DEMOGRAPHY AND GLOBALIZATION WHY BE CONCERNED ABOUT

DEMOGRAPHY?
WHAT IS DEMOGRAPHY?
Demography is the study of human populations –
their size, composition, and distribution across
space – and the process through which populations
change. Births, deaths, and migration are the ‘big
three’ of demography, jointly producing population
stability or change. (www.su.se)

COMPONENTS OF A DEMOGRAPHY

MIGRATION
MIGRATION
as a form of spatial mobility implies the crossing of
FERTILITY RATE the boundary of political or administrative unit for a
certain minimum period of time.
The total fertility rate in a specific year is defined as
the total number of children that would be born to Two Types of Migration
each woman if she were to live to the end of her • Internal Migration
child-bearing years and give birth to children in - It refers to people moving from one area to
alignment with the prevailing age-specific fertility another within one country.
rates. It is calculated by totaling the age-specific • International Migration
fertility rates as defined over five-year intervals. - When people cross boarders of one country
Assuming no net migration and unchanged to another.
mortality, a total fertility rate of 2.1 children per o INTERNATIONAL MIGRANT
woman ensures a broadly stable population. - Any person who lives temporarily or
Together with mortality and migration, fertility is an permanently in a country where he
element of population growth, reflecting both the or she was not born, and has
causes and effects of economic and social acquired some significant social ties
developments. The reasons for the dramatic decline to this country.
in birth rates during the past few decades include
postponed family formation and childbearing and a FOUR COMPONENTS OF INTERNATIONAL
decrease in desired family sizes. This indicator is MIGRATION
measured in children per woman. • The in-migration of persons to a country other
than that of their place of birth or citizenship.
Mortality Rate • The return migration of nationals to their home
A mortality rate is a measure of the frequency of country after residing abroad;
occurrence of death in a defined population during • The out-migration of nationals from their home
a specified interval. country; and
• The out-migration of foreigners from a foreign
country to which they had previously immigrated.
TYPES OF MIGRANTS 4. Increase the nation’s foreign reserves and
• Temporary Labor Migrants thereby reduce its borrowing costs
These are guest workers and overseas 5. Be monitored better by intimates than
contract workers that move to a country for officials.
a limited amount of time with the intention Diaspora
of sending much of their income back to The large-scale dispersal of a population.
family in their home country.
• Irregular Migrants Brain Drain
Usually referred to as “undocumented Systematic loss by a nation-state, of people highly
migrants”, these are people who move prized elsewhere in the world.
across borders without proper Brain Gain
documentation, or overstay their approved Nation-states, especially those that are developed,
permits, often for economic reasons. acquire more people with a strong knowledge base
• Highly Skilled Migrants that they lose.
These are people who move with special
work qualifications who migrate for better Human Trafficking
economic opportunities. The recruitment and movement of people through
• Forced Migrants force or coercion, for purposes of sexual
Those who are compelled to leave their exploitation or forced labor. This could be: Sex
home countries. They could be: trafficking or Labor trafficking
o Refugees TOURISM
Those forced to leave their
• Ecotourism
homeland, or who leave involuntarily
This involves efforts to allow tourists to
because they fear for their safety.
experience natural environments while
o Asylum Seekers
doing little or no harm to them.
Refugees who seek to remain in the
• Ethnotourism
country to which they flee.
This involves efforts to experience the way
• Family Reunification Migrants
other people live, often people very
Individuals whose family ties motivate them
different from the tourists.
to migrate internationally.
• Return Migrants MIGRATION CONTROL
People who, after spending time in their Migration control usually refers to the attempt by
destination country, go back to their home governments to control the entry and settlement of
country. non-citizens into their territories; that is to select
who and how many may enter, under what
SOME RELATED CONCEPTS conditions and for what period of time.
Remittances
Transactions by which migrants send money back to
their country of origin.
➢ Remittances: Some Benefits
1. Reduce poverty rates
2. Goes directly to the persons in need
3. Preferable to foreign aid, as it goes directly
to the recipients
GLOBAL CITIES Attributes of a Global City
• Diversity
WHY STUDY THE GLOBAL CITIES? • Lack of Community
1. An examination of globalization through the • Mobility
concept of the global city introduces a strong
Cosmopolitism
emphasis on strategic components of the
- From Greek words “kosmos” and “polis”.
global economy rater than the broader and
- A COSMOPOLITAN is a person who knows
more diffuse homogenizing dynamics we
about many parts of the world.
associate with the globalization of consumer
markets. Megacities
2. A focus on the city in studying globalization -are cities with a population greater than
will tend to bring to the fore the growing 10,000,000 People.
inequalities between highly provisioned and
profoundly disadvantaged sectors and Megapolis
spaces of the city, and hence such a focus -a long chain of interconnected cities with the
introduces yet another formulation of potentiality of becoming a huge city.
questions of power and inequality. World City
3. The concept of the global city brings a strong - a global network of cities.
emphasis on the networked economy
because of the nature of the industries that CHALLENGES FACED BY GLOBAL CITIES
tend to be located there: finance and The categories will include but is not limited to:
specialized services, the new multimedia 1. Deteriorating infrastructure
sectors and, and telecommunications 2. Sanitation
services. 3. Growth that outpaced places
4. A focus on networked cross-border 4. Traffic jams
dynamics among global cities also allows us 5. Threats to peace and security
to capture more readily the growing 6. Garbage problem
intensity of such transactions in other 7. Pollution
domains-political, cultural, social and
GLOBALIZATION AND MEDIA:
criminal.
CREATING THE GLOBAL VILLAGE
GLOBAL CITIES
GLOBAL CITIES are “key” cities in the global ASSUMPTIONS ON THE RELATIONSHIP OF
[especially] capitalist economy. (Ritzer & Dean, GLOBALIZATION AND MEDIA
2015: 374) • Globalization could not occur without
Indicators of Globality media
• Political Power • There is an intimate relationship
• Centers of Higher Learning and Culture between globalization and media…
• Economic Power • Globalization and media act in concert and
6 Criteria Of Global Power Cities cohort
1. Economy • The two had partnered throughout the
2. Research and Development whole of human history
3. Environment
4. Accessibility
5. Liveability
6. Cultural Interaction
MEDIA AND GLOBALIZATION GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP
• Globalization
A set of multiple, uneven and sometimes
WHAT IS CITIZENSHIP?
overlapping historical processes, including • Membership
economics, politics, and culture, that have • Belongingness
combined with the evolution of media technology to GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP AND HUMAN RIGHTS
create the conditions under which the globe itself
• Right means what is just.
can now be understood as an “imagined
• A right is what is owed.
community”.
• A right is a moral power in a person to do, to
• Media
possess, or to demand something.
The multiple means of conveying something.
• It is the object of the virtue of justice.
• Right is founded on law.
OF MEDIA • Natural right rests on the natural law.

THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN

RIGHTS.
Now, therefore,
The General Assembly,
Proclaims this Universal Declaration of Human
Rights as a common standard of achievement for all
peoples and all nations, to the end that every
individual and every organ of society, keeping this
Mediascapes Declaration constantly in mind, shall strive by
- It involve both the electronic capability to teaching and education to promote respect for these
produce and transmit information around the world rights and freedoms and by progressive measures,
as well as the images of the world that these media national and international, to secure their universal
create and disseminate. and effective recognition and observance, both
among the peoples of Member States themselves
Village and among the peoples of territories under their
- A human settlement or habitat which is jurisdiction.
smaller than a town but larger than a hamlet
Global Citizenship and Accountability
The Global Village - Accountability as a Virtue of a Global
- is an idea originally propounded by the Citizen
Canadian media theorist Marshall McLuhan (1911-
1980). The Carolinian as a Global Citizen
-He argued that due to the development and • Scientia
expansion of mass media of communication, the • Virtus
world was becoming village-like. • Devotio
• Witness to the Word
Virtual Communities
- A Technology-mediated social group that is
organized around common interests, experiences or
convictions.
GLOBALIZATION AND RELIGION SECULARISM
The term SECULAR arises from the history of
WHAT IS RELIGION? Christianity and describes that which is not sacred
• From the word “religare” which means “to or not of the church. The term secularization thus
bind”; “to tie up”. The bond between man refers to the process by which human activity and
and God. knowledge progressively come under control of
• A relationship between man a God scientific than religious understanding.

