [M-1 L-2 T4A2] F
Polarization P [L-2AT] Cm2 Dipole moment per unit volume
Dielectric K [Dimensionless]
constant

15
 V. SOLVED QUESTIONS

A. VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS. (1 MARK EACH)

1. State the law of conservation of charges.
In an isolated system, the total quantity of positive and negative charges always remain
conserved.

2. Define dielectric constant of a medium in terms of force between electric charges.

Dielectric constant of a medium is defined as the ratio of electrostatic force between two
charges when kept in vacuum to the force when they are kept in that medium.
i.e. K = F0 / Fm

3. Name the Physical quantity whose S.I. unit is coulomb/volt.

Coulomb/Volt = Farad
This is S.I. unit of capacitance

4. How does the force between two point charges change, if the dielectric constant of
the medium in which they are kept increases?

We know F = (1 / 4π ε0) (Q1Q2)/r2 ) F α 1/k So if K increases, F decreases.

5. What kind of charges are produced on each when (j) a glass rod is rubbed with silk
and (ii) an ebonite rod is rubbed with wool?
i) Glass rod : +ve, silk : -ve ii) Ebonite : -ve, Wool: +ve
6. What is quantisation of charge?

Any charge in nature is an integral multiple of the smallest amount of charge i.e. charge
of an electron. q = + ne.
7. Name the mathematical law which is mathematical representation of Coulomb's raw
and superposition principle?
The Law is Gauss‟s law.

8. In a medium the force of attraction between two point electric charges, distance d
apart is F. What distance apart, should these be kept in the same medium so that
the force between them becomes i) 3F ii) F/3 ?
From formula F = (1 / 4π ε0) (q 1q2 / r2)
For same charges and same medium. F α 1/d2
F2 /F1 = d1 2 /d2 2 (two mark questions)
_____ _ _
i. d2 = √ F/3F = d/√3 ii) d2 = F/(F/3)d = √3d

16
9. Force between two point electric charges kept at a distance„d‟ apart in air is F. If
these charges are kept at the same distance in water, how does the force between
them change?
In water the force reduces by 81 times.
10. The dielectric constant of a medium is unity what will be its permittivity?

K = ε / ε0 = εr => ε0 = 8.854 × 10-12C2N-1m-2

11. Draw fines of force to represent a uniform electric field ?

12. Sketch the electric lines of force due to a point charge (i) q < 0 and (ii) q>0

13. What is the net force on an electric dipole placed in uniform electric field?
Zero

14. What is the shape of equipotential surfaces for a given point charge?
For given point charge the shape of the equipotential surfaces is spherical.

15. What is the work done in moving a charge of 10nc between two poi nts
on an equipotential surface ?
The potential of every point on equipotential surface is same. Therefore dv = 0
So dw = q, dv = 0, i e. No work is done in moving charge on an equipotential surface.

16. What are the factors on which capacitance of a paral lel plate condenser
(capacitor) depends ?

i) Medium between the plates

ii) Distance between the plates.
iii) Area of the plates.
17
17. Name the physical quantity whose S.I. unit is Joule/Coulomb.

The quantity is electric potential

18. Define dielectric constant in terms of the capacitance of a capacitor?

Dielectric constant is the ratio of the capacitance of the capacitor when there is
medium between the plates to the capacitance when there is air as medium.

19. Why does the electric field inside a dielectric decrease when it is placed in an external
field?

It is due to induction of opposite charges on the surface of the dielectric. These charges
produce a weaker electric field in opposite direction.

20. What is mechanical analog of potential?

Height is the mechanical analogue of electric potential.

21. If the radius of the circular plates of a parallel plate capacitor is halved, then what will
be charge in its capacitance ?
0A
C
d
From relation, Half radius makes capacitance one fourth times.

22. A metal foil is placed in the middle of a parallel plate capacitor? What is the
effect on the capacitance of the system?

23. Draw an equipotential surface in a uniform electric field?

24. In a parallel plate capacitor, the capacitance increases from 4μf to 80μf on
introducing a dielectric medium between the plates, what is the dielectric constant
of a medium?

Dielectric constant K = C med/Cair = 80/4 = 20

18
25. Sketch the electric lines of force for two positive charges Q 1 and Q2 (Q1 > Q2) separated by
a distanced „d‟?

26. Show graphically the variation of charge 'q' with time „t‟ when a condenser
(capacitor) is charged?

27. Can electric potential at any point in space be zero. Why intensity of electric field at
that point is not zero?

Yes, it is possible.

Suppose a number of positive and negative charges are placed at equal distance from the
point. If the algebraic sum of all the charges be zero, the potential at tha t point will
become zero, but the intensity of electric field at that point.

28. If Coulomb's law involved 1/r 3 dependence (Instead of 1/r 2 ) would Gauss's law still
hold?

No, Gauss's Law will not be true, if force varies as 1/r 2.

29. Define S.I. unit of capacitance.

S.I. unit of capacitance is Farad. 1 Farad(F) is the capacitance of a conductor, when

1C charge raises its the potential by 1 volt.

30. Name any two properties of electric charge?

Basic properties of electric charges are

i) Charge is quantised ii) Charge is conserved

19
31. Two point charges q 1 and q 2 are such that q 1 q 2 > 0, what is the nature of force
between th e two ch arges?
q 1 q 2 > 0 implies positive sign with the product q 1 q 2 > 0. So both q 1 and q 2 are similarl
charged. Hence force between them is repulsive.

32. What is the force of repulsion between two charges of 1c each kept 1m apart in
vacuum?

F = (9 x 10 9 x 1 x 1)/1 = 9 x 10 9 N

33. What is the charge on the nucleus of a helium atom?

It contains 2 protons so charge on it is 2 x (1.6 x 1 0 -1 9 )C = 3.2 x 10 -1 9 C.

34. In coulomb's law on what factors the value of electro static force constant K
depends?

It depends upon system of units used and also on the medium placed between the charges.

35. Does the electric charge vary with the speed of the ch arged body?
No.

36. What is the elementary charge considered in nature?

+ 1.6 × 10 -19 C

37. Who was the first to assign the positive and negative signs to charge?
Bejamin Franklin.

38. What is the value of dielectric constant of water?

81.

