CHAPTER 3

REST AND MOTION : KINEMATICS

3.1 REST AND MOTION particle with respect to that frame. Add a clock into
the frame of reference to measure the time. If all the
When do we say that a body is at rest and when three coordinates x, y and z of the particle remain
do we say that it is in motion ? You may say that if a unchanged as time passes, we say that the particle is
body does not change its position as time passes it is at rest with respect to this frame. If any one or more
at rest. If a body changes its position with time, it is coordinates change with time, we say that the body is
said to be moving. But when do we say that it is not moving with respect to this frame.
changing its position ? A book placed on the table There is no rule or restriction on the choice of a
remains on the table and we say that the book is at frame. We can choose a frame of reference according
rest. However, if we station ourselves on the moon (the to our convenience to describe the situation under
Appollo missions have made it possible), the whole
study. Thus, when we are in a train it is convenient
earth is found to be changing its position and so the to choose a frame attached to our compartment. The
room, the table and the book are all continuously coordinates of a suitcase placed on the upper berth do
changing their positions. The book is at rest if it is not change with time (unless the train gives a jerk)
viewed from the room, it is moving if it is viewed from and we say that the suitcase is at rest in the train-
the moon. frame. The different stations, electric poles, trees etc.
Motion is a combined property of the object under change their coordinates and we say that they are
study and the observer. There is no meaning of rest moving in the train-frame. Thus, we say that "Bombay
or motion without the viewer. Nothing is in absolute is coming" and "Pune has already passed".
rest or in absolute motion. The moon is moving with In the following sections we shall assume that the
respect to the book and the book moves with respect frame of reference is already chosen and we are
to the moon. Take another example. A robber enters describing the motion of the objects in the chosen
a train moving at great speed with respect to the frame. Sometimes the choice of the frame is clear from
ground, brings out his pistol and says "Don't move, the context and we do not mention it. Thus, when one
stand still". The passengers stand still. The passengers says the car is travelling and the rickshaw is not, it
are at rest with respect to the robber but are moving is clear that all positions are measured from a frame
with respect to the rail track. attached to the road.

3.2 DISTANCE AND DISPLACEMENT

Suppose a particle is at A at time t1 and at B at

time t2 with respect to a given frame (figure 3.2).
Y

Figure 3.1

To locate the position of a particle we need a frame 0,

of reference. A convenient way to fix up the frame of

reference is to choose three mutually perpendicular z
axes and name them X-Y-Z axes. The coordinates, (x,
y, z) of the particle then specify the position of the Figure 3.2
32 Concepts of Physics

During the time interval t1 to t2 the particle moves INDIA 210/4

along the path ACB. The length of the path ACB is Dyers 42
Average Runrate 5.00
called the distance travelled during the time interval Runs in prey. over:16
t1 to t2. If we connect the initial position A with the
final position B by a straight line, we get the
displacement of the particle. The magnitude of the
displacement is the length of the straight line joining
the initial and the final position. The direction is from
the initial to the final position. The displacement has
both the magnitude as well as the direction. Further Figure 3.3
the displacements add according to the triangle rule
of vector addition. Suppose a particle kept on a table increases the rate. We define the instantaneous speed
is displaced on the table and at the same time the at a time t as follows.
table is also displaced in the room. The net Let As be the distance travelled in the time interval
displacement of the particle in the room is obtained by t to t + At. The average speed in this time interval is
the vector sum of the two displacements. Thus, As
displacement is a vector quantity. In contrast the vav = At •
distance covered has only a magnitude and is thus, a Now make At vanishingly small and look for the value
scalar quantity. As
of — • Remember As is the distance travelled in the
At
Example 3.1
chosen time interval At. As At approaches 0, the
An old person moves on a semi-circular track of radius distance As also approaches zero but the ratio As
&
--has
40.0 m during a morhing walk. If he starts at one end
of the track and reaches at the other end, find the a finite limit.
distance covered and the displacement of the person. The instantaneous speed at a time t is defined as
Solution : The distance covered by the person equals the v lira As ds
... (3.2)
length of the track. It is equal to IrR = IC x 40.0 m 6,t,o At dt
= 126 m. where s is the distance travelled in time t. The average
The displacement is equal to the diameter of the speed is defined for a time interval and the
semi-circular track joining the two ends. It is 2 R = 2 instantaneous speed is defined at a particular instant.
x 40.0 m = 80 m. The direction of this displacement is Instantaneous speed is also called "speed".
from the initial point to the final point.
Example 3.2

The distance travelled by a particle in time t is given

3.3 AVERAGE SPEED AND by s = (2.5 m/s 2) t 2. Find (a) the average speed of the
INSTANTANEOUS SPEED particle during the time 0 to 5.0 s, and (b) the
instantaneous speed at t = 5.0 s.
The average speed of a particle in a time interval
Solution : (a) The distance travelled during time 0 to
is defined as the distance travelled by the particle
divided by the time interval. If the particle travels a 5.0 s is
distance s in time t1 to t2, the average speed is defined s = (2.5 in/s 2) (5.0 s) 2 = 62.5 m.
as The average speed during this time is

vau – ... (3.1) 62.5 m

v. = – 12.5 m/s.
t2 — ti 5s
The average speed gives the overall "rapidity" with which (b) s=(2.5m1s 2)t 2
the particle moves in this interval. In a one-day cricket ds
or, (2'5 m/s 2) (2 t) = (5'0 m/s 2) t.
match, the average run rate is quoted as the total runs dt =
divided by the total number of overs used to make these At t = 5.0 s the speed is
runs. Some of the overs may be expensive and some may ds
v = — = (5'0 m/s 2) (5.0 s) = 25 m/s.
be economical. Similarly, the average speed gives the dt
total effect in the given interval. The rapidity or slowness
may vary from instant to instant. When an athelete If we plot the distance s as a function of time
starts running, he or she runs slowly and gradually (figure 3.4), the speed at a time t equals the slope of
 Rest and Motion : Kinematics 33

the tangent to the curve at the time t. The average Example 3.3
speed in a time interval t to t + At equals the slope of
the chord AB where A and B are the points on the Figure (3.6) shows the speed versus time graph for a
particle. Find the distance travelled by the particle
during the time t = 0 to t = 3 s.

Figure 3.6
Figure 3.4

Solution : The distance travelled by the particle in the

curve corresponding to the time t and t + At. As At time 0 to 3 s is equal to the area shaded in the figure.
approaches zero, the chord AB becomes the tangent at This is a right angled triangle with height = 6 m/s and
A and the average speed AAt
--becomes the slope of the the base = 3 s. The area is (base) (height) = I x (3 s)
tangent which is 2• (6 m/s) = 9 m. Thus, the particle covered a distance of
9 m during the time 0 to 3 s.
If the speed of the particle at time t is v, the
distance ds travelled by it in the short time interval
t to t + dt is v dt. Thus, ds = vdt. The total distance
3.4 AVERAGE VELOCITY AND
travelled by the particle in a finite time interval t1 to
INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY
t2 can be obtained by summing over these small
distances ds as time changes from t1 to t2. Thus, the The average velocity of a particle in a time interval
distance travelled by a particle in the time interval t1 to t2 is defined as its displacement divided by the
time interval. If the particle is at a point A (figure
3.7) at time t = t1 and at B at time t = t2, the
displacement in this time interval is the vector AB .
The average velocity in this time interval is then,
-->
—> AB
va, — •
t2 - ti
Y
Figure 3.5

t1 to t2 is
t2 x
s = f v dt. ... (3.3)
Z//
ti
Figure 3.7
If we plot a graph of the speed v versus time t, the
distance travelled by the particle can be obtained by
finding the area under the curve. Figure (3.5) shows Like displacement, it is a vector quantity.
such a speed-time graph. To find the distance travelled Position vector : If we join the origin to the position
in the time interval t1 to t2 we draw ordinates from of the particle by a straight line and put an arrow
t = t1 and t = t2. The area bounded by the curve v — t, towards the position of the particle, we get the position
the X-axis and the two ordinates at t = t1 and t = t2 vector of the particle. Thus, the position vector:of the
(shown shaded in the figure) gives the total distance particle shown in figure (3.7) at time t = t1is OA and
covered. that at t = t2is OB . The displacement of the particle
The dimension of velocity is LT -1and its SI unit in the time interval t1 to t2 is
-+ —> —> --> --->
is metre/second abbreviated as m/s. AB = AO + OB = OB — OA = r2— r1.
34 Concepts of Physics

