Recall: Continuity at A Number
Recall: Continuity at A Number
Basic Calculus
Module No.: 5
I. Topic: Derivative of a Function
II. Learning Targets:
At the end of the lesson, I can…
COGNITIVE:
1. determine the relationship between differentiability and continuity of a function
2. illustrate the differentiation rules
3. apply the differentiation rules in computing the derivative of an algebraic, exponential,
logarithmic, trigonometric functions and inverse trigonometric functions
AFFECTIVE:
4. cite some personal rules in improving one self
PSYCHOMOTOR:
5. write the solutions in applying the differentiation rules in computing the derivative of an
algebraic, exponential, logarithmic, trigonometric functions and inverse trigonometric
functions
III. Introduction/Review/Content:
Recall
Continuity at a Number
Alternative definition:
𝒇ሺ𝒄 + 𝒉ሻ − 𝒇ሺ𝒄ሻ
𝒇′ ሺ𝒄ሻ = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉
Note: 𝒙𝟎 = 𝒄
Example
Show if the function is continuous and differentiable at 𝑥0 .
5𝑥, 𝑥<1
1. 𝑓 ሺ𝑥 ሻ = { ; 𝑥 =1
2𝑥 + 3, 𝑥 ≥ 1 0
𝑥 2, 𝑥<3
2. 𝑓 ሺ𝑥 ሻ = { ; 𝑥 =3
6𝑥 − 9, 𝑥 ≥ 3 0
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
Use 2𝑥 + 3 to find 𝑓ሺ1ሻ
1. ሺ𝑎ሻ Show that the function is continuous at 𝑥0 = 1. since from the condition
𝑥 ≥ 1, there is “equal to”.
𝑖. 𝑓 ሺ1ሻ = 2ሺ1ሻ + 3 = 2 + 3 = 5
𝑖𝑖. lim 𝑓ሺ𝑥 ሻ
𝑥→1
Hence, 𝑓 ሺ𝑥 ሻ is continuous at 𝑥0 = 1
𝑓 ሺ𝑥 ሻ − 𝑓 ሺ𝑥0 ሻ 𝑓 ሺ𝑥 ሻ − 𝑓 ሺ𝑥0 ሻ
𝑓′− ሺ𝑥0 ሻ = lim− 𝑓′+ ሺ𝑥0 ሻ = lim+
𝑥→𝑥0 𝑥 − 𝑥0 𝑥→𝑥0 𝑥 − 𝑥0
5𝑥 − [2ሺ1ሻ + 3] 2𝑥 + 3 − [2ሺ1ሻ + 3]
𝑓′− ሺ𝑥0 ሻ = lim− 𝑓′+ሺ1ሻ = lim+
𝑥→1 𝑥−1 𝑥→1 𝑥−1
5𝑥 − 5 2𝑥 − 2
= lim− = lim−
𝑥→1 𝑥 − 1 𝑥→1 𝑥 − 1
5ሺ𝑥 − 1ሻ 2ሺ𝑥 − 1ሻ
= lim− = lim−
𝑥→1 𝑥−1 𝑥→1 𝑥−1
= lim− 5 = lim− 2
𝑥→1 𝑥→1
=𝟓 =𝟐
Since
𝑓 ሺ𝑥 ሻ − 𝑓ሺ𝑥0 ሻ 𝑓ሺ𝑥 ሻ − 𝑓 ሺ𝑥0 ሻ
lim− ≠ lim+
𝑥→𝑥0 𝑥 − 𝑥0 𝑥→𝑥0 𝑥 − 𝑥0
𝑖. 𝑓 ሺ3ሻ = 6ሺ3ሻ − 9 = 18 − 9 = 9
𝑖𝑖. lim 𝑓ሺ𝑥 ሻ
𝑥→3
Thus, lim 𝑓 ሺ𝑥 ሻ = 9.