39. Define electric field intensity at a point? What is its S.I. units?
Electric field intensity at a point is defined as the force per unit positive test charge point
placed at that.
E= F/q 0 its S.I. unit is N/C.

40. Define volume charge density and give its S.I. unit.

The volume charge density at a point is defined as the charge per unit volume around
that of the conductor.
ρ = dq/dv its S.I. unit is C/m3

41. What are the direction and S.I. unit of electric dipole moment?
The direction of electric dipole moment is always from negative to the +ve charge of the
dipole.

S.I. Unit = CM

20
 V. SOLVED QUESTIONS
B. SHORT TYPE ANSWER QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)

1. State the laws of conservation & quantisation of electric charge.

Law of conservation of electric charge: The total electric charge in an isolated system
remains constant (∑q = const.)
Law of quantisation of electric charge: The charge of any body is an integral multiple of
the basic charge „e‟

2. Compare the electric charge and mass.

Electric Charge Mass
i. Mass of a body is always a positive
i. Electric charge may be positive or
quantity
negative
ii. Charge on a body is not affected by the ii. Mass of the body changes with velocity of
velocity of the body _________
the body as m = m0 / √ 1 – (v2/C2)
iii. Force between charges may be attractive iii. Force between masses is always attractive
or repulsive
iv. Charge is quantized iv. Mass of a body is not considered to be
quantized.
v. Charge may not exist without mass. v. Mass can exists without net charge.

3. Vehicles carrying inflammable materials usually have metallic chains attached

to them remains in contact with the ground during motion. Explain why?
When the vehicle is in motion, it may get charged due to friction. Due to the
accumulation of Charge on the body of the vehicle, sparking may occur and the
inflammable material may catch fire. To avoid it, metallic chains are used, through which
the charge from the body of the vehicle escapes to the ground
4. Is coulomb's law a universal law? Why?
Coulomb‟s law is not a universal law. Because the Coulomb‟s force in a medium varies
from Coulomb‟s force in vacuum. This law is not valid for large bodies and moving
charges.

5. What is the total charge on an electric dipole?

A dipole consists of two equal and opposite charges i.e. +q and -q. So total charge on the
electric dipole is zero.
[ .. (+q) + (-q) = 0 ]

6. Obtain the expression for electric field in terms of the force .

q0
+q ……………….…•
p
21
 Electric field intensity at any point in the electric field is defined as t he force experienced
by a unit positive charge placed at that point.

Let a test charge (infinitesimally small) q 0 be placed at a point P in the electric field of a
source charge (q)

If F is the force experienced by the test charge q 0 in the electric field, then the force
experienced by a unit positive charge at point P' is given by

→ → →
F/q0 which is E Lim E = F/q0
q0→0

7. What do you mean by electric lines of force & give their properties.
Electric lines of force can be defined as the paths along which a unit positive charge
tends to move in an electric field if it is free to do so.

Properties:-
(i) The electric lines of force are directed away from positive charge and directed
towards negative charge.

(ii) Tangent to an electric field line at any point gives the direction of the electric
field at that point.

(iii) No two electric lines of force intersect each other.

(iv) Electric lines of force are imaginary lines.

8. Why two electric lines of force can never intersect.

E1

E2

If two electric lines of force intersect each other, then at the point of intersection, there will
be two tangents. It means that there are two values of the electric field at that point, which
is not possible.

22
9 Derive an expression for electric field intensity due to a point charge in space .
Consider a point charge +q at the origin (for simplicity). Let q0 be the test charge placed in
free space at a distance r from ‟O‟ in the electric field of the charge q
→
^
2
Force experienced by q0 due to charge +q at „O‟ is given by F = (1/4πε0)(q1q2/r )r

→ → →
^
2
Electric field intensities at 'P' due to point charge q is E=F/q 0=1/q0[F= (1/4πε0)(q1q2/r )r ]
→ ^
2
Therefore E=(1/4πε0)(q1q2/r )r

10. Draw the graphs for electric field intensity due to point change and (i) square of
the distance of the test change (r2) (ii) 1/r2

→
E
E
B A

½r q0
r2 +q

dr
11. Define electric potential (v) at any point in an electric field of a point charge.
And establish relationship between E and potential gradient

The electro static potential ab any point whose position vector is r is the line integral of
23
 the electric field from the point r to infinity along any arbitrary path.
Or
The work done in taking a unit positive charge from any point in the electric field to
infinity against the field direction.
Consider two points A and B in the electrostatic field of a point charge +q placed at 'O‟
Let A and B be very close to each other that the electric field intensity between A & B is
uniform and is equal to E .

The force required to move a test charge q 0 from to A to B is  q0 E
Work done to move the test charge
  
W  F .dl   q0 E.dl

→ →
0
-q0 E.dl cos180 = q0 Edl
But dl = -dr
→

Therefore, Work done = -q0Edr

→ →

Work done per unit charge = (-q0Edr/q0) = - Edr

According to the definition this work done per unit charge gives the potential gradient
between A & B.
Hence dv = -Edr Therefore E= (-dv)/dr

12. Establish the equation for electric potential at any point in the electric field due to a
point change by using fundamental relation.

We know that electric field intensity due to a point charge q at any point at a distance „r‟ from it
is given by E = (1/4πε0)(q/r2)
But E = (-dv)/(dr)
Therefore (-dv)/(dr) = (1/4πε0)(q/r2)
dv = - (1/4πε0)(q/r2)dr
r r r
2 -1
v = ∫ - (1/4πε0)(q/r )dr = (-q/4πε0)[r /-1] = (q/4πε0) [1/r] = (1/4πε0)(q/r)
0 0 0
13. Three capacitors of equal capacitance, when connected in series, have a net
capacitance of Cs and when connected in parallel, have a capacitance of Cp. Calculate
the value of Cs / Cp.

When three capacitors of equal capacitance are connected in series.

The net capacitance is obtained by

1/ Cs = 1/C + 1/C + 1/C = 3/C

24
 Therefore Cs = C/3 ------------------- ( 1 )

When the tree capacitance of same and equal capacitance are connected in parallel to the net
capacitance is Cp = C + C + C = 3C ---------------- ( 2 )
Therefore Cs / Cp = (C/3)/(3C) = 1/9

14. Calculate the resultant capacitance of the combination of capacitors in following

circuit across P and Q.