The average velocity of a particle in the time interval Ar equals the distance As travelled in that interval. So
t1 to t2 can be written as the magnitude of the velocity is
-> ->
-> r2 -r1 dr I dr 1 ds
vat,- • ... (3.4) v- ... (3.6)
t2 - t1 dt dt dt
Note that only the positions of the particle at time which is the instantaneous speed at time t.
t = t1 and t = t2 are used in calculating the average Instantaneous velocity is also called the "velocity".
velocity. The positions in between t1 and t2 are not
needed, hence the actual path taken in going from A 3.5 AVERAGE ACCELERATION AND
to B is not important in calculating the average INSTANTANEOUS ACCELERATION
velocity. If the velocity of a particle remains constant as
Example 3.4
time passes, we say that it is moving with uniform
velocity. If the velocity changes with time, it is said to
A table clock has its minute hand 4.0 cm long. Find the be accelerated. The acceleration is the rate of change
average velocity of the tip of the minute hand (a) between of velocity. Velocity is a vector quantity hence a change
6.00 a.m. to 6.30 a.m. and (b) between 6.00 a.m. to in its magnitude or direction or both will change the
6.30 p.m. velocity.
->
Solution : At 6.00 a.m. the tip of the minute hand is at Suppose the velocity of a particle at time t1 is v1
12 mark and at 6.30 a.m. or 6.30 p.m. it is 180° away. and at time t2 it is v2. The change produced in time
Thus, the straight line distance between the initial and -> ->
interval t1 to t2 is v2 - vi. We define the average
final position of the tip is equal to the diameter of the
clock. acceleration am, as the change in velocity divided by
Displacement = 2 fc = 2 x 4.0 cm = 8.0 cm. the time interval. Thus,
-> ->
The displacement is from the 12 mark to the 6 mark on -> V2 - Vi
aaa - • ... (3.7)
the clock panel. This is also the direction of the average t2 - ti
velocity in both cases. Again the average acceleration depends only on the
(a) The time taken from 6.00 a.m. to 6.30 a.m. is 30 velocities at time t1 and t2 . How the velocity changed
minutes = 1800 s. The average velocity is in between t1 and t2 is not important in defining the
Displacement 8.0 cm average acceleration.
Vat, - - 4.4 x 10 -3 cm/s.
time 1800 s Instantaneous acceleration of a particle at time t
(b) The time taken from 6.00 a.m. to 6.30 p.m. is 12 is defined as
->
hours and 30 minutes = 45000 s. The average velocity --> 1.m Av dv
a = - =- ... (3.8)
is et-> o At dt
Displacement 8.0 cm where Av is the change in velocity between the time t
- 1 8 x 10 -4cm/s.
Vav - time - 45000 s and t + At. At time t the velocity is v and at time
-> -> AU
The instantaneous velocity of a particle at a time t + At it becomes v + Av. is the average acceleration
At
t is defined as follows. Let the average velocity of the of the particle in the interval At. As At approaches zero,
particle in a short time interval t to t + At be vau. This this average acceleration becomes the instantaneous
average velocity can be written as acceleration. Instantaneous acceleration is also called
,6,77>
-> "acceleration".
V av = At
The dimension of acceleration is LT -2 and its SI
-> unit is metre/second 2 abbreviated as m/s 2.
where Ar is the displacement in the time interval At.
We now make At vanishingly small and find the
3.6 MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE
Ar
limiting value of - . This value is instantaneous
At When a particle is constrained to move on a
-> straight line, the description becomes fairly simple. We
velocity v of the particle at time t.
choose the line as the X-axis and a suitable time
--> Ar dr
v = m - =- • ... (3.5) instant as t = 0. Generally the origin is taken at the
et o At dt
point where the particle is situated at t = 0. The
For very small intervals the displacement 67- is along position of the particle at time t is given by its
the line of motion of the particle. Thus, the length coordinate x at that time. The velocity is
 Rest and Motion : Kinematics 35

dx 0 to x whereas on the right hand side the summation

v =— ... (3.9) is made on time from 0 to t. Evaluating the integrals,
dt
dv the above equation becomes
and the acceleration is a = — (3.10)
dt
[x]: = f u dt + f at dt
d (dx) d 2x
.. (3.11)
dt dt dt 2
If dx is positive, the direction of the velocity is or, x = uf dt + t dt
dt
along the positive X-axis and if dx
— is negative, the
dt
t [t 2
direction, is along the negative X-axis. Similarly if = u[t] o + a
dt 10
is positive, the acceleration is along the positive X-axis
1 2
and if CIL' is negative, the acceleration is along the or, x = ut + — at • ... (3.13)
dt 2
negative X-axis. The magnitude of v is speed. If the From equation (3.12),
velocity and the acceleration are both positive, the 2 2
v= + at)
speed increases. If both of them are negative then also
the speed increases but if they have opposite signs, the or,
2 22
= u + 2 uat + a t
speed decreases. When the speed decreases, we say 2 2
that the particle is decelerating. Deceleration is Or, = U ± 2a ut + -- at
2
1
equivalent to negative acceleration. An acceleration of 2
)

2.0 m/s 2 towards east is same as a deceleration of or, = u + 2ax. (3.14)

2.0 m/s 2 towards west. The three equations (3.12) to (3.14) are collected
below in table 3.1. They are very useful in solving the
Motion with Constant Acceleration
problems of motion in a straight line with constant
Suppose the acceleration of a particle is a and acceleration.
remains constant. Let the velocity at time 0 be u and
the velocity at time t be v. Thus, Table 3.1

dv = a or, dv = a dt v = u + at
dt '
1
—at 2
X = Ut +
or, dv = a dt.
2 2
2
v = u + 2ax
As time changes from 0 to t the velocity changes from
u to v. So on the left hand side the summation is made Remember that x represents the position of the
over v from u to v whereas on the right hand side the particle at time t and not (in general) the distance
summation is made on time from 0 to t. Evaluating travelled by it in time 0 to t. For example, if the
the integrals we get, particle starts from the origin and goes upto x = 4 m,
then turns and is at x = 2 m at time t, the distance
[v]. = a[t] 0
travelled is 6 m but the position is still given by
or, v — u = at x = 2 m.
or, v = u + at. ... (3.12) The quantities u, v and a may take positive or
Equation (3.12) may be written as negative values depending on whether they are
directed along the positive or negative direction.
dx
= u + at Similarly x may be positive or negative.
dt
or, dx = (u + at)dt Example 3.5
x t A particle starts with an initial velocity 2.5 m/s along
or, J dx = f (u + at)dt. the positive x direction and it accelerates uniformly at
the rate 0.50 m/s 2. (a) Find the distance travelled by it
At t = 0 the particle is at x = 0. As time changes in the first two seconds. (b) How much time does it take
from 0 to t the position changes from 0 to x. So on the to reach the velocity 7.5 m/s ? (c) How much distance will
left hand side the summation is made on position from it cover in reaching the velocity 7.5 m/s ?
36 Concepts of Physics

Solution : (a) We have, a

st = u + - (2 t - 1).
2
x = ut +1at 2
This equation is often used to calculate the displacement
= (2.5 m/s) (2 s) + (0.50 m/s 2) (2 s) 2 in the "tth second". However, as you can verify, different
terms in this equation have different dimensions and
=5-0 m+1-0 m=6-0 m. hence the above equation is dimensionally incorrect.
Since the particle does not turn back it is also the Equation (i) is the correct form which was used to solve
distance travelled. part (b).
(b) We have, Also note that this equation gives the displacement of
v=u+ at the particle in the last 1 second and not necessarily the
distance covered in that second.
or, 7.5 m/s = 2.5 m/s + (0.50 m/s 2) t
75mis - 2-5 in/s
or, t- - 10 s Freely Falling Bodies
0-50 in/s 2
(c) We have, A common example of motion in a straight line
2 2 with constant acceleration is free fall of a body near
v = u + 2ax
the earth's surface. If air resistance is neglected and
or, (7.5 m/s) 2 = (2.5 m/s) 2 + 2(0.50 m/s 2)x a body is dropped near the surface of the earth, it falls
.5m/s) 2 -(2.5 m/s) 2 along a vertical straight line. The acceleration is in the
or, x - (7 2 -50 m. vertically downward direction and its magnitude is
2 x 0.50 m/s
almost constant if the height is small as compared with
the radius of the earth (6400 km). This magnitude is
approximately equal to 9.8 m/s or 32 ft/s 2 and is
Example 3.6
denoted by the letter g.
A particle having initial velocity u moves with a constant If we take vertically upward as the positive Y-axis,
acceleration a for a time t. (a) Find the displacement of acceleration is along the negative Y-axis and we write
the particle in the last 1 second. (b) Evaluate it for a = g. The equation (3.12) to (3.14) may be written
—

u = 5 m/s, a = 2 in/s 2 and t =10 s. in this case as

Solution : (a) The position at time t is v = u - gt
1 2 1 2
s=ut+ -at y = ut - - gt
2
2
The position at time (t -1 s) is 2 2
V = u - 2gy.
s' = u(t - 1 s) + - a(t - 1 s) 2 Here y is the y-coordinate (that is the height above
2
the origin) at time t, u is the velocity in y direction at
1 2 1
= tit - U(1 S)+ - at - at(1 s) + - a(1 s) 2 t = 0 and v is the velocity in y direction at time t. The
2 2
position of the particle at t = 0 is y = 0.
Thus, the displacement in the last 1 s is
Sometimes it is convenient to choose vertically
st= s - 5'
downward as the positive Y-axis. Then a = g and the
1 equations (3.12) to (3.14) become
= u(1 s) + ata s) - - a (1 s) 2
2
v = u +gt
or, st = u(1 s) + (2 t - 1 s) (1 s). (i) 1 2
y = of + — gt
(b) Putting the given values in (i) 2
2= 2
V 2gy.
st = -
s-) (1 s) (2 :--
r12 ) (2 x 10 s - 1 s) (1 s)
Example 3.7
=5m+ s12-
)(19
12 s) (1 s)
A ball is thrown up at a speed of 4.0 in/s. Find the
= 5 m + 19 m = 24 m. maximum height reached by the ball. Take g = 10 m/s2.
Sometimes, we are not careful in writing the units Solution : Let us take vertically upward direction as the
appearing with the numerical values of physical positive Y-axis. We have u = 4.0 m/s and a = -10 m/s2.
quantities. If we forget to write the unit of second in At the highest point the velocity becomes zero. Using
eauation (i), we get, the formula.
 Rest and Motion : Kinematics 37