𝑥→3
Therefore, 𝑓 ሺ𝑥 ሻ is continuous at 𝑥 = 3
𝑓 ሺ𝑥 ሻ − 𝑓 ሺ𝑥0 ሻ 𝑓 ሺ𝑥 ሻ − 𝑓 ሺ𝑥0 ሻ
𝑓′− ሺ𝑥0 ሻ = lim− 𝑓′+ ሺ𝑥0 ሻ = lim+
𝑥→𝑥0 𝑥 − 𝑥0 𝑥→𝑥0 𝑥 − 𝑥0
2 6𝑥 − 9 − [6ሺ3ሻ − 9]
𝑥 − [6ሺ3ሻ − 9]
𝑓′−ሺ3ሻ = lim− 𝑓′+ሺ3ሻ = lim+
𝑥→3 𝑥−3 𝑥→3 𝑥−3
𝑥2 − 9 6𝑥 − 9 − 9
= lim− = lim+
𝑥→3 𝑥 − 3 𝑥→3 𝑥−3
ሺ𝑥 + 3ሻሺ𝑥 − 3ሻ 6𝑥 − 18
= lim− = lim+
𝑥→3 𝑥−3 𝑥→3 𝑥−3
= lim− 𝑥 + 3ሻ
ሺ 6ሺ𝑥 − 3ሻ
𝑥→3 = lim+
𝑥→3 𝑥−3
=3+3 = lim+ 6
=𝟔 𝑥→3
=𝟔
Since
𝑓 ሺ𝑥 ሻ − 𝑓ሺ𝑥0 ሻ 𝑓ሺ𝑥 ሻ − 𝑓 ሺ𝑥0 ሻ
lim− = lim+
𝑥→𝑥0 𝑥 − 𝑥0 𝑥→𝑥0 𝑥 − 𝑥0
Thus, 𝑓 ሺ𝑥 ሻ is differentiable at 𝑥 = 3.
Question
From the above examples, what is the relationship between the differentiability and
continuity of a function?
Definition 5.2
Alternative Definition of the Derivative
Let 𝑓 be a function defined on an open interval 𝐼 ⊆ ℝ, and let 𝑥 ∈ 𝐼. The derivative of 𝑓 at 𝑥
is defined to be
𝑓 ሺ𝑥 + ℎ ሻ − 𝑓 ሺ𝑥 ሻ
𝑓 ′ሺ𝑥 ሻ = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
if this limit exists.
𝑓 ሺ𝑥 + ℎ ሻ − 𝑓 ሺ𝑥 ሻ
𝑓 ′ሺ𝑥 ሻ = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
We have,
′ሺ
3ሺ𝑥 + ℎሻ2 + 4 − ሺ3𝑥 2 + 4ሻ
𝑓 𝑥 ሻ = lim Substitute.
ℎ→0 ℎ
3ሺ𝑥 2 + 2𝑥ℎ + ℎ2 ሻ + 4 − 3𝑥 2 + 4
= lim Expand ሺ𝑥 + ℎሻ2.
ℎ→0 ℎ
3𝑥 + 6𝑥ℎ + 3ℎ2 + 4 − 3𝑥 2 + 4
2
= lim Remove groupings.
ℎ→0 ℎ
2
6𝑥ℎ + 3ℎ
= lim Combine like terms.
ℎ→0 ℎ
ℎሺ6𝑥 + 3ℎሻ
= lim Factor out ℎ.
ℎ→0 ℎ
= lim 6𝑥 + 3ℎሻ
ሺ Cancel out the common factor.
ℎ→0
= 6𝑥 + 3ሺ0ሻ Apply Limit Laws.
′ሺ
𝒇 𝒙ሻ = 𝟔𝒙
You see, computing the derivative using the definition of even a simple polynomial is a lengthy
process. What comes next are the rules that will enable us to compute the derivatives easily. We call
them Differentiation Rules.
1 1 1
ℎ′ ሺ𝑥 ሻ = 𝐷𝑥 (𝑥 2 ) = ( ) 𝑥 2−1 Apply the Power Rule.
2
1
𝑥 −2
= Simplify.
2
1 Apply the Laws of Exponents to make the exponent
= 1
positive.
2𝑥 2
𝟏 1
𝒉′ ሺ𝒙 ሻ = Rewrite 𝑥 2 as √𝑥.
𝟐√𝒙
Example 3
Find the derivatives of the following functions.
14
ሺ𝑎ሻ 𝑓 ሺ𝑥 ሻ = 7𝑥 4 ሺ𝑏 ሻ 𝑔 ሺ𝑥 ሻ = √𝑥 ሺ𝑐 ሻ ℎሺ𝑥 ሻ = −√5𝑥
4
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
ሺ𝑏 ሻ 𝑔 ሺ𝑥 ሻ = 𝑥4 ⟹ 𝑔′ ሺ𝑥 ሻ = 𝐷𝑥 ( 𝑥 4 ) = ( ) 𝑥 4−1 Apply Rule 3 and Rule 2.
4 4 4 4
1 3
= 𝑥 −4 Simplify.
8
1 Apply the Laws of Exponents to make the
= 3
exponent positive.
8𝑥 4
𝟏 3
𝒈 ′ ሺ𝒙 ሻ = 𝟒 4
Rewrite 𝑥 4 as √𝑥 3.