10μF

The above circuit is equivalent to the following

circuit. Therefore C PQ=(10+ 15 + 25) μF = 50μF

V. SOLVED QUESTIONS
C. SHORT TYPE ANSWER QUESTION (3 MARKS)

1. Study comparatively the electrostatic & Gravitational forces .

Electrostatic Force Gravitational Force

i) It may be an attractive or repulsive force. i) It is always attractive force
ii) It is an action at a distance type of force.
iii) It is a central force. ii) It is a long range force
iv) It is comparative stronger force
than gravitational force iii) It is also a central force
v) It is a conservative force
iv) It is The weakest fundamental force.
vi) Although this force is applicable in
vacuum yet it depends upon the
medium in which the charges are kept. v) It is also a conservation force,
vi) This force is applicable in vacuum but it
does not depend upon medium in
which the masses are kept

2. Sketch the pattern of electric lines of force due to (i) isolated positive charge
(ii) isolated -ve charge (iii) two equal and opposite charges separated by a small
25
 distance .
(i) (ii) (iii)

3. A capacitor is charged to a potential V, the power supply is disconnected and

the capacitor is connected in parallel to another unchanged capacitor. Derive
the expression for the common potential of the combination of capacitors.

Let C1 and C2 be the capacitances of 1st and 2nd capacitors respectively.

Charge on the 1st capacity = q = C1V1
Capacitance of the combination C = C1 + C2
C o m mo n p o t e nt ia l i s g i ve n b y V = ( t o t al c ha r g e ) / ( t o t a l c a p a c it a nc e ) =
( C1V1)/( C1 + C2)

4. Derive an equation for electric field intensity due to a straight line charge .
Let us consider a very long & then straight conductor having uniform linear charge density λ.
To calculate the electric field intensity E at any point P at a distance r from the linear charged
conductor, let us assume a cylindrical Gaussian surface of radius r and length l around the charged
conductor.
→ →
According lo Gauss's theorem ∫E.ds = q/ε0 = λ1/ε0 ………… (1)
s

The Gaussian surface is divided into three parts I, II & III as in figure equation (1) can be written
26
 → → → → → → → →
as ∫E.ds = ∫E.ds + ∫E.ds + ∫E.ds = λl/ε0 ………… (2)
s I II III

→ → → →
E.ds = 0 for the surface I & II [Therefore (E.ds) 9 =0 as  = 900 ]
→ → → →
& E.ds = Eds for the surface III [Therefore (E.ds) = Eds as  = 00 ]

Therefore the above equation (2) reduces to ∫E.ds = λ1/ε0

 E∫ds = λl/ε0

 E(2πrl) = λl/ε0 E = λ/(2πε0r)

5. Derive equation for electric field intensity due to uniformly charged thin spherical shall at
any point (i) outside the shell (ii) on the surface of the shell (iii) inside the shell.

(i) Consider a positive charge q distributed uniformly on the surface of a spherical shell
of radius R as shown in the figure.
Let P be a point outside the shell at a distance r from the centre of the shell.
To find the electric field intensity at P we assume a Gaussian spherical surface of radius r
with O as the centre.
→ →
According to Gauss's theorem s∫ E . ds = q/ ε0 …………. (1)
→ →

Since ( E . d s ) at all points of the Gaussian surface is 0° equation (1) can be written as
s∫ E ds = q/ ε0
 E s∫ ds = q/ ε0
 E (4π r2) = q/ ε0
[Therefore, ∫ ds is the total surface area of the Gaussian surface]

E = q0 / 4π ε0 r2
27
 = (σ 4π R2 ) / (4π ε0r2)
= (σR2) / (ε0 r2)
(ii) At a point on the surface of the shell.
When point P is on the surface of the shell itself. Then r = R.
Therefore, E = q0 / 4πr2 ε0
But q=Aσ (σ-surface charge density) = 4πσR 2
E = (4πσR2) / 4π ε0R2
 E = σ/ε0
(iii) At a point inside the shell:

If P, the point is inside The shell at a distance r 1 from the centre of the shell and if a Gaussian
sphere of radius r1 is assumed with 'O' as the centre as shown in the figure.

According to Gauss theorem,

→ →

s∫ E . ds = q/ ε0

Here the charge is on the spherical shell but Gaussian surface encloses no charge.
→ →

s∫ E .ds = q/ ε0 = 0
 E=0
6. Derive equation for electrostatic energy stored in a charged capacitor .

The process of charging a capacitor is equivalent to that of transferring the charge from one plate
to the other of the capacitor.

Let q be the charge on a capacitor plate and then the potential difference between the plates of the
capacitor is given by V = q/c.

If dq charge is transferred to the capacitor plate, the work done to do so is electrostatic P.E. in the
capacitor and the work done is given by

28
 dw = du = vdq = (q/c)dq

The total work done in charging the capacitor in changing it from q = 0 to q = Q is the total
energy stored (v) in that capacitor.
U = ∫du = Q 0∫ (q/c) dq = [ 1/c(q2/2]o Q= Q2 / 2C
But Q = CV
Therefore,
U = (½) (CV)2 / C = ½ (CV)

7. Derive equation for energy density of a parallel plate capacitor.

Let us consider a parallel plate capacitor of capacitance C = (ε0A) / d

When the capacitor is charged to voltage V, the energy stored in the capacitor is given by
U = (½)(CV)2 = ½ {(ε0A) / d}V2 ----------------------(1)

As the field set up between the plates of parallel plate capacitor is uniform

E = V/d or V = Ed -------------- (2)

Substituting equation (2) in equation (1)

U = ½ {(ε0A) / d}(Ed)2

Therefore, U = ½ (ε0E2) (Ad)

As (Ad) gives the volume of the capacitor.

Energy stored per unit volume is given by
U / (Ad) = ½ (ε0E2)
Energy density stored (UF) = ½ (ε0E2)

29
 V. SOLVED QUESTIONS

D. LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (5 MARKS)

1. State Gauss‟ theorem in electrostatics using it derives the expression for the electric
field at any point due to an infinite plane sheet of charge of uniform charge density σ .