2= 2
V 2ay , dv
and a – —1• ... (3.19)
0 = (4.0 m/s) 2 2(— 10 m/s 2 )y Y dt

16 ni 2IS 2 We see that the x-coordinate, the x-component of

Or, Y— — 0 80 m.
20 in/s 2 velocity v„ and the x-component of acceleration ax are
related by
dx dvx
v= and ax =
3.7 MOTION IN A PLANE x dt dt
These equations are identical to equations (3.9)
If a particle is free to move in a plane, its position
and (3.10). Thus, if ax is constant, integrating these
can be located with two coordinates. We choose the
equations we get
plane of motion as the X-Y plane. We choose a suitable
instant as t = 0 and choose the origin at the place Vx = ax t
where the particle is situated at t = 0. Any two 1 2
X = Uxt ± — axt ... (3.20)
2
convenient mutually perpendicular directions in the 2 2
X-Y plane are chosen as the X and Y-axes. Vx = ux + 2axx
The position of the particle at a time t is completely where ux is the x-component of the velocity at t = 0.
specified by its coordinates (x, y). The coordinates at Similarly we have
time t + At are (x + Ax, y + Ay). Figure (3.8) shows the
dy dv
positions at t and t + At as A and B respectively. The v = — and a =
Y dt Y dt
displacement during the time interval t to t + At is
—> ---> —> and if ay is constant,
Ar = AB = AC + CB
vY =uY +aY t
= t + Ay j 2
—> y = uyt + -
2 ayt ... (3.21)
Ar Ax 4 Ay -7> j
or, 2 2
At = At At V), = Uy 2a)3/

B The general scheme for the discussion of motion in

y+Ay a plane is therefore simple. The x-coordinate, the
Ay
y )71 x-component of velocity and the x-component of
acceleration are related by equations of straight line
motion along the X-axis. Similarly the y-coordinate, the
X X + AX X y-component of velocity and the y-component of
acceleration are related by the equations of straight
Figure 3.8 line motion along the Y-axis. The problem of motion
in a plane is thus, broken up into two independent
problems of straight line motion, one along the X-axis
Taking limits as At 0
and the other along the Y-axis.
> dx
— dy -7>
v +— . ... (3.15)
= at dt Example 3.8
Thus, we see that the x-component of the velocity is
A particle moves in the X-Y plane with a constant
dx
vx = (3.16) acceleration of 1.5 m/s2in the direction making an angle
dt
of 37° with the X-axis. At t = 0 the particle is at the
and the y-component is origin and its velocity is 8.0 m/s along the X-axis. Find
dy the velocity and the position of the particle at t = 4.0 s.
v=—• ... (3.17)
Y dt

Differentiating (3.15) with respect to time,

—>
dv dvx dv
a=—= + a= 1.5 m/s2
dt dt dt
Thus, the acceleration has components
u = 8.0 m/s
dvx
a = ... (3.18)
x dt Figure 3.9
38 Concepts of Physics

Solution : a„= (1.5 m/s 2) (cos37°) constant. It is in the vertically downward direction and
its magnitude is g which is about 9.8 m/s 2.
= (1.5 m/s 2) x = 1.2 in/s 2 Let us first make ourselves familiar with certain
terms used in discussing projectile motion. Figure
and ay= (1.5 m/s 2) (sin37°)
(3.10) shows a particle projected from the point 0 with
= (1.5 m/s 2) = 0.90 in/s 2. an initial velocity u at an angle 0 with the horizontal.
It goes through the highest point A and falls at B on
The initial velocity has components the horizontal surface through 0. The point 0 is called
ux= 8.0 m/s the point of projection, the angle 0 is called the angle
of projection and the distance OB is called the
and uy =
horizontal range or simply range. The total time taken
At t = 0, x = 0 and y = 0. by the particle in describing the path OAB is called
The x-component of the velocity at time t = 4.0 s is given the time of flight.
by The motion of the projectile can be discussed
vx = ux + axt separately for the horizontal and vertical parts. We
= 8.0 m/s + (1.2 m/s 2) (4.0 s) take the origin at the point of projection. The instant
= 8.0 m/s + 4.8 m/s = 12.8 m/s. Y
The y-component of velocity at t = 4.0 s is given by .........
A
vY =uY +aY t
z
= 0 + (0.90 m/s 2) (4.0 s) = 3.6 m/s.
The velocity of the particle at t = 4.0 s is x
u cosh
V =1/vx Vy2 =1A/(12.8 m/s) 2+ (3.6 m/s) 2
Figure 3.10
= 13.3 m/s.
when the particle is projected is taken as t = 0. The
The velocity makes an angle 0 with the X-axis where
plane of motion is taken as the X-Y plane. The
3.6 m/s 9 horizontal line OX is taken as the X-axis and the
tang - -
vx 12.8 m/s 32 vertical line OY as the Y-axis. Vertically upward
The x-coordinate at t = 4.0 s is direction is taken as the positive direction of the
x = ux t + ax t-
2
2 Y-axis.
We have ux = u cogs ; ax = 0
= (8.0 m/s) (4.0 s) + -12L (1.2 m/s 2) (4.0 s) 2 uy = u sin0 ; ay = - g.
=32 m+ 9.6 m=41.6 m.
Horizontal Motion
The y-coordinate at t = 4.0 s is
As ax = 0, we have
y=uy t+2ay t 2
vx = ux + axt = ux= u cog)
= (0.90 m/s 2) (4-0 s) 2
and x = ux t + ax t 2 = t = /it cose.
= 7.2 m.
As indicated in figure (3.10), the x-component of
Thus, the particle is at (41.6 m, 7.2 m) at 4.0 s. the velocity remains constant as the particle moves.

Vertical Motion
3.8 PROJECTILE MOTION The acceleration of the particle is g in the
downward direction. Thus, a, = - g. The y-component
An important example of motion in a plane with
constant acceleration is the projectile motion. When a of the initial velocity is uy. Thus,
particle is thrown obliquely near the earth's surface, vy = uy -gt
it moves along a curved path. Such a particle is called 1
a projectile and its motion is called projectile motion. and y = uy t 2-
gt 2.
We shall assume that the particle remains close to the
surface of the earth and the air resistance is negligible. Also we have,
2 2
The acceleration of the particle is then almost VY = uy - 2gY•
 Rest and Motion : Kinematics 39

The vertical motion is identical to the motion of a = u sine — gt.

particle projected vertically upward with speed u sine. At the maximum height
The horizontal motion of the particle is identical to a
particle moving horizontally with uniform velocity 0 = u sine — gt
u cos°. u sine
or, t— • ... (3.24)
g
Time of Flight
The maximum height is
Consider the situation shown in figure (3.10). The 1
particle is projected from the point 0 and reaches the H = uyt gt 2
same horizontal plane at the point B. The total time 2
taken to reach B is the time of flight. [u sine' 1 (a sine)
= (u sine) —2g g
Suppose the particle is at B at a time t. The g
equation for horizontal motion gives 2 2 2 2
u sin 0 1u sin 0
OB = x = ut cos° g 2 g
The y-coordinate at the point B is zero. Thus, from 2 2
u sin 0
the equation of vertical motion, • ... (3.25)
2g
2
y = ut sine — — gt Equation (3.24) gives the time taken in reaching
2 the maximum height. Comparison with equation (3.22)
1 2 shows that it is exactly half the time of the flight.
or, 0 = ut sine — — gt
2 Thus, the time taken in ascending the maximum
1 height equals the time taken in descending back to the
or, t(u sine — —gt) = 0.
2 same horizontal plane.
2u sing
Thus, either t = 0 or, t Example 3.9
g
Now t = 0 corresponds to the position 0 of the A ball is thrown from a field with a speed of 12.0 m/s
particle. The time at which it reaches B is thus, at an angle of 45° with the horizontal. At what distance
2u sine will it hit the field again ? Take g = 10.0 m/s 2.
T— ... (3.22)
g u 2sin20
Solution : The horizontal range —
This is the time of flight. g
(12 m/s) 2 x sin(2 x 45°)
Range
10 MiS 2
The distance OB is the horizontal range. It is the
2u sine _ 144 m 2/s2 -14.4 m.
distance travelled by the particle in time T — 10.0 m/s 2
g Thus, the ball hits the field at 14.4 m from the point of
By the equation of horizontal motion,
projection.
x = (ucose)t
(2u sine)
or, OB = (u cos())
g
3.9 CHANGE OF FRAME
2u 2sine cos()
g
So far we have discussed the motion of a particle
2 with respect to a given frame of reference. The frame
u sin20 • (3.23) can be chosen according to the convenience of the
problem. The position r, the velocity v and the
Maximum Height Reached acceleration a of a particle depend on the frame
At the maximum height (A in figure 3.10) the chosen. Let us see how can we relate the position,
velocity of the particle is horizontal. The vertical velocity and acceleration of a particle measured in two
component of velocity is thus, zero at the highest point. different frames.
The maximum height is the y-coordinate of the particle Consider two frames of reference S and S' and
when the vertical component of velocity becomes zero. suppose a particle P is observed from both the frames.
We have, The frames may be moving with respect to each other.
vy = icy— gt Figure (3.11) shows the situation.
40 Concepts of Physics

with respect to the body 2 is obtained by subtracting

Y
the velocity of body 2 from the velocity of body 1.
When we say that the muzzle velocity of a bullet
is 60 m/s we mean the velocity of the bullet with
respect to the gun. If the gun is mounted in a train
x' moving with a speed of 20 m/s with respect to the
ground and the bullet is fired in the direction of the
X
0 train's motion, its velocity with respect to the ground
Figure 3.11
will be 80 m/s. Similarly, when we say that a swimmer
can swim at a speed of 5 km/h we mean the velocity
of the swimmer with respect to the water. If the water
The position vector of the particle P with respect itself is flowing at 3 km/h with respect to the ground
to the frame S is rp,s = OP . The position vector of the and the swimmer swims in the direction of the current,
-> —> he or she will move at the speed of 8 km/h with respect
particle with respect to the frame S' is p, s' = O'P . The
to the ground.
position of the frame S' (the origin of frame S' in fact)
with respect to the frame S is 00'. Example 3.10
It is clear that A swimmer can swim in still water at a rate 4.0 km/h.
If he swims in a river flowing at 3.0 km/h and keeps his
OP =00' + O'P = O'P + 00' direction (with respect to water) perpendicular to the
-8 -8 -8
Or, rp, s rp, s ... (3.26) current, find his velocity with respect to the ground.
Solution : The velocity of the swimmer with respect to
The position of the particle with respect to S is
equal to the position of the particle with respect to water is vs,„ = 4.0 km/h in the direction perpendicular to
S' plus the position off S' with respect to S. the river. The velocity of river with respect to the ground
If we differentiate equation (3.26) with respect to i s V B,G = 3.0 km/h along the length of the river. The
time, we get velocity of the swimmer with respect to the ground is
--> d -> vs,, where
d ->s)= it (rP's.)+ ( S., s)
lt (rP'
-->
50= 85+ V sG •
-4 -8 -8
Or, Vp,S= VP, S• VS',8 (3.27) Figure (3.12) shows the velocities. It is clear that,
-> V
where vp,sis the velocity of the particle with respect S,R VS ,G
-> i
to S, vp,s, is the velocity of the particle with respect to
-> 4.0 km/h
S' and v s is the velocity of the frame S' with respect
to S. The velocity of the particle with respect to S is
equal to the velocity of the particle with respect to
S' plus the velocity of S' with respect to S.
It is assumed that the meaning of time is same in
both the frames. Similarly it is assumed that has Figure 3.12