𝟖 √𝒙𝟑
Example 4
Find the derivatives of the following functions.
1 7 3
ሺ𝑎ሻ 𝑓 ሺ𝑥 ሻ = 3𝑥 4 + 𝑥 5 ሺ𝑏 ሻ 𝑔 ሺ𝑥 ሻ = 7
− √𝑥 2 ሺ𝑐 ሻ ℎሺ𝑥 ሻ = 4𝑥 4 − 5√𝑥 + 11
5 𝑥
1 1 1 1
ሺ𝑐ሻ ℎሺ𝑥ሻ = 4𝑥 4 − 5𝑥 2 + 11 ⟹ ℎ′ ሺ𝑥ሻ = 𝐷𝑥 ሺ4𝑥 4 ሻ − 𝐷𝑥 (5𝑥 2 ) + 𝐷𝑥 ሺ11ሻ = 4ሺ4ሻ𝑥 4−1 − 5 ( ) 𝑥 2−1 + 0
2
5 1
= 16𝑥 3 − 𝑥 −2
2
5
= 16𝑥 3 − 1
2𝑥 2
𝟓
𝒉′ሺ𝒙ሻ = 𝟏𝟔𝒙𝟑 −
𝟐√𝒙
ሺ𝑎ሻ 𝑓ሺ𝑥 ሻ = ሺ3𝑥 2 + 4ሻሺ𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 ሻ ሺ𝑏ሻ 𝑔ሺ𝑥 ሻ = ሺ5𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 ሻሺ𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 ሻ ሺ𝑐 ሻ ℎሺ𝑥 ሻ = ሺ6𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 ሻ2
O
F
ሺ𝑏ሻ Let 𝑢 = 5𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑥 3 + 7𝑥, then
(𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒)ሺ𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑ሻ
𝒖′ = 𝟏𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒 and 𝒗′ = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟕
I
L
𝑔′ሺ𝑥 ሻ = 𝐷𝑥 [ሺ5𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 ሻሺ𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 ሻ]
= 𝒖′𝒗 + 𝒖𝒗′
= ሺ𝟏𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒ሻሺ𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 ሻ + ሺ5𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 ሻሺ𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟕ሻ Substitute.
ℎ′ ሺ𝑥 ሻ = 𝐷𝑥 [ሺ6𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 ሻ2 ]
= 𝒖′𝒗 + 𝒖𝒗′
= ሺ𝟏𝟐𝒙 − 𝟓ሻሺ6𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 ሻ + ሺ6𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 ሻሺ𝟏𝟐𝒙 − 𝟓ሻ
= 72𝑥 3 − 60𝑥 2 − 30𝑥 2 + 25𝑥 − 30𝑥 2 + 72𝑥 3 − 60𝑥 2 + 25𝑥
𝒈′ሺ𝒙ሻ = 𝟏𝟒𝟒𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝟎𝒙
Example 6
Find the derivatives of the following functions.
3𝑥 − 7 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 1 2𝑥 5 − 5𝑥 3
ሺ𝑎 ሻ 𝑓 ሺ𝑥 ሻ = ሺ𝑏 ሻ𝑔 ሺ𝑥 ሻ = ሺ𝑐 ሻ ℎ ሺ𝑥 ሻ =
5𝑥 2 + 4 6𝑥 − 11 13
′ሺ
𝒗𝒖′ − 𝒖𝒗′
𝑓 𝑥ሻ =
𝒗𝟐
ሺ5𝑥 2 + 4ሻሺ𝟑ሻ − ሺ3𝑥 − 7ሻሺ𝟏𝟎𝒙ሻ Substitute.
=
ሺ5𝑥 2 + 4ሻ2
15𝑥 2 + 12 − ሺ30𝑥 2 − 70𝑥 ሻ
= Distributive Property.
ሺ5𝑥 2 + 4ሻ2
15𝑥 2 + 12 − 30𝑥 2 + 70𝑥
= Remove the groupings.
ሺ5𝑥 2 + 4ሻ2
−𝟏𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟕𝟎𝒙 + 𝟏𝟐
𝒇 ′ ሺ𝒙 ሻ = Combine like terms.
ሺ𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒ሻ𝟐
3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 1
𝑔′ሺ𝑥 ሻ = 𝐷𝑥 ( )
6𝑥 − 11
𝒗𝒖′ − 𝒖𝒗′
=
𝒗𝟐
ሺ6𝑥 − 11ሻሺ𝟔𝒙 + 𝟒ሻ − ሺ3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 1ሻሺ𝟔ሻ Substitute.