Gauss's Theorem:

EA E EB

a) Statement: “The total electric flux through closed surface enclosing a charge is equal to
1/ε0 times the magnitude of charge enclosed.”
→→
Mathematically, ΦE=∫E.ds=q/ ε0
s

b) Derivation:
Consider an infinite plane sheet of positive charges having a uniform surface charge density σ
on both the sides of the sheet. By symmetry, it follows that the field perpendicular to the plane
of sheet of charge and in outward direction to calculate E, at a point „P‟ distance r from the
sheet. At the
→ ^
two cylindrical edges P and P‟, E and n are parallel to each other.
→→
Therefore Electric flux over these edges=2E.ds1 on the curved surface ds2
→ ^
of the cylinder E and n are perpendicular to each other. Therefore, no contribution to electric
flux is made by the curved surface of the cylinder. Therefore total electric flux over the entire
surface of cylinder 2E.ds1.
Total charge enclosed by the cylinder=σds, using Gauss‟ theorem. Φ=q/ε 0
2Eds1 =q/ε0=σds1/ε0 E=σ/2ε0

30
2. Define electric field intensity and derive an expression for it at a point on the axial
line of a dipole.
a a B
A a

a
P
-q O +q
r

Electric field intensity:

The electric field intensity at any point in the electric field is defined as the force
experimental by a unit positive charge placed at that point.
→ →
E = F/q0

Electric field on axial line of an electric dipole.

Consider an electric dipole consisting of two point charges +q and -q separated by a small
distance 2a and placed in free space. Let "P" be a point on the axial line joining the two charges
of the dipole at a distance r from the centre 'O' of the dipole as shown in figure below.

If E is the electric field intensity at „P‟ due to charge -q then

→
2 2
E A = (1/4πε0) (+q/AP ) = (1/4πε0) [+q/(r+a) ]along PA

If EB is the electric field intensity at p due to charge +q, then

→
EB = (1/4πε0) (q/BP2) = (1/4πε0) [q/(r-a)2] along PX

The electric field at point p due to the dipole

→ → →
E = EA + EB
→ →
Since E A and EB are collinear vectors acting in opposite directions. So the magnitude of the
resultant intensity E will act in the direction of bigger of two vectors, Then
E = EB - EA
= [(1/4πε0) (q/(r-a)2] – [(1/4πε0) (q/(r+a)2]
= [(q/4πε0) (1/(r-a)2] – (1/(r+a)2) = (q/4πε0) [(4ra/(r2-a2)2]
→
E = [(1/4πε0) ((q.2a).2r)/)(r2-a2)2] = [[(1/4πε0) (p.2r)/(r2-a2)2] along BP

Therefore, For the short dipole accr

Therefore, E = [(1/4πε0) (2p/r3)

3. Draw a labeled diagram of a Vande Graff generator. Give its principle and
explain its working.
31
A Vande Graff generator is a device used for building up high potential difference of the
order of several million volts. Such high potential differences are used to accelerate charged
particles needed for various experiments of Nuclear Physics.

Principle : The generator is based on

i) The action of sharp points is to discharge the charges readily.
ii) The property that a charge given to a hollow conductor is transferred to outer surface
and is distributed uniformly over it.
Construction :
The essential plants of Van-de Graff generator are shown in fig. S is a large spherical
conducting shell of radius equal to few meters. This is supported at a suitable height over
the insulating pillars. A long narrow belt of insulating material like silk, rubber or rayon
is wound around two pulleys P1 and P2.

The belt is kept moving continuously over the pulleys with the help of a motor. B 1 and B2
are two sharply pointed combs fixed as shown. B1 is called spray comb and B 2 is called
collecting comb. The generator is enclosed in a steel chamber c filled with nitrogen or
methane at high pressure.

Working:
The spray comb is given positive potential ( = 1O 4 volt) w.r.t. the earth by high tension
source. H.T. Due to discharging action of sharp points, a positively charge electric wind is
set up, which sprays positive charge on the belt as the belt moves and reaches the sphere
where a negative charge is induced on the sharp ends of collecting comb B 2 and an equal
positive charge is induced on the farther ends of B2. This positive charge shifts immediately
to the outer surface of S. Due to discharging action of sharp points B 2 ; a negative
charge wind is setup. This neutralises the +ve charge on the belt. The uncharged belt
returns down, collects the positive charge from B1, which in turn collected by B2. This is
repeated. Thus the +ve charge on S goes on accumulating.
32
 As V = q/c and the capacity of spherical shell is constant, therefore potential V of
the shell goes on increasing till it reaches the desired value with increase in q Beyond a
certain value, leaking of the charge to the surrounding starts. This sets a limit on the
maximum potential that can be achieved. The leakage is minimised by housing the
generator assembly inside a steel chamber filled with nitrogen or methane at high pressure.

4. Explain the effect of introducing a dielectric slab between the plates of a parallel
plate capacitor on its capacitance. Derive an expression for its capacitance with
dielectric as the medium the plates.
+ + + + + + +

- - - - - - -
The capacitance of a parallel Plate capacitor of plate area A and plate suparation d is

 A
Vaccum in between them is C0  0
d
Suppose +  are the charges on the capacitor plates which produces a uniform

electric filed E0 in the space between the plates where a dielectric slat of thickness t
(e<d) is introduced between the plates, the molecules of the slat gets polarized in the
discution of E0 . The electric polarisat ion P in the discution of E0 induces an

electric field E p opposite to E0 . Therefore, the effective field inside the diielectic is
  
E  EO  E p outside the dielictic.
Therefore p.d between the two plates is
E0 t E  
V = Et + Eo (d – t) V  t  E0 (d – t )  E0 [d – t  ] But 0  k ; E0 
K K E E0 AE0

Capacitance of with delectic in between is C 
V
 0 A
C =
q   1   1
 d  t 1    d  t 1  
A 0   k   k
: C>0 i.e. on introducing the elective slab capacitance of paralled plate capacitor
increases.

5. Derive an expression for Electric field intensity at a point in the equatorial line of
the dipole.
33
 Cosθ

Consider an electric dipole consisting of charges -q and +q separated by a distance 2a and

placed in free space. Let „P‟ be a point on equatorial line of the dipole at a distance r from
the centre of the dipole as shown in figure.