same meaning in both the frames. These assumptions V s, G = "q(4.0 km/h) 2+ (3.0 km/h) 2
are not correct if the velocity of one frame with respect
to the other is so large that it is comparable to = 5.0 km/h
3 x 10 8m/s, or if one frame rotates with respect to the The angle 0 made with the direction of flow is
other. If the frames only translate with respect to each
4• km/h 4
other with small velocity, the above assumptions are tan0 — —•
3.0 km/h 3
correct.
Equation (3.27) may be rewritten as
->
Up, = V p, s V s ... (3.28)
Example 3.11
Thus, if the velocities of two bodies (here the particle
and the frame S') are known with respect to a common A man is walking on a level road at a speed of 3.0 km/h.
frame (here S) we can find the velocity of one body Rain drops fall vertically with a speed of 4.0 km/h. Find
with respect to the other body. The velocity of body 1 the velocity of the raindrops with respect to the man.
 ▪
Rest and Motion : Kinematics 41

Solution : We have to find the velocity of raindrops with 3 0 km/h 3

respect to the man. The velocity of the rain as well as tan()– • – •
4.0 km/h 4
the velocity of the man are given with respect to the
Thus, the rain appears to fall at an angle tan-1(3/4)
street. We have
with the speed 5.0 km/h as viewed by the man.
V ram., man = V ratn, street — V man, street •
Figure (3.13) shows the velocities. The relation between the accelerations measured
—Vman,street Vman,street = 3.0 km/h
from two frames can be obtained by differentiating
no- equation (3.27) with respect to time.
We have,
d —>
, , d --) , d —>
rain,street = 4.0 km/h dt yr s)= dt (vp s') dt (v ,,$)

Figure 3.13
or, - s% .
ap, s= ap ± a s ... (3.29)
If S' moves with respect to S at a uniform velocity,
as., s = 0 and so
It is clear from the figure that
ap, s = ap .
vram, man = -\1(4.0 km/h) 2 +(3.0 km/h) 2
If two frames are moving with respect to each
= 5.0 km/h. other with uniform velocity, acceleration of a body is
The angle with the vertical is 0, where same in both the frames.

Worked Out Examples

1. A man walks at a speed of 6 km/hr for 1 km and 8 km/hr respectively and SI units are used. Find (a) the
for the next 1 km. What is his average speed for the walk dimensions of A, B, C and D, (b) the velocity of the
of 2 km ? particle at t = 4 s, (c) the acceleration of the particle at
Solution : Distance travelled is 2 km. t = 4 s, (d) the average velocity during the interval t = 0
1 km 1 km to t = 4 s, (e) the average acceleration during the interval
Time taken +
- 6 km/hr 8 km/hr t = 0 to t = 4 s.
= (1.+ hr = 24
7 hr. Solution : (a) Dimensions of x, At 3, Bt 2, Ct and D must
8 r.
be identical and in this case each is length. Thus,
2 km x 24 48
Average speed – – 7 km/hr [At 3] = L, or, [A] = LT-3
7 hr
7 km/hr. [Bt 2] = L, or, [B] =LT -2
[Ct] =L, or, [C] = LT-1
2. The I.Sc. lecture theatre of a college is 40 ft wide and and [D] =L.
has a door at a corner. A teacher enters at 12.00 noon (b) x = At 3 + Bt 2 + Ct + D
through the door and makes 10 rounds along the 40 ft dx
wall back and forth during the period and finally leaves or v = — = 3At 2 + 2Bt + C.
dt
the class-room at 12.50 p.m. through the same door. Thus, at t = 4 s, the velocity
Compute his average speed and average velocity. = 3(1 m/s 3) (16 s 2) + 2(4 m/s 2) (4 s) + (– 2 m/s)
Solution : Total distance travelled in 50 minutes = 800 ft. = (48 + 32 – 2) m/s = 78 m/s.
800 (c) v = 3At 2 + 2Bt + C
Average speed = — ft/min = 16 ft/min.
50
dv
At 12.00 noon he is at the door and at 12.50 pm he is or, a = —
dt = 6 At + 2 B.
again at the same door.
The displacement during the 50 min interval is zero. At t = 4 s, a = 6(1 m/s 3) (4 s) + 2(4 m/s 2) = 32 m/s 2.
Average velocity = zero. (d) x = At 3 +Bt 2 + Ct +D.
Position at t = 0 is x = D = 5 m.
3. The position of a particle moving on X-axis is given by Position at t = 4 s is
x = At 3 +Bt 2 +Ct + D. (1 m/s 3) (64 s 3) + (4 in/s 2) (16 s 2) – (2 m/s) (4 s) + 5 m
The numerical values of A, B, C, D are 1, 4, –2 and 5 = (64 + 64 – 8 + 5) m = 125 m.
42 Concepts of Physics

Thus, the displacement during 0 to 4 s is 5. A particle starts from rest with a constant acceleration.
125 m — 5 m = 120 m. At a time t second, the speed is found to be 100 m/s and
120 m one second later the speed becomes 150 m/s. Find (a) the
Average velocity = — 30 m/s. acceleration and (b) the distance travelled during the
4s
(t+l)th second.
(e) v = 3At 2 2Bt + C.
Solution : (a) Velocity at time t is
Velocity at t = 0 is C =— 2 m/s.
100 m/s = a.(t second) ... (1)
Velocity at t = 4 s is = 78 m/s.
and velocity at time (t + 1) second is
V2 —
Average acceleration = — 20 m/s 2 . 150 m/s = a. (t + 1). ... (2)
t2—
Subtracting (1) from (2), a = 50 m/s 2
4. From the velocity-time graph of a particle given in figure (b) Consider the interval t second to (t + 1) second,
(3-W1), describe the motion of the particle qualitatively time elapsed = 1 s
in the interval 0 to 4 s. Find (a) the distance travelled initial velocity = 100 m/s
during first two seconds, (b) during the time 2 s to 4 s,
final velocity = 150 m/s.
(c) during the time 0 to 4 s, (d) displacement during
0 to 4 s, (e) acceleration at t = 1/2 s and (f) acceleration Thus, (150 m/s) 2 = (100 m/s) 2 + 2(50 m/s 2) x
at t = 2 s. or, x =125 m.

6. A boy stretches a stone against the rubber tape of a

catapult or gulel' (a device used to detach mangoes from
the tree by boys in Indian villages) through a distance
of 24 cm before leaving it. The tape returns to its normal
position accelerating the stone over the stretched length.
The stone leaves the gulel with a speed 2.2 s. Assuming
that the acceleration is constant while the stone was being
pushed by the tape, find its magnitude.
Solution : Consider the accelerated 24 cm motion of the
stone.
Figure 3-W1 Initial velocity = 0
Final velocity = 2-2 m/s
Solution : At t = 0, the particle is at rest, say at the origin.
After that the velocity is positive, so that the particle Distance travelled = 24 cm = 0.24 m
moves in the positive x direction. Its speed increases till Using v 2= u 2 2ax,
1 second 'when it starts decreasing. The particle
continues to move further in positive x direction. At 4-84 m 2/s 2
a— — 10.1 MiS 2.
t = 2 s, its velocity is reduced to zero, it has moved 2 x 0.24 m
through a maximum positive x distance. Then it changes
its direction, velocity being negative, but increasing in 7. A police inspector in a jeep is chasing a pickpocket on a
magnitude. At t = 3 s velocity is maximum in the straight road. The jeep is going at its maximum speed v
negative x direction and then the magnitude starts (assumed uniform). The pickpocket rides on the
decreasing. It comes to rest at t = 4 s. motorcycle of a waiting friend when the jeep is at a
distance d away, and the motorcycle starts with a
(a) Distance during 0 to 2 s = Area of OAB
constant acceleration a. Show that the pickpocket will be
= — x 2 s x 10 m/s = 10 m. caught if v
2
Solution : Suppose the pickpocket is caught at a time t
(b) Distance during 2 to 4 s = Area of BCD = 10 m. The
after the motorcyle starts. The distance travelled by the
particle has moved in negative x direction during this
motorcycle during this interval is
period.
a
(c) The distance travelled during 0 to 4s = 10 m + 10 m
= 20 m. il v=0
(d) displacement during 0 to 4 s = 10 m + (— 10 m) = 0. 0
d
(e) at t = 1/2 s acceleration = slope of line OA = 10 m/s2.
(f) at t = 2 s acceleration = slope of line ABC = — 10 m/s 2 . Figure 3-W2
 Rest and Motion : Kinematics 43

s=2 at 2. (i) 5x/7

100 km/h)-140 km/h •
During this interval the jeep travels a distance
ru-, = 40 x 2
s + d = vt. (ii) Thus,
140 = x
By (i) and (ii),
2 or, oc = OB - BC= x.
- at -vt+d=0
2