=
ሺ6𝑥 − 11ሻ2
′ሺ
2𝑥 5 − 5𝑥 3 𝒗𝒖′ − 𝒖𝒗′
ℎ 𝑥 ሻ = 𝐷𝑥 ( )=
13 𝒗𝟐
ሺ13ሻሺ𝟏𝟎𝒙𝟒 − 𝟏𝟓𝒙𝟐 ሻ − ሺ2𝑥 5 − 5𝑥 3 ሻሺ𝟎ሻ
=
ሺ13ሻ2
130𝑥 4 − 195𝑥 2 − ሺ0ሻ
=
169
130𝑥 4 − 195𝑥 2 13ሺ10𝑥 4 − 15𝑥 2 ሻ
= =
169 ሺ13ሻሺ13ሻ
′ሺ
𝟏𝟎𝒙𝟒 − 𝟏𝟓𝒙𝟐
𝒉 𝒙ሻ =
𝟏𝟑
Example 7
Find the derivatives of the following functions.
tan 𝑥
ሺ𝑎ሻ 𝑓ሺ𝑥 ሻ = 2𝑥 4 − 2 sin 𝑥 ሺ𝑏ሻ 𝑔ሺ𝑥 ሻ = cos 2 𝑥 ሺ 𝑐 ሻ ℎ ሺ𝑥 ሻ =
3𝑥 2
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏.
ሺ𝑎ሻ 𝒇′ሺ𝒙ሻ = 𝐷𝑥 ሺ2𝑥 4 ሻ − 𝐷𝑥 ሺ2 sin 𝑥 ሻ = 𝟖𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
ሺ𝑏ሻ Note that cos 2 𝑥 = ሺcos 𝑥 ሻ2 . To solve for 𝑔′ሺ𝑥 ሻ, use Rule 5.
ሺ𝑐 ሻ 𝐷𝑥 ሺ𝑥 𝑥 ሻ = 𝑥 𝑥 ሺ1 + ln 𝑥 ሻ
Example 8
Find the derivatives of the following functions.
𝑒𝑥
ሺ𝑎ሻ 𝑓 ሺ𝑥 ሻ = 9𝑥 log 7 𝑥 ሺ𝑏 ሻ 𝑦 =
ln 𝑥
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏.
𝑒𝑥 𝑣𝑢′ − 𝑢𝑣′
𝑦 ′ = 𝐷𝑥 ( )=
ln 𝑥 𝑣2
𝟏
ሺln 𝑥 ሻሺ𝒆𝒙 ሻ − ሺ𝑒 𝑥 ሻ ( )
𝒙
=
ሺln 𝑥 ሻ2
𝑒𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 ln 𝑥 − 𝑥
=
ln 𝑥 2
𝑥𝑒 𝑥 ln 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥
= 𝑥
ln 𝑥 2
𝑥𝑒 𝑥 ln 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 1
= ∙
𝑥 ln 𝑥 2
𝒙𝒆𝒙 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 − 𝒆𝒙
𝒚′ =
𝒙 𝐥𝐧 𝒙𝟐
Example 9
Find the derivatives of the following functions.
ሺ𝑎ሻ 𝑓 ሺ𝑥 ሻ = 2𝑥 3 sin−1 𝑥 + 3 ሺ𝑏ሻ 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 − tan−1 𝑥
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏.
ሺ𝑎ሻ Since 2𝑥 3 and sin−1 𝑥 are two different functions, then use Rule 5 to find the derivatives.
𝟏
Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥 3 and 𝑣 = sin−1 𝑥 , then 𝒖′ = 𝟔𝒙𝟐 and 𝒗′ = 𝟐 √𝟏−𝒙
𝑥7 3
1. 𝑓ሺ𝑥 ሻ = 𝑥 9 − 5𝑥 8 + − 3. ℎሺ𝑥 ሻ = 𝑒 𝑥 cos −1 𝑥 + 7𝑥 4
7 4
𝑥2 − 1 sin 𝑥 𝑥
2. 𝑔ሺ𝑥 ሻ = 𝑥 5 tan 𝑥 + 4. 𝑘 ሺ𝑥 ሻ = −
5𝑥 𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏.