Let EA and EB be electric field, at point P due to charge -q at point A and charge +q at point
B. Then resultant electric field at P is given by
→ → →
E = EA + EB
____ →
2 2 2 2
Now | E A | = (1/4πε0) (q/AP ) = (1/4πε0) [q/(r +a ) ] along PA
____
| E B | = (1/4πε0) (q/BP2) = (1/4πε0) [q/(r2+a2)]

Let us resolve E A & EB into two mutually perpendicular directions. The component E Asinθ
and EB sinθ are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction, so they will come each other. But
the components EAcosθ & EBcosθ get added up because they act in the same direction. So, the
resultant intensity E at P is given by
E = EA Cosθ + EB Cosθ = (1/4πε0) [q/(r2+a2)]cosθ + (1/4πε0) [q/(r2+a2)]cosθ

= (1/4πε0) [2q//(r2+a2)][a/(r2+a2)1/2] Since cosθ = a//(r2+a2)1/2

E = (1/4πε0) )[P/(r2+a2)3/2] Since dipole is short, a<<r

Since E = (1/4πε0) )(P/r3)

6. Derive an equation for electric potential at any point due to an electric dipole

34
 rA

Let us consider an electric dipole of charge q and length '21'. Let P be any point near it at a distance
r from centre 0. Let OP make an angle'θ' with the dipole moment as shown in the figure.

Electric potential at point P due to -q charge of dipole VA= (1/4πε0) (-q/rA)

Potential at P due to +q charge of the dipole is VB = (1/4πε0) (q/rB)

Potential at „P due to the dipole is V= VA +VB = -(1/4πε0) (q/rA)+(1/4πε0) (q/rB)

From the geometry the figure, it can be best approximated that

rA =r+ON
rB =r-OM

But ON=OM=lcosθ [since cosθ=OM / OB = ON / OA & OA=OB=l]

Therefore V = (q/4πε0) [1/rB -1/rA]

= (q/4πε0) [1/(r-lcosθ) -1/r+Icosθ] = (q/4πε0) [(r+lcosθ)-(r-lcosθ)]/[r2-l2 cos2 θ]

= (q/4πε0) [(2lcosθ)]/[r2-l2 cos2 θ] = (q/4πε0) [(Pcosθ)]/[r2-l2 cos2 θ]

If r>>I then V = (1/4πε0) [(Pcosθ)/r2]

Special cases:
1. If the point P lies on the axial line of the dipole i.e. θ = 0 then V = (1/4πε 0) (P/r2)
2. If the point P lies on the equatorial line of the dipole i.e. θ = 900 then V = 0

35
 VI. NUMERICAL SOLVED PROBLEMS

SET - I

1. A polythene piece rubbed with wool is found to have a negative charge of 3.2 x 10 -7 C.
Calculate the number of electrons transferred.
As q = ne

Number of electrons transferred

n = q/e = (3.2 x 10-7)/(1.6 x 10-19) = 2 x 1012

2. Calculate the Coulomb force between a proton and an electron separated by

0.8×10-15m
Here r = 0.8 x 10-15m

q1 = 1.6 x 10-19, q2 = -1.6 x 10-19

From formula F = q1 q2/4πє0 r2

F = 9 x 109 x (1.6 x 10-19) x (-1.6 x 10-19)/(0.8 x 10 -15)2 = -360 N

3. How much energy will be stored by a capacitor of 470μF charged by a battery

of 20 V?
U = (1/2) CV2 = ½ × 470 x 10-6 × 400 = 9.4 × 10-2 J.

4. The equivalent capacitance between A and B in the given figure is 15μF. Calculate the
capacitance of capacitor C.
(1/C1) = (1/C) + (1/20)

1/C = (1/15) -(1/20) = (20-15)/300

 60μF

5. Calculate the work done in carrying an α-particle across a potential difference of one
volt.

dw = qdv = 3.2 x 10-19x 1 = 3.2 x 10-19 Joule.

6. An electric dipole when held at 300 with respect to uniform electric field of 104N/C
36
 Experiences a torque of 9 x 10-26Nm. Calculate dipole moment of the dipole.

Here θ = 300 , sinθ = 0.5

E = 104N/C

τ = 9 x 10-26Nm

We have P = τ/Esinθ = (9 x 10-26)/0.5 x 104 = 18 x 10-30 CM.

7. Two point charges 4μC ,-2μC are separated by a distance of 1m in air. At what point
on the line joining the charges is the electric potential zero.

Here q1 = 4 x 10-6C, q2 = -2 x 10-6C

a) For point between the charges

r1 = x m, r2 = (1-x)m

or the potential

q1/4πє0r1 + q2/4πє0r2 = 0

4 x 10-6/x = (2 x 10-6)/(1-x)

x = 2/3m from 4 μC charge.

b) For point outside the charges

r1 = x m, r2 = (x-1)m

4 x 10-6/x = (2 x 10-6)/(x-1)

x = 2m from 4 μC towards 3.

37
8. Four capacitors are connected as shown in the figure below. Calculate the equivalent
capacitance between the points x and y.

This is equivalent to

Capacitors = 2μF, 3μF and 5μF in parallel and in series with 10μF.

Equivalent capacitance between the points X and Y is 5μF.

9. If C1 = C3 = 3pF and C2 = 2pF, calculate the equivalent capacitance of the network

shown below.

1
Right most C1, C2 and C3 in series make 1/C = 1/3 + +1/3
2

C = 6/7pF

This goes in parallel with C2

38
 C = 2+6/7 = 20/7

Left most C1,C1 in series with 20/7

1/C = 1/3 + 7/20 + 1/3 = (20+21+20)/60 = 61/60

C = 60/61pF

10. Two +ve charges of 0.2 μC and 0.01 μC are placed 10 cm apart. Calculate the work
done in reducing the distance to 5 cm.

Here q1 = + 0.2μC = 0.2 x 10-6 C

q 2 = +0.01 μC = 0.01 x 10 -6 C

r 1 = 10cm = 0.1m

r2 = 5 cm = 0.05 m

Work done = gain of P.E.