THE WORLD RELIGIONS SECULARIZATION

1. Hinduism (900 M Followers, 4000 Yrs) Is understood as a shift in the overall
2. Buddhism (470 M Followers, 2500 Yrs, India) frameworks of human condition; it makes it possible
3. Judaism (14-17 M Followers, Israel, for people to have a choice between belief and non-
4000 Years) belief in a manner hitherto unknown.
4. Christianity (2B Followers, Jerusalem
2,000 Years) RELIGIOUS FUNDAMENTALISM
5. Catholicism (1.3 B) FUNDAMENTALISM refers to a movement
6. Orthodoxy (220 M) within organized religion that defines itself primarily
7. Protestantism (800 M) in terms of its rejection of the culture of secular
8. Islam (1.9 B Followers, Mecca) modernism…those who embrace fundamentalism
attempt to articulate bright rather than blurred
ROMAN CATHOLICISM boundaries between the elect and the damned.
The Roman Catholic Church is the largest All of the world’s major religions-Buddhism,
branch of Christianity and is a global institution…It Christianity, Hinduism, Islam and Judaism-contain
has a presence in more than 220 countries, fundamentalist elements or currents, and a
numerically most pronounced in Brazil, Mexico, the fundamentalist mindset can be found in other
US and the Philippines, and is currently experiencing religions besides major ones.
fast-paced, exponential growth in Africa and Asia.
The Church’s multinational presence; the cultural MISSIONARIES
and economic diversity of its population; the A missionary is someone sent on a religious
expansive range of its institutional services (i.e. mission, one that typically involves propagating
education, health, social welfare) and their religion or conducting charitable work in a
interinstitutional relations; its active public culture or country different from their own.
engagement with issues of economic development,
MEGACHURCHES
social justice, and human ethics; and its increasing
The term used to refer to a type of church,
attention to the socioeconomic and geopolitical
often defined as having 2,000 or more people in
challenges of globalization consolidate its core
attendance at a typical weekly service. As a
relevance to any discussion of globalization.
significant development in Protestant Christianity,
PROTESTANISM megachurches are part and parcel of an increasingly
• King Henry VII globalized world.
• John Calvin
• Menno Simons
• John Wesley
FOOD SECURITY
WHAT IS FOOD SECURITY?
Food security, as defined by the United
Nations’ Committee on World Food Security, means
that all people, at all times, have physical, social, and
economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious
food that meets their food preferences and dietary
needs for an active and healthy life.

THE PILLARS OF FOOD SECURITY

• Availability
• Access
• Stability
• Utilization

FOOD SECURITY CHALLENGES

The main threats to food security are:
1. world population growth
2. the increase demand for food
3. food price
4. the disappearance of the variety of
agricultural plant species
5. the increase in the area of scarcity water
and the limitation of the availability of land
6. food losses and food waste.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
GOAL 1: No Poverty
GOAL 2: Zero Hunger
GOAL 3: Good Health and Well-being
GOAL 4: Quality Education
GOAL 5: Gender Equality
GOAL 6: Clean Water and Sanitation
GOAL 7: Affordable and Clean Energy
GOAL 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth
GOAL 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure
GOAL 10: Reduced Inequality
GOAL 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities
GOAL 12: Responsible Consumption and
Production
GOAL 13: Climate Action
GOAL 14: Life Below Water
GOAL 15: Life on Land
GOAL 16: Peace and Justice Strong Institutions
GOAL 17: Partnerships to achieve the Goal