𝑥7 3
1. 𝑓 ′ሺ𝑥 ሻ = 𝐷𝑥 ሺ𝑥 9 ሻ − 𝐷𝑥 ሺ5𝑥 8 ሻ + 𝐷𝑥 ( ) − 𝐷𝑥 ( )
7 4
1
= 9𝑥 9−1 − 5ሺ8ሻ𝑥 8−1 + ( ) ሺ7ሻ𝑥 7−1 − 0
7
𝑓 ′ሺ𝑥 ሻ = 9𝑥 8 − 40𝑥 7 + 𝑥 6
𝒙𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙: 𝑢1 = 𝑥 2 𝑣1 = tan 𝑥
𝑢1′ = 2𝑥 𝑣1′ = sec 2 𝑥
𝑥2 − 1 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏
′ሺ 2 ∶ 𝑢2 = 𝑥 2 − 1 𝑣2 = 5𝑥
2. 𝑔 𝑥 ሻ = 𝐷𝑥 ሺ𝑥 tan 𝑥 ሻ + 𝐷𝑥 ( 𝑥 ) 𝟓𝒙
5
𝑢2′ = 2𝑥 𝑣2′ = 5𝑥 ln 5
𝑣2 𝑢2′ − 𝑢2 𝑣2′
= 𝑢1′ 𝑣1 + 𝑢1 𝑣1′ +
ሺ𝑣2 ሻ2
ሺ5𝑥 ሻሺ2𝑥 ሻ − ሺ𝑥 2 − 1ሻሺ5𝑥 ln 5ሻ
= ሺ2𝑥ሻሺtan 𝑥ሻ + ሺ𝑥 2 sec2 𝑥ሻ +
ሺ5 𝑥 ሻ2
2𝑥 ∙ 5𝑥 − 5𝑥 ሺ𝑥 2 − 1ሻ ln 5
𝑔′ሺ𝑥 ሻ = 2𝑥 tan 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 sec2 𝑥 +
52𝑥
Integration
What rules will you establish to improve yourself? Cite at least 3 rules and explain why.
2
1. 𝑓ሺ𝑥 ሻ = 2𝑥 5 − 5𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 −
𝑒𝑥
7. 𝑦 ′ =
3 2 ∙ 9𝑥 ln 3 − 9𝑥
2 3 1 2 5 6. 𝑦 ′ = 168𝑥 7 − 336𝑥 6 − 270𝑥 5
2. 𝑓ሺ𝑥 ሻ = 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 1 + 𝑥2
3 2 6 5. 𝑦 ′ = sec 2 𝑥 +
3. 𝑓ሺ𝑥 ሻ = 3𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 1
sin2 𝑥 𝑥2
𝑥 sin 𝑥 4. 𝑓 ′ ሺ𝑥 ሻ = +
4. 𝑓ሺ𝑥 ሻ = + sin 𝑥 − 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥
sin 𝑥 𝑥 3. 𝑓 ′ ሺ𝑥 ሻ = 6𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 cos 𝑥
5. 𝑦 = tan 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑥 2. 𝑓 ′ ሺ𝑥 ሻ = 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 2
6. 𝑦 = ሺ7𝑥 4 + 5𝑥 3 ሻሺ3𝑥 4 − 9𝑥 3 ሻ 1. 𝑓 ′ ሺ𝑥 ሻ = 10𝑥 4 − 15𝑥 2 + 3
9𝑥 Answer Key:
7. 𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑒
V. Enrichment:
Apply the differentiation rules in computing the derivative of an algebraic, exponential,
logarithmic, trigonometric functions and inverse trigonometric functions. Show the complete
solution.
𝑥 11 11
1. 𝑓ሺ𝑥 ሻ = − 4. 𝑦 = 7 sec 𝑥 ln 𝑥
11 𝑥 11
10𝑥
2. 𝑓ሺ𝑥 ሻ = sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − 5𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 5. 𝑦 =
ln 𝑥
5 3
𝑥 − 7𝑥
3. 𝑓ሺ𝑥 ሻ = cos −1 𝑥 −
𝑒𝑥
Online Lesson
Topic: Derivative of a Function
II. Learning Targets:
At the end of the lesson, I can…
COGNITIVE:
1. determine the relationship between differentiability and continuity of a function
2. illustrate the differentiation rules
3. apply the differentiation rules in computing the derivative of an algebraic, exponential,
logarithmic, trigonometric functions and inverse trigonometric functions
AFFECTIVE:
4. cite some personal rules in improving one self
PSYCHOMOTOR:
5. write the solutions in applying the differentiation rules in computing the derivative of an
algebraic, exponential, logarithmic, trigonometric functions and inverse trigonometric functions
III. References/Materials:
Module 5
Scratch Paper
Scientific Calculator
Basic Calculus
4. 𝑦 = 7 sec 𝑥 ln 𝑥
Integration: What rules will you establish to improve yourself? Cite at least 3 rules and explain why.