If at the beginning of the round trip (wall to the car and

v±
2— 2ad
or, t- • back) the car is at a distance x away, it is 1
7x away
a
The pickpocket will be caught if t is real and positive. when the next trip again starts.
This will be possible if Distance of the. car at the beginning of the 1st
V 2 2ad or, v trip = 20 km.
Distance of the car at the beginning of the 2nd trip
8. A car is moving at a constant speed of 40 km/h along a 3
= - x 20 km.
straight road which heads towards a large vertical wall 7
and makes a sharp 90° turn by the side of the wall. A Distance of the car at the beginning of the 3rd trip
2
fly flying at a constant speed of 100 km/h, starts from
=I 10) X 2 km.
the wall towards the car at an instant when the car is 7
20 km away, flies until it reaches the glasspane of the Distance of the car at the beginning of the 4th trip
car and returns to the wall at the same speed. It continues
to fly between the car and the wall till the car makes the =131 x20 km.
7
90° turn. (a) What is the total distance the fly has
travelled during this period ? (b) How many trips has it Distance of the car at the beginning of the nth trip
made between the car and the wall ?
n
1)
7
X 20 km.
Solution : (a) The time taken by the car to cover 20 km (

201un1 Trips will go on till the car reaches the turn that is the
before the turn is h. The fly moves at a
40 km/h - 2 distance reduces to zero. This will be the case when n
constant speed of 100 km/h during this time. Hence the becomes infinity. Hence the fly makes an infinite
total distance coverd by it is 100 —x h = 50 km.
kh
m number of trips before the car takes the turn.
(b) Suppose the car is at a distance x away (at A) when
the fly is at the wall (at 0). The fly hits the glasspane 9. A ball is dropped from a height of 19.6 m above the
at B, taking a time t. Then ground. It rebounds from the ground and raises itself up
AB = (40 km/h)t, to the same height. Take the starting point as the origin
and OB = (100 km/h)t. and vertically downward as the positive X-axis. Draw
approximate plots of x versus t, v versus t and a versus
Thus, x =AB + OB
t. Neglect the small interval during which the ball was
= (140 km/h)t in contact with the ground.
5
or, t Solution : Since the acceleration of the ball during the
- 140 km/h °B= 7 x.
contact is different from 'g', we have to treat the
downward motion and the upward motion separately.
For the downward motion : a =g = 9.8 m/s 2,
2
0 X = Ut + — at = (4.9 m/s 2)t 2.
A 2
The ball reaches the ground when x = 19.6 m. This gives
t = 2 s. After that it moves up, x decreases and at
Figure 3-W3
t = 4 s, x becomes zero, the ball reaching the initial point.
We have at t = 0, x=0
The fly returns to the wall and during this period the
car moves the distance BC. The time taken by the fly t = 1 s, x = 4.9 m
in this return path is t = 2 s, x = 19.6 m
t = 3 s, x = 4.9 m
t=4s, x = 0.
44 Concepts of Physics

as the positive X-axis. If it reaches the ground at

time t,
x = - 50 m, u = 5 m/s, a = - 10 in/s 2.
1 2
We have x = ut + - at
2
or, - 50 m = (5 mls).t + x (- 10 m/s 2)t 2
Figure 3-W4
1±
or, t- 2 s.
Velocity : During the first two seconds,
Or, t = - 2.7 s or, 3.7 s.
v = u + at = (9.8 m/s 2)t
at t = 0 v=0 Negative t has no significance in this problem. The stone
reaches the ground at t = 3.7 s. During this time the
at t =1 s, v = 9.8 m/s
balloon has moved uniformly up. The distance covered
at t = 2 s, v= 19.6 m/s. by it is
During the next two seconds the ball goes upward,
5 in/s x 3-7 s = 18.5 m.
velocity is negative, magnitude decreasing and at
t = 4 s, v = 0. Thus, Hence, the height of the balloon when the stone reaches
the ground is 50 m + 18.5 m = 68.5 m.
at t = 2 s, v = - 19-6 in/s
at t = 3 s, v = - 9.8 m/s 11. A football is kicked with a velocity of 20 m/s at an angle
at t= 4 s, v = 0. of 45° with the horizontal. (a) Find the time taken by the
ball to strike the ground. (b) Find the maximum height
it reaches. (c) How far away from the kick does it hit the
ground ? Take g = 10 m/s 2.
Solution : (a) Take the origin at the point where the ball
t (second) is kicked, vertically upward as the Y-axis and the
horizontal in the plane of motion as the X-axis. The
initial velocity has the components
ux= (20 m/s) cos45° = 10 . ■
12 m/s
Figure 3-W5 and u = (20 m/s) sin45° = 10 I2 m/s.
When the ball reaches the ground, y = 0.
At t = 2 s there is an abrupt change in velocity from
1 2
19.6 m/s to -19.6 m/s. In fact this change in velocity Using y = uyt - gt ,
takes place over a small interval during which the ball
0 = (10- m/s)t - x (10 m/s2) x t 2
remains in contact with the ground.
Acceleration : The acceleration is constant 9.8 m/s 2 Or, t = 242 s = 2.8 s.
throughout the motion (except at t = 2 s).
Thus, it takes 2.8 s for the football to fall on the ground.
(b) At the highest point vy= 0. Using the equation
10 mis2
2 2
vy = — 2 gy,,
1 2 3 4 t (second) 0 = (10q1 m/s) 2 2 x(10 m/s 2) H
—10 m/s2 or, H= 10 m.
Thus, the maximum height reached is 10 m.
Figure 3-W6
(c) The horizontal distance travelled before falling to the
ground is x = uxt
10. A stone is dropped from a balloon going up with a = (10NIT m/s) (2T2-s) = 40 m.
uniform velocity of 5.0 m/s. If the balloon was 50 m high
when the stone was dropped, find its height when the
12. A helicopter on flood relief mission, flying horizontally
stone hits the ground. Take g = 10 m/s 2. with a speed u at an altitude H, has to drop a food packet
Solution : At t = 0, the stone was going up with a velocity for a victim standing on the ground. At what distance
of 5.0 m/s. After that it moved as a freely falling particle from the victim should the packet be dropped ? The victim
with downward acceleration g. Take vertically upward stands in the vertical plane of the helicopter's motion.
 Rest and Motion : Kinematics 45

Solution : The velocity of the food packet at the time of Eliminating t from (i) and (ii)
release is u and is horizontal. The vertical velocity at 1 x2
y
the time of release is zero. = g •
Also y = x tan°.
2
2u 2tanO
Thus, = x tan() giving x = 0, or,
2u
H 2u 2 tan()
Clearly the point P corresponds to x – ,
g
2u 2 tan20
then y = x tan° – •
D g
Figure 3 W7 - The distance AP =1=11x 2 +y 2
Vertical motion : If t be the time taken by the packet 2u 2
to reach the victim, we have for vertical motion, = tan9 + tan 20
g
2
1 2 F–
H 2u
H = – gt or, t= — • (i) = — tam seam
g
Horizontal motion : If D be the horizontal distance Alternatively : Take the axes as shown in
travelled by the packet, we have D = ut. Putting t from figure 3-W9. Consider the motion between A and P.
(i),

D= I

The distance between the victim and the packet at the

time of release is

6 2 +H 2 = 112u 21114,2 .
Figure 3 W9 -

13. A particle is projected horizontally with a speed u from Motion along the X-axis :
the top of a plane inclined at an angle 0 with the Initial velocity = u cose
horizontal. How far from the point of projection will the Acceleration =g sine
particle strike the plane?
Displacement = AP.
Solution : Take X,Y-axes as shown in figure (3-W8).
Suppose that the particle strikes the plane at a point P Thus, AP = (u cos 0) t (g sin 0) t 2. (i)
with coordinates (x, y). Consider the motion between A Motion along the Y-axis :
and P. Initial velocity = – u sine
Acceleration =g cos0
Displacement = 0.
1 2
Thus, 0 = – ut sine + – gt cos0
2
2u sine
or, t = 0,
g cose
Figure 3 W8 - 2u sin°
Clearly, the point P corresponds to t –
Motion in x-direction : g cos0
Initial velocity = u Putting this value of t in (i),
Acceleration = 0
2u g sin() (2u sin0)2
x = ut. (i) AP = (u cose)
g co s0 2 g cos()
Motion in y-direction :
Initial velocity = 0 2u 2 sine 2u 2 sine tang
Acceleration =g g g
2
1 2 2u 2 2u 2
y =- gt . (ii) = sine sec 0 = — tan0 sec0.
2
46 Concepts of Physics

14. A projectile is fired with a speed u at an angle 9 with

the horizontal. Find its speed when its direction of motion
makes an angle a with the horizontal.
Solution : Let the speed be v when it makes an angle a
with the horizontal. As the horizontal component of
velocity remains constant,
v cosa = u cos()
Figure 3 W11
-

Or, v = u cos9 seca.

v,,,.= velocity of the man with respect to the river
15. A bullet is fired horizontally aiming at an object which = 3 km/h making an angle 9 with the Y-axis
starts falling at the instant the bullet is fired. Show that and v„,, g = velocity of the man with respect to the
the bullet will hit the object. ground along the Y-axis.
Solution : The situation is shown in figure (3-W10). The We have
-4 -)
object starts falling from the point B. Draw a vertical Vin, g = Vr, g • (i)
line BC through B. Suppose the bullet reaches the line TakingcomponentsalongtheX-axis
BC at a point D and it takes a time t in doing so.
0 = — (3 km/h)sin0 + 2 km/h
A. 2
or, sing = —
3•

(b) Taking components in equation (i) along the Y-axis,

= (3 km/h) cos0 + 0
or, v,„,g= 45 km/h.
Displacement in y direction
Time —
Velocity in y direction
Figure 3-W10
0.5 km 45
—
— 45 km/h 10 h.
Consider the vertical motion of the bullet. The initial
vertical velocity = 0. The distance travelled vertically 17. A man can swim at a speed of 3 km/h in still water. He
1 2 wants to cross a 500 m wide river flowing at 2 km/h. He
= BD =- gt • In time t the object also travels a distance
2
keeps himself always at an angle of 120° with the river
gt 2 = BD. Hence at time t, the object will also be at flow while swimming.
2
the same point D. Thus, the bullet hits the object at (a) Find the time he takes to cross the river. (b) At what
point D. point on the opposite bank will he arrive ?
Solution : The situation is shown in figure (3-W12).