W = W2 – W1 = (1/4πє0)(q1q2/ r2) – (1/4πє0)(q1q2/ r2) = (1/4πє0)q1q2 (1/ r2)-( 1/ r2)

W = 9 x 10-9 x 0.2 x 10-6 x 0.01 x 10-6 (1/0.05 – 1/0.1)

W = 9 x 2 x 10-5 = 1.8 x 10-4 J

39
11. Obtain the equivalent capacitance for the network. For a 300V supply, determine the
charge and voltage across each capacitor.

The equivalent circuit is shown in the figure.

1
=1/200 + 1/200 = 2/200
C'

C ' = 100pF

C ' ' =100+100 = 200pF

1
= 1/100 + 1/200 = 3/200
C'''

C ' ' ' = 200/3pF.

40
 Potential difference between A and B = 200 V

Potential difference between B and G = 100 V

Hence, V4 = 200V and q4 = C4V4 = 100pF x 200 = 2 x 104 pC

12. Two point charges q 1 = 0.2μC and q 2 = +0.4μC are placed 0.1m apart.
Calculate the electric field at

a) mid point between the charges,

b) a point on the line joining q 1 and q2 such that it is 0.05m away from q 2 and
0.15m away from q 1.

Here q1 = 0.2μC = 0.2 x 10 -6 C q 2 = 0.4 μC = 0.4x 10 -6 C

a) r1 = r2 = 0.05m , b) r1 = 0.15m, r2 = 0.05m

Formula E = (1/4πє0)(q/ r2) We have E1 = (1/4πє0)(q1/ r12) and (1/4πє0)(q2/ r22)


a) In this case E1 and E2 will be opposite. Hence E = E 2 – E1 along BA

E = (-9 x 109 x 2 x 10-7) / (25 x 10-4) = -7.2 x 105 N/C

b) In this case E1 and E2 will be in same direction. Hence E = E1 + E2

E = [(9 x 109)(0.2 x 10 -6 ) / (225 x 10 -4)] + [(0.4 x 10-6 )/(25 x 10-4 ) = 15.2 x 10 5 N/C

along AP .

41
13. If an oil drop of weight 3.2 x 10 -13 N is balanced in an electric field of 5 x 10 5
vim,

We know that mg = Eq
3.2 x 10-13 = 5 x 105 x q q = (3.2 x 10-13)/(5 x 105) = 6.4 x 10-19 C

14. A glass rod when rubbed with silk acquired a charge of +1.6 x 10 -12C. What is the
charge on the silk ?

Charge on the silk = -1.6 x 10-12C.

15. Two charges are +5μC and another - 5μC are placed 1mm apart. Calculate the
dipole moment ?

P = q x 2a = 5 x 10-6 x 1 x 10-3 = 5 x 10-9 CM.

42
 SET – II

1. Obtain equivalent capacitance of the following network in figure. For a 300 volt supply,
determine the charge and voltage across each capacitor.

2. Infinite number of capacitors, each of capacitance 5 F are arranged in a circuit as shown in

figure. Find the total capacitance of the infinite network of capacitors.

When identical condensers are connected in geometrical progression as shown in figure, the
total capacity of the arrangements given by:
C‟= C + C/2 + C/4 + C/8+ ……… 
C‟= C/ (1-1/2) = 2C

3. Two small conductors carrying charges 10 and 20 nano coulomb respectively, are separated
0.3 m part in air. Find the electric field at a point mid-way between them.

Ans:- Let 1 and 2 be the electric fields at P due to charges q1 and q2 respectively. Then

E1 = 9 x 10q (q1x1) / r2 = 9 x 10q (10 x 10 –q ) / (.15)2 NC –1 along AP = 90/(.15)2 NC –1


E2 = 9 x 10q (q2x1) / r2 = 9 x 10-q (20 x 10 –q ) / (.15)2 NC –1 along BP=180/(.15)2 NC –1

Hence magnitude of resultant intensity E at P is given by

E = E2 – E1 = 180/(.15)2 – 90/ (.15)2 = 90/ (.15)2 = 4000 NC-1
43
4. An electric dipole consisting of charges 2C each separated by 0.01m apart is placed in a
uniform electric field of intensity 3x103 NC-1 . Calculate the torque acting upon it when it is
inclined to the lines of force field at an angle of 45 0.
Ans:- Here q = 2C = 2 x 10 –6 C, a = 10 –2 m
p = aq = 10 –2 x 2 x 10 –6 = 2 x 10 –8 cm.
Torque T acting an the dipole is ,
T = PE Sin 
P = 2 x 10 -8 cm, E = 3 x 10 3 NC-1 and  = 450
 = 2 x 10 -8 x 3 x 10 3 x Sin 450
= 6 x 10 –5 x 1/2
= 4.24 x 10 –5 Nm

5. An electric dipole consisting of charges 5C separated 0.01 m apart is lying in equilibrium
position in an electric field of strength 3000 NC –1 . Calculate the amount of work done in
turning the dipole through an angle of 900 .

Ans:- Amount of work „w‟ required to turn the dipole through an angle  from the
equilibrium position is given by,
W = PE (1- Cos )
Here q = 5C = 5 x 10 –6 C, a = 10 –2 m
P = aq = 10 –2 x 5 x 10 –6 = 5 x 10 –8 cm
E = 3000 NC-1 and  = 900
Hence W = 5 x 10 –8 x 3000 (1- cos 900) = 15 x 10 –5 J.

6. Two equal conducting spheres of negligible size are charged with 16.0 x 10 –14 C respectively
and are placed 0.20m apart. They are then moved to a distance of 0.50m apart.
a) Compare the forces between them in two positions.
b) The spheres are connected by a thin wire. What forces does each now exert on the other?
Ans:-According to Coulomb‟s law, F= (1/40 ) (q1q2/r2)
Hence F1/F2 = r22/r12
a) r1 = 0.20 m, r2 = 0.5 m
Hence F1/F2 = (0.5)2/(0.2)2 = 6.25
b) After contact
Net Charge, Q = q1+q2 = [ (16.0 x 10 –14 ) – (-6.4 x 10 –14)] C
Q = +9.6 x 10 –14 C

44
 Since the two spheres are identical, charge q on each of them is,
q = Q/2 = +4.8 x 10 –14 C
Hence F = (1/40 ) (q2/r2 )= 9 x 109 x (4.8 x 10 –14 )2/ (0.5)2 = 8.29 x 10 –17 N