16. A man can swim in still water at a speed of 3 km/h. He

wants to cross a river that flows at 2 km/h and reach
the point directly opposite to his starting point. (a) In
which direction should he try to swim (that is, find the
angle his body makes with the river flow) ? (b) How much
time will he take to cross the river if the river is 500 m
wide ?
Solution : (a) The situation is shown in figure (3-W11).
The X-axis is chosen along the river flow and the origin
at the starting position of the man. The direction of the
velocity of man with respect to ground is along the Y-axis
(perpendicular to the river). We have to find the Figure 3 W12
-

direction of velocity of the man with respect to water.

Let vr, g= velocity of the river with respect to the Here vr,g= velocity of the river with respect to the ground
ground
r= velocity of the man with respect to the river
= 2 km/h along the X-axis
v m,g = velocity of the man with respect to the ground.
 - -

Rest and Motion : Kinematics 47

(a) We have, Taking vertical components, equation (i) gives

-4 -->
V m, g V m, r V r, g (i) vr,gcos30° m
Hence, the velocity with respect to the ground is along 3
or, Ur , m = (20 km/h) —
2
AC. Taking y-components in equation (i),
343 = 1043 km/h.
vm,g sine = 3 km/h cos30° + 2 km/h cos90° = — km/h.
2
Time taken to cross the river 19. A man running on a horizontal road at 8 km/h finds the
displacement along the Y-axis rain falling vertically. He increases his speed to 12 km/h
velocity along the Y-axis and finds that the drops make angle 30° with the vertical.
1/2 km 1 Find the speed and direction of the rain with respect to
h
343/2 km/h 3 /3 . the road.
(b) Taking x-components in equation (i), Solution :
-4 -4 -4
vm,g core = — 3 km/h sin30° + 2 km/h We have (i)
Drain, road = Drain, man + V man, road
1 The two situations given in the problem may be
2 represented by the following figure.
Displacement along the X-axis as the man crosses the
river
= (velocity along the X-axis) (time)
(1 km) x 1hj= kin
2h 343 643 •

18. A man standing on a road has to hold his umbrella at

30° with the vertical to keep the rain away. He throws
the umbrella and starts running at 10 km/h. He finds (a) (b)
that raindrops are hitting his head vertically. Find the
Figure 3-W14
speed of raindrops with respect to (a) the road, (b) the
moving man.
Drain, road is same in magnitude and direction in both the
Solution : When the man is at rest with respect to the
figures.
ground, the rain comes to him at an angle 30° with the
Taking horizontal components in equation (i) for figure
vertical. This is the direction of the velocity of raindrops
(3-W14a),
with respect to the ground. The situation when the man
Drain, road sina = 8km/h. (ii)
runs is shown in the figure (3-W13b).
Now consider figure (3-W14b). Draw a line
OA 1 Drain,man as shown.
Taking components in equation (i) along the line OA.
II rain, road sin(30°+ a) = 12 km/h cos30°. (iii)
From (ii) and (iii),
sin(30° + a) 12 x 43
sina - 8 x 2
sin3O'cosa + cos30°sina 343
or,
(a) (b) (c) sina 4
Figure 3-W13 1 43 33
or, - 2= 4
2cota + — 4
->
Here vr,g= velocity of the rain with respect to the ground I3
Vm, g = velocity of the man with respect to the ground or, cota = —
2

and vr, = velocity of the rain with respect to the man. ,-1 43
-> or, a= —
2•
We have, Vg= V m, g (i)
Taking horizontal components, equation (i) gives 8 km/h
From (ii), V rain, road = sina - 447 km/h.
vr,gsin30° = vm,g= 10 km/h
g 10 km/h
km/h
Or, Ur, — — 20 km/h, 20. Three particles A, B and C are situated at the vertices
sin30°
of an equilateral triangle ABC of side d at t = 0. Each
48 Concepts of Physics

of the particles moves with constant speed v. A always particle, say A. At any instant its velocity makes angle
has its velocity along AB, B along BC and C along CA. 30° with AO.
At what time will the particles meet each other ? The component of this velocity along AO is v cos30°. This
Solution : The motion of the particles is roughly sketched component is the rate of decrease of the distance AO.
in figure (3-W15). By symmetry they will meet at the Initially,
2
Ao 2#\id 2 ()
3 —2 43

Therefore, the time taken for AO to become zero

d /43 2d 2d
v cos30° 43 v x 43 3v •
Alternative : Velocity of A is v along AB. The velocity
of B is along BC. Its component along BA is v cos 60°
= v/2. Thus, the separation AB decreases at the rate
v 3v
v+ — = — •
2 2
Since this rate is constant, the time taken in reducing
the separation AB from d to zero is
Figure 3 W15
-

d 2d
centroid 0 of the triangle. At any instant the particles '= 3v = 3v
will form an equilateral triangle ABC with the same 2
centriod 0. Concentrate on the motion of any one

QUESTIONS FOR SHORT ANSWER

1. Galileo was punished by the Church for teaching that 2a for the first half and a for the second half. Which
the sun is stationary and the earth moves around it. His particle has covered larger distance ?
opponents held the view that the earth is stationary and 8. If a particle is accelerating, it is either speeding up or
the sun moves around it. If the absolute motion has no speeding down. Do you agree with this statement ?
meaning, are the two, viewpoints not equally correct or
equally wrong ? 9. A food packet is dropped from a plane going at an
altitude of 100 m. What is the path of the packet as
2. When a particle moves with constant velocity, its
seen from the plane ? What is the path as seen from the
average velocity, its instantaneous velocity and its speed
ground ? If someone asks "what is the actual path", what
are all equal. Comment on this statement.
will you answer ?
3. A car travels at a speed of 60 km/hr due north and the
other at a speed of 60 km/hr due east. Are the velocities 10. Give examples where (a) the velocity of a particle is zero
equal ? If no, which one is greater ? If you find any of but its acceleration is not zero, (b) the velocity is opposite
the questions irrelevant, explain. in direction to the acceleration, (c) the velocity is
perpendicular to the acceleration.
4. A ball is thrown vertically upward with a speed of 20
m/s. Draw a graph showing the velocity of the ball as a 11. Figure (3-Q1) shows the x coordinate of a particle as a
function of time as it goes up and then comes back. function of time. Find the signs of vx and ax at t =
5. The velocity of a particle is towards west at an instant. t = t2 and t = t3.
Its acceleration is not towards west, not towards east,
not towards north and not towards south. Give an x
example of this type of motion.
6. At which point on its path a projectile has the smallest
speed ?
7. Two particles A and B start from rest and move for equal
time on a straight line. The particle A has an
acceleration a for the first half of the total time and 2a
for the second half. The particle B has an acceleration Figure 3-Q1
 Rest and Motion : Kinematics 49

12. A player hits a baseball at some angle. The ball goes accelerate a car without putting more petrol or less
high up in space. The player runs and catches the ball petrol into the engine ?
before it hits the ground. Which of the two (the player 14. Rain is falling vertically. A man running on the road
or the ball) has greater displacement ? keeps his umbrella tilted but a man standing on the
13. The increase in the speed of a car is proportional to the street keeps his umbrella vertical to protect himself from
additional petrol put into the engine. Is it possible to the rain. But both of them keep their umbrella vertical
to avoid the vertical sun-rays. Explain.

OBJECTIVE I

1. A motor car is going due north at a speed of 50 km/h. V1± V2

It makes a 90° left turn without changing the speed. (a) v — (b) v = .N1v1v2
2
The change in the velocity of the car is about 1 1 1 1
(a) 50 km/h towards west (c) —=
2 —+- (d) — = — +— 1•
v V1 V2 v V1 V2
(b) 70 km/h towards south-west
6. A stone is released from an elevator going up with an
(c) 70 km/h towards north-west
acceleration a. The acceleration of the stone after the
(d) zero.
release is
2. Figure (3-Q2) shows the displacement-time graph of a (a) a upward (b) (g — a) upward
particle moving on the X-axis. (c) — a) downward (d) g downward.
x 7. A person standing near the edge of the top of a building
throws two balls A and B. The ball A is thrown vertically
upward and B is thrown vertically downward with the
same speed. The ball A hits the ground with a speed v,
and the ball B hits the ground with a speed v,. We have
to (a) v, > v,, (b) v„ < v„ (c) vA = v,
(d) the relation between v, and v, depends on height of
Figure 3-Q2 the building above the ground.
8. In a projectile motion the velocity
(a) the particle is continuously going in positive x (a) is always perpendicular to the acceleration
direction (b) is never perpendicular to the acceleration
(b) the particle is at rest (c) is perpendicular to the acceleration for one instant
(c) the velocity increases up to a time to, and then only
becomes constant (d) is perpendicular to the acceleration for two instants.
(d) the particle moves at a constant velocity up to a time 9. Two bullets are fired simultaneously, horizontally and
to , and then stops. with different speeds from the same place. Which bullet
will hit the ground first ?
3. A particle has a velocity u towards east at t = 0. Its
(a) the faster one (b) the slower one
acceleration is towards west and is constant. Let x, and
(c) both will reach simultaneously
xBbe the magnitude of displacements in the first 10 (d) depends on the masses.
seconds and the next 10 seconds
10. The range of a projectile fired at an angle of 15° is
(a) x, < x, (b) x, = x, (c) x, > x,
50 m. If it is fired with the same speed at an angle of
(d) the information is insufficient to decide the relation
45°, its range will be
of x, with x,.
(a) 25 m (b) 37 m (c) 50 m (d) 100 m.
4. A person travelling on a straight line moves with a
11. Two projectiles A and B are projected with angle of
uniform velocity v1for some time and with uniform
projection 15° for the projectile A and 45° for the
velocity v2 for the next equal time. The average velocity
projectile B. If RA and RB be the horizontal range for the
is given by
two projectiles, then
V i + V2
(a) v — (b) v = -%ct7
1. 2- (a) R, < RB (b) R, = RB (c) RA > RB
2 (d) the information is insufficient to decide the relation
(c)_2 1 1 1
1 +1.
(d) —= — of RA with R, .
v v1 v2 v v1 v2
12. A river is flowing from west to east at a speed of 5
5. A person travelling on a straight line moves with a metres per minute. A man on the south bank of the
uniform velocity vi for a distance x and with a uniform river, capable of swimming at 10 metres per minute in
velocity v2 for the next equal distance. The average still water, wants to swim across the river in the shortest
velocity v is given by time. He should swim in a direction
50 Concepts of Physics

(a) due north (b) 30° east of north

(c) 30° north of west (d) 60° east of north.
13. In the arrangement shown in figure (3-Q3), the ends P
and Q of an inextensible string move downwards with
uniform speed u. Pulleys A and B are fixed. The mass
M moves upwards with a speed
(a) 2u cosO (b) u/cos0 (c) 2u/cos() (d) ucos0. Figure 3 Q3
-

OBJECTIVE II

1. Consider the motion of the tip of the minute hand of a 6. The velocity of a particle is zero at t = 0.
clock. In one hour (a) The acceleration at t = 0 must be zero.
(a) the displacement is zero (b) The acceleration at t = 0 may be zero.
(b) the distance covered is zero (c) If the acceleration is zero from t = 0 to t = 10 s, the
(c) the average speed is zero speed is also zero in this interval.
(d) the average velocity is zero (d) If the speed is zero from t = 0 to t = 10 s the
2. A particle moves along the X-axis as acceleration is also zero in this interval.
x = u(t – 2 s)+ a(t – 2 s) 2. 7. Mark the correct statements :
(a) the initial velocity of the particle is u (a) The magnitude of the velocity of a particle is equal
(b) the accelerati?n of the particle is a to its speed.
(c) the acceleration of the particle is 2a (b) The magnitude of average velocity in an interval is
(d) at t = 2 s particle is at the origin.
equal to its average speed in that interval.
3. Pick the correct statements : (c) It is possible to have a situation in which the speed
(a) Average speed of a particle in a given time is never of a particle is always zero but the average speed is not
less than the magnitude of the average velocity. zero.
dv (d) It is possible to have a situation in which the speed
(b) It is possible to have a situation in which T # 0
it of the particle is never zero but the average speed in an
d
but —
dt
I = O. interval is zero.
8. The velocity-time plot for a particle moving on a straight
(c) The average velocity of a particle is zero in a time line is shown in the figure (3-Q4).
interval. It is possible that the instantaneous velocity is
never zero in the interval.
(d) The average velocity of a particle moving on a
straight line is zero in a time interval. It is possible that
the instantaneous velocity is never zero in the interval.
(Infinite accelerations are not allowed.)
4. An object may have
(a) varying speed without having varying velocity
(b) varying velocity without having varying speed Figure 3 Q4
-

(c) nonzero acceleration without having varying velocity

(d) nonzero acceleration without having varying speed. (a) The particle has a constant acceleration.
5. Mark the correct statements for a particle going on a (b) The particle has never turned around.
straight line : (c) The particle has zero displacement.
(a) If the velocity and acceleration have opposite sign, (d) The average speed in the interval 0 to 10 s is the
the object is slowing down. same as the average speed in the interval 10 s to 20 s.
(b) If the position and velocity have opposite sign, the 9. Figure (3-Q5) shows the position of a particle moving on
particle is moving towards the origin. the X-axis as a function of time.
(c) If the velocity is zero at an instant, the acceleration (a) The particle has come to rest 6 times.
should also be zero at that instant. (b) The maximum speed is at t = 6 s.
(d) If the velocity is zero for a time interval, the (c) The velocity remains positive for t = 0 to t = 6 s.
acceleration is zero at any instant within the time (d) The average velocity for the total period shown is
interval. negative.
 Rest and Motion : Kinematics 51

x (m) 10. The accelerations of a particle as seen from two frames

20 S, and S2have equal magnitude 4 m/s 2.
(a) The frames must be at rest with respect to each
other.
10 (b) The frames may be moving with respect to each other
but neither should be accelerated with respect to the
other.
(c) The acceleration of S2with respect to S1may either
Figure 3-Q5 be zero or 8 m/s 2.
(d) The acceleration of S2with respect to S1 may be
anything between zero and 8 m/s,

EXERCISES

1. A man has to go 50 m due north, 40 m due east and No) 5.0

20 m due south to reach a field. (a) What distance he
has to walk to reach the field ? (b) What is his C

displacement from his house to the field ? 00

,

10 . 20 30 Time in second
2. A particle starts from the origin, goes along the X-axis
to the point (20 m, 0) and then returns along the same 8
4-5.0—
line to the point (-20 m, 0). Find the distance and
displacement of the particle during the trip.
3. It is 260 km from Patna to Ranchi by air and 320 km Figure 3-E2
by road. An aeroplane takes 30 minutes to go from Patna
to Ranchi whereas a delux bus takes 8 hours. (a) Find acceleration, (b) the distance travelled in 0 to 10 s and
the average speed of the plane. (b) Find the average (c) the displacement in 0 to 10 s.
speed of the bus. (c) Find the average velocity of the v (in m/s)
plane. (d) Find the average velocity of the bus.
8—
4. When a person leaves his home for sightseeing by his 6—
car, the meter reads 12352 km. When he returns home
after two hours the reading is 12416 km. (a) What is the 4—
average speed of the car during this period ? (b) What
is the average velocity ?
0 5 10 t (second)
5. An athelete takes 2.0 s to reach his maximum speed of
18.0 km/h. What is the magnitude of his average
Figure 3-E3
acceleration ?
6. The speed of a car as a function of time is shown in
figure (3-E1). Find the distance travelled by the car in 9. Figure (3-E4) shows the graph of the x-coordinate of a
8 seconds and its acceleration. particle going along the X-axis as a function of time.
Find (a) the average velocity during 0 to 10 s,
"h- 20 (b) instantaneous velocity at 2, 5, 8 and 12s.

10
0.
CO

2 4 6 8 10
Time in second

Figure 3-E1
2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0

Figure 3-E4
7. The acceleration of a cart started at t = 0, varies with
time as shown in figure (3-E2). Find the distance
travelled in 30 seconds and draw the position-time graph.
8. Figure (3-E3) shows the graph of velocity versus time 10. From the velocity—time plot shown in figure (3-E5), find
for a particle going along the X-axis. Find (a) the the distance travelled by the particle during the first 40
52 Concepts of Physics

seconds. Also find the average velocity during this 17. A bullet going with speed 350 m/s enters a concrete wall
period. and penetrates a distance of 5.0 cm before coming to
rest. Find the deceleration.
18. A particle starting from rest moves with constant
acceleration. If it takes 5.0 s to reach the speed 18.0
km/h find (a) the average velocity during this period,
and (b) the distance travelled by the particle during this
period.
19. A driver takes 0.20 s to apply the brakes after he sees
a need for it. This is called the reaction time of the
Figure 3-E5 driver. If he is driving a car at a speed of 54 km/h and
the brakes cause a deceleration of 6.0 m/s2, find the
distance travelled by the car after he sees the need to
11. Figure (3-E6) shows x-t graph of a particle. Find the
time t such that the average velocity of the particle put the brakes on.
during the period 0 to t is zero. 20. Complete the following table :
x in m
Driver X Driver Y
20 Car Model Reaction time 0'20 s Reaction time 0'30 s
A (deceleration Speed = 54 km/h Speed = 72 km/h
10 on hard braking Braking distance Braking distance
= 6'0 m/s 2) a= c =
Total stopping Total stopping
0 10 20 distance distance
t in second b= d=

Figure 3-E6 B (deceleration Speed = 54 km/h Speed = 72km/h

on hard braking Braking distance Braking distance
= 7'5 m/s 2) e= g=
12. A particle starts from a point A and travels along the Total stopping Total stopping
distance distance
solid curve shown in figure (3-E7). Find approximately h=
f=
the position B of the particle such that the average
velocity between the positions A and B has the same 21. A police jeep is chasing a culprit going on a motorbike.
direction as the instantaneous velocity at B. The motorbike crosses a turning at a speed of 72 km/h.
The jeep follows it at a speed of 90 km/h, crossing the
turning ten seconds later than the bike. Assuming that
A
4m — they travel at constant speeds, how far from the turning
will the jeep catch up with the bike ?
22. A car travelling at 60 km/h overtakes another car
travelling at 42 km/h. Assuming each car to be 5.0 m
long, find the time taken during the overtake and the
total road distance used for the overtake.
23. A ball is projected vertically upward with a speed of
Figure 3-E7 50 m/s. Find (a) the maximum height, (b) the time to
reach the maximum height, (c) the speed at half the
maximum height. Take g = 10 m/s2.
13. An object having a velocity 4.0 m/s is accelerated at the
rate of P2 m/s2 for 5.0 s. Find the distance travelled 24. A ball is dropped from a balloon going up at a speed of
during the period of acceleration. 7 m/s. If the balloon was at a height 60 m at the time
14. A person travelling at 43.2 km/h applies the brake giving of dropping the ball, how long will the ball take in
a deceleration of 6.0 m/s 2 to his scooter. How far will it reaching the ground ?
travel before stopping ? 25. A stone is thrown vertically upward with a speed of
15. A train starts from rest and moves with a constant 28 m/s. (a) Find the maximum height reached by the
acceleration of 2.0 m/s 2 for half a minute. The brakes stone. (b) Find its velocity one second before it reaches
are then applied and the train comes to rest in one the maximum height. (c) Does the answer of part
minute. Find (a) the total distance moved by the train, (b) change if the initial speed is more than 28 m/s such
(b) the maximum speed attained by the train and (c) the as 40 m/s or 80 m/s ?
position(s) of the train at half the maximum speed. 26. A person sitting on the top of a tall building is dropping
16. A bullet travelling with a velocity of 16 m/s penetrates balls at regular intervals of one second. Find the
a tree trunk and comes to rest in 0.4 m. Find the time positions of the 3rd, 4th and 5th ball when the 6th ball
taken during the retardation. is being dropped.
 Rest and Motion : Kinematics 53