7. An oil drop of 12 excess electrons is held stationary under a constant electric field of
2.55 x 104 VM–1 in Millican‟s oil drop experiment. The density of oil is 1260 Kg m-3 .
Estimate the radius of the drop. ( g = 9.81 m/s2 , e = 1.60 x 10 –19 C)
Ans:- In Millican‟s oil drop experiment, the downward weight is balanced by the upward
electric force. If „q‟ is the charge on drop, force „fe‟ due to electric field E is,
4
fe = q.E weight, W   r 3 sg
3
Since the drop is in equilibrium, W = qE
4/3 r3sg = qE or r3 = 3qE / 4sg
Here, q = 12 x 1.6 x 10 –19 C, E = 2.55 x 104 Vm-1
E = 1,260 Kg/m3, g = 9.81 m/s2
Hence r3 = (3 x 12 x 1.6 x 10 –19 x 2.55 x 104 )/ (4 x 3.142 x 1260 x 9.81) = 0.94 x 10 –18 m
r = (0.94 x 10 –18 )1/3 m = 0.981 x 10 –6 m = 9.81 x 10 –7 m

8. An electric field (2i + 3j ) x 103 NC-1 exists in a region. Calculate the electric flux linked with
a square of side 0.5m held parallel to a) y-z plane b) x-y plane.

Ans:- Electric field, E = 2i + 3j
The electric field lies in x-y plane.
Magnitude of area, A = (0.5)2 m2 = 0.25 m2
a) y-z plane is vectorially represented along x-axis.

Hence A = Ai
 
Hence ()yz = E . A = (2i + 3j).(Ai) = 2A (i.j) + 3A(j.j)=24
Hence ()yz = 2 x 0.25 = 0.5 Nm2 C-1 [ j.i = 0]

b) x-y plane is vectorially represented along z-axis.


Hence A = A k
 
Hence ()yz = E . A = (2i + 3j). (A k ) = 2A(i.k) + 3A(j.k) =0

9. A charge of 09 nanocoulomb is present inside a cube. Calculate the electric flux linked with
area of the faces of the cube.
Ans:- qi = 9 x 10 –9 C
 = (1/ 0 ) qi = 1/(8.85 x 10 –12) x 9 x 10 –9 = 1.017 x 103 Nm2C-1
Since electric flux is distributed equally over all the faces which are of equal areas.
Hence flux linked with each area = (1/6) x  = 1.107/6 x 103 = 169.5 Nm2C-1

45
10. What is the value of constant of proportionality for free space, in Coulomb‟s formula for force
between two charges ?
Ans : 9 x 10 9

11. How many lines of force start from a unit charge ?

Ans : 4 lines of force.

12. Can two conductors having same nature of charge on them, attract each other ?
Ans : Yes, they can do so if the charge on one is much larger than that on the other. In that
case, the charge induced on second body is much larger. This induced charge produces
a resultant charge of opposite nature after neutralizing the original charge on the
second body. After neutralization the two bodies carry opposite charges and hence
attract each other.

13. What is an ideal electric dipole ?

Ans: - An ideal electric dipole is one whose either charge tends to infinity while the
separation between them tends to zero.

14. A proton is placed in a uniform electric field of strength 6000 NC-1 and is allowed to go from
one point to the other in the direction of field. If the distance between the two points is 0.1 m,
calculate
a) the potential difference between the two points.
Ans : Let dv = Potential difference between the two points.
E = -dv/dx
Or dv = -Edx
Here, E = 6000 NC-1 and dx = 0.1 m
Hence dv = -6000 x 0.1 = -600 v
The negative sign indicates that the final point is at a potential lower than that of initial
point.
b) work done in moving the proton.
Ans: - Workdone W in moving a charge „q‟ against a potential difference dv is given by
W = qv
„W‟ is also termed as the change in potential energy of the proton.
Here q = e = 1.6 x 10 –19 C
v = -600 v
Hence W = (1.6 x 10 –19) x (-600 v) = -960 x 10 –19 J

15. An ebonite rod is rubbed with fur the former is found to have a negative charge of 4.8μc.
(a) Calculate the number of electron transferred from fur to ebonite.
(b) Is there any transfer of mass from fur to ebonite?

Solution: (a) q = 4.8μC = 4.8x10-6coulomb

And e = 1.6x 10-19coulomb

Now we know q = ne
4.8  106
Therefore n =q/e  14
 3  1013
1.6  10

46
16. A parallel plate capacitor has its plate of area 6.6 cm2 separated by 0.7mm thick mica slab.
Calculate the capacitance of the capacitor if dielectric constant of mica is 6.

Solution : A = 6.6cm2 = 6.6 x 10-4 m2

d = 0.7mm = 7 x 10 -4m
k=6
Therefore C = (KAε0)/d
= (6 x 6.60 x 10-4 x 8.854 x 10-12)/(7 x 10-4)
= 50 x 10-12f
= 50pf.

17. A sphere of radius 50cms carries a charge of 0.01μC. Calculate the potential of the sphere.

Solution: r = 50cm = 0.50m

Capacitance, C = r/(9 x 109) = (5/9) x 10-10F
Charge Q = 0.01μC = 0.01 x 10-6C = 10-8C
Therefore, Potential, V = Q/C = (9 x 10-8) / (5 x 10-10) = 180 Volt.

47
 VII. UNSOLVED QUESTIONS
(Food For Thought)

SET – I

1. What is the effect of speed on the charge and mass of a charged particle?.

2. State the law of conservation of charge.

3. Draw lines of force to represent a uniform electric field.

4. Draw lines of force due to an (i) isolated positive point charge (q>0), (ii) isolated negative
charge (q<0).

5. Define dielectric constant of a medium in terms of the force acting between electric charges.

6. Draw lines of force due to (i) two equal and similar charges, (ii) two equal and opposite
charges.

7. Write the expression for the torque acting on an electric dipole placed in a uniform electric
field in vector form.

8. What is the effect on the capacitance of a capacitor if the space between the plates is filled
with dielectric medium of dielectric constant K?

9. The plates of a capacitor of capacitance C are charged to a potential V. Write an expression

for the energy stored in the capacitor.

10. What is the effect of temperature on the dielectric constant of a dielectric medium?

11. A body has a negative charge of 1.6 C. Calculate the number of excess electrons on it.

12. Calculate the charge on the nuclide 147N.

13. What is the value of dielectric constant for a perfect conductor?

14. What is the nature of the electric field between the plates of a parallel plate capacitor?

15. What is the direction of the electric field at a point on the equatorial line of an electric dipole?

16. How much work is done in deflecting an electric dipole of dipole moment p in a uniform
electric field E through 1800 from the equilibrium position?

17. What is the work done in moving a charge of 10 nC between two points on an equipotential
surface.

48
18. In a medium the force of attraction between two point charges, distance d apart, is F. What
distance apart should these be kept in the same medium so that the force between them
becomes (i) 3 F (ii) F/3 ?

19. What is the amount of work in moving a 100 nC charge between two points 5 cm apart on an
equipotential surface?

SET – II
1. Calculate the Coulomb force between a proton and an electron separated by 0.8 x 10 -15 m.

2. Calculate the Coulomb force between two α – particles separated by a distance 3.2 x 10-15 m.

3. Two small spherical conductors 54 cm apart have +10μC and +20 μC charges respectively.
Calculate (a) the electric force between them, (b) the resultant electric field at a point midway
between them.

4. Two point charges of 0.2C and 0.4C are placed 0.1m apart. Calculate the electric field (a) at
mid point between the charges; (b) at a point 0.05m away from second charge and 0.15m
away from the first charge.

5. Three charges of q units are placed at the three corners of a equilateral triangle of side a.
Calculate the resultant electric fields and potential at the centroid of the triangle.

6. Four equal charges each of  2 C are placed at each corner of a square of 8cm side. Find
the magnitude and direction of electric field and the potential at the centre of the square.

7. There is a cube of 6 cm side having the charge of  2 C at each of its 8 corners. Find the
field and potential at the centre of the cube.

8. If an oil drop of weight 3.2 x 10-13 N is balanced in an electric field of 5 x 105 Vm-1, find the
charge on the oil drop.

9. An electric dipole of moment 5 x 10-8cm is placed in a uniform electric field of intensity 4 x

105 NC-1.
a. What maximum and minimum torque does the field exert on the dipole?
b. How much work is done in turning the dipole end-to-end?

10. A charge of 12μC is given to a hollow metallic sphere of radius 0.1m. Find the potential at
(i) the surface of the sphere, and
(ii) the centre of the sphere.

11. A parallel plate capacitor has its two plates of 10cm x 10cm each and a mica slab of 1mm
thick in between the plates. Calculate the capacitance of the capacitor if dielectric constant for
mica is 6.

49
12. Three capacitors of 8μf, 8μf and 4μf are connected with 15 Volt supply in series. Calculate the
charge on capacitor of 4μf.

13. Two conductors of capacitance 4pf and 6pf have charges – 24μC and + 60μC respectively. If
they are joined together, calculate their common potential and charge on each conductor.

14. A 200 V battery is conducted across a 2μf and a 3μf capacitors to series. Find the potential
difference across each capacitor and their total energy.

15. A capacitor charged from a 50 V d.c. supply carries a charge of 10μC. Find
(i) the capacitance of the capacitor and
(ii) the energy stored in it.

16. A 900 pf capacitor is charged by a 100 V battery. How much electrostatic energy is stored by
the capacitor?

17. In a Van de Graff generator the metallic sphere has a potential of 10 6 V. The dielectric
strength of the gas surrounding the sphere is 2 x 10 7 Vm-1. What is the minimum radius of the
sphere required?

18. Find the charge, the capacitance and the potential of the bigger drop obtained by combining
125 droplets each of radius 9mm and each having charge 2 x 10 -12C.

19. Find the electric field between two metal plates 3mm apart, connected to a 12 V battery.

20. How much energy will be stored by a capacitor of 470μF when charged by a battery of 20 V?

21. Three capacitors of 1,2 and 3μf are connected with each other as shown in figure below.
Calculate the (a) equivalent capacitance of the system, (b) the charge on each capacitor if the
system is connected to a 200 volt supply.

1μf

C1

C2 C3

200 V

50
 VIII. NUMERICALS UNSOLVED

1. Calculate the Coulomb force between a proton and electron separated by 0.8 x 10 -15 m.

2. Calculate the Coulomb force between two particles separated by a distance 3.2 x 10-15 m.

3. Two small spherical conductors 54 cm apart have +10C and +20C charges respectively.
Calculate (a)the electric force between them (b) the resultant electric field at a point midway
between them.

4. Two point charges of 0.2C and 0.4C are placed 0.1 m apart. Calculate the electric field (a) at
midpoint between them (b) at a point 0.05 m away from second charge and 0.15 m away from
the first charge.

5. Three charges of q units are placed one at three corners of an equilateral triangle of side a.
Calculate the resultant electric fields and potential at the centroid of the triangle.

6. Four equal charges each of  2 C are placed one at each corner of a square of side 8 cm
side. Find the magnitude and direction of electric field and the potential at the centre of the
square.

7. There is cube of 6 cm side having the charge of  3 C at each of its 8 corners. Find the
field and the potential at the centre of the cube.

8. If an oil drop weighing 3.2x10-13 N is balanced in an electric field of 5x105V/m,find the

charge on the oil drop.

9. An electric dipole of moment 5x10-8Cm is placed in a uniform electric field of intensity

4x105NC-1.
(a) What maximum and minimum torque does the field exert on the dipole ?
(b) How much work is done in turning the dipole end –to-end ?

10. A charge of 12μC is given to a hollow metallic sphere of radius of 0.1m.find the potential at
(i) the surface of the sphere and
(ii) the centre of the sphere.

11. Charges of +0.01μC and – 0.01μC are placed at the vertices A & B, respectively, of an
equilateral triangle ABC of side 0.3m. Calculate the electric field intensity at C.

12. A regular hexagon of side 10cm has a charge 5μC at each of its vertices. Calculate the
potential at the centre of the hexagon.

13. (i) Calculate the electric potential at a point X due to charge of 0.5μC located at 10cm from it.
(ii) Also calculate the work done in bringing a charge of 3 x 10 -9 C from infinity to point X.

********** ----------- **********

51