27. A healthy youngman standing at a distance of 7 m from Assume that the length of the bike is 5 ft, and it leaves
a 11.8 m high building sees a kid slipping from the top the road when the front part runs out of the approach
floor. With what speed (assumed uniform) should he run road.
to catch the kid at the arms height (1.8 m) ? 37. A person standing on the top of a cliff 171 ft high has
28. An NCC parade is going at a uniform speed of 6 km/h to throw a packet to his friend standing on the ground
through a place under a berry tree on which a bird is 228 ft horizontally away. If he throws the packet directly
sitting at a height of 12.1 m. At a particular instant the aiming at the friend with a speed of 15.0 ft/s, how short
bird drops a berry. Which cadet (give the distance from will the packet fall ?
the tree at the instant) will receive the berry on his 38. A ball is projected from a point on the floor with a speed
uniform ? of 15 m/s at an angle of 60° with the horizontal. Will it
29. A ball is dropped from a height. If it takes 0.200 s to hit a vertical wall 5 m away from the point of projection
cross the last 6.00 m before hitting the ground, find the and perpendicular to the plane of projection without
height from which it was dropped. Take g = 10 m/s 2. hitting the floor ? Will the answer differ if the wall is
30. A ball is dropped from a height of 5 m onto a sandy floor 22 m away ?
and penetrates the sand up to 10 cm before coming to 39. Find the average velocity of a projectile between the
rest. Find the retardation of the ball in sand assuming instants it crosses half the maximum height. It is
it to be uniform. projected with a speed u at an angle 0 with the
31. An elevator is descending with uniform acceleration. To horizontal.
measure the acceleration, a person in the elevator drops 40. A bomb is dropped from a plane flying horizontally with
a coin at the moment the elevator starts. The coin is 6 uniform speed. Show that the bomb will explode
ft above the floor of the elevator at the time it is dropped. vertically below the plane. Is the statement true if the
The person observes that the coin strikes the floor in 1 plane flies with uniform speed but not horizontally ?
second. Calculate from these data the acceleration of the
41. A boy standing on a long railroad car throws a ball
elevator.
straight upwards. The car is moving on the horizontal
32. A ball is thrown horizontally from a point 100 m above road with an acceleration of 1 m/s 2 and the projection
the ground with a speed of 20 m/s. Find (a) the time it velocity in the vertical direction is 9.8 m/s. How far
takes to reach the ground, (b) the horizontal distance it behind the boy will the ball fall on the car ?
travels before reaching the ground, (c) the velocity
(direction and magnitude) with which it strikes the 42. A staircase contains three steps each 10 cm high and
ground. 20 cm wide (figure 3-E9). What should be the minimum
horizontal velocity of a ball rolling off the uppermost
33. A ball is thrown at a speed of 40 m/s at an angle of 60° plane so as to hit directly the lowest plane ?
with the horizontal. Find (a) the maximum height
reached and (b) the range of the ball. Take g = 10 m/s 2 . -----------

34. In a soccer practice session the football is kept at the

centre of the field 40 yards from the 10 ft high goalposts.
A goal is attempted by kicking the football at a speed
of 64 ft/s at an angle of 45° to the horizontal. Will the
ball reach the goal post ? Figure 3 E9
-

35. A popular game in Indian villages is goli which is played

with small glass balls called golis. The goli of one player
is situated at a distance of 2.0 m from the goli of the 43. A person is standing on a truck moving with a constant
second player. This second player has to project his goli velocity of 14.7 m/s on a horizontal road. The man throws
by keeping the thumb of the left hand at the place of a ball in such a way that it returns to the truck after
his goli, holding the goli between his two middle fingers the truck has moved 58.8 m. Find the speed and the
and making the throw. If the projected goli hits the goli angle of projection (a) as seen from the truck, (b) as seen
of the first player, the second player wins. If the height from the road.
from which the goli is projected is 19.6 cm from the
44. The benches of a gallery in a cricket stadium are 1 m
ground and the goli is to be projected horizontally, with
wide and 1 m high. A batsman strikes the ball at a level
what speed should it be projected so that it directly hits
one metre above the ground and hits a mammoth sixer.
the stationary goli without falling on the ground earlier ?
The ball starts at 35 m/s at an angle of 53° with the
36. Figure (3-E8) shows a 11.7 ft wide ditch with the horizontal. The benches are perpendicular to the plane
approach roads at an angle of 15° with the horizontal. of motion and the first bench is 110 m from the batsman.
With what minimum speed should a motorbike be On which bench will the ball hit ?
moving on the road so that it safely crosses the ditch ?
45. A man is sitting on the shore of a river. He is in the
1.7}
1 ft line of a 1.0 m long boat and is 5.5 m away from the
centre of the boat. He wishes to throw an apple into the
15° 15° boat. If he can throw the apple only with a speed of 10
m/s, find the minimum and maximum angles of
Figure 3-E8 projection for successful shot. Assume that the point of
54 Concepts of Physics

projection and the edge of the boat are in the same pilot should head the plane to reach the point B. (b) Find
horizontal level. the time taken by the plane to go from A to B.
46. A river 400 m wide is flowing at a rate of 2.0 m/s. A 50. Two friends A and B are standing a distance x apart in
boat is sailing at a velocity of 10 m/s with respect to the an open field and wind is blowing from A to B. A beats
water, in a direction perpendicular to the river. (a) Find a drum and B hears the sound t1time after he sees the
the time taken by the boat to reach the opposite bank. event. A and B interchange their positions and the
(b) How far from the point directly opposite to the experiment is repeated. This time B hears the drum t2
starting point does the boat reach the opposite bank ? time after he sees the event. Calculate the velocity of
47. A swimmer wishes to cross a 500 m wide river flowing sound in still air v and the velocity of wind u. Neglect
at 5 km/h. His speed with respect to water is 3 km/h. the time light takes in travelling between the friends.
(a) If he heads in a direction making an angle 0 with
the flow, find the time he takes to cross the river. 51. Suppose A and B in the previous problem change their
(b) Find the shortest possible time to cross the river. positions in such a way that the line joining them
becomes perpendicular to the direction of wind while
48. Consider the situation of the previous problem. The man
maintaining the separation x. What will be the time lag
has to reach the other shore at the point directly
opposite to his starting point. If he reaches the other B finds between seeing and hearing the drum beating
shore somewhere else, he has to walk down to this point. by A?
Find the minimum distance that he has to walk. 52. Six particles situated at the corners of a regular hexagon
49. An aeroplane has to go from a point A to another point of side a move at a constant speed v. Each particle
B, 500 km away due 30° east of north. A wind is blowing maintains a direction towards the particle at the next
due north at a speed of 20 m/s. The air-speed of the corner. Calculate the time the particles will take to meet
plane is 150 m/s. (a) Find the direction in which the each other.

ANSWERS

OBJECTIVE I 13. 35 m
14. 12 m
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (d)
15. (a) 2.7 km (b) 60 m/s (c) 225 m and 2.25 kin
7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10, (d) 11. (d) 12. (a)
16. 0.05 s
13. (b)
17. 12.2 x 10 5 m/s2
OBJECTIVE II
18. (a) 2.5 m/s (b) 12.5 m
1. (a), (d) 2. (c), (d) 3. (a), (b), (c) 19. 22 m
4. (b), (d) 5. (a), (b), (d) 6. (b), (c), (d) 20. (a) 19 m (b) 22 m (c) 33 m (d) 39 m
7. (a) 8. (a), (d) 9. (a) (e) 15 m (f) 18 m (g) 27 m (h) 33 m
10. (d) 21. 1.0 km
EXERCISES 22. 2 s, 38 m
23. (a) 125 m (b) 5 s (c) 35 m/s
1. (a) 110 m (b) 50 m, tan -13/4 north to east 24. 4.3 s
2. 60 m, 20 m in the negative direction 25. (a) 40 m (b) 9.8 m/s (c) No
3. (a) 520 km/h (b) 40 km/h
26. 44.1 m, 19.6 m and 4.9 m below the top
(c) 520 km/h Patna to Ranchi
(d) 32.5 km/h Patna to Ranchi 27. 4.9 m/s
4. 32 km/h (b) zero 28. 2.62 m
5. 2.5 m/s2 29. 48 m
6. 80 m, 2.5 m/s 2 30. 490 m/s 2
7. 1000 ft 31. 20 ft/s 2
8. (a) 0.6 m/s 2 (b) 50 m 50 m 32. (a) 4.5 s (b) 90 m (c) 49 m/s, 0 = 66° with horizontal
9. (a) 10 m/s (b) 20 m/s, zero, 20 m/s, - 20 m/s
(b) 33. (a) 60 m (b) 801.13 m
10. 100 m, zero 34. Yes
11. 12 s 35. 10 m/s
12. x= 5m,y= 3m 36. 32 ft/s
 Rest and Motion : Kinematics 55

37. 192 ft 46. (a) 40 s (b) 80 m

38. Yes, Yes (a) 10 minutes
47. (b) 10 minutes
39. u cos0, horizontal in the plane of projection sine
41. 2 m 48. 2/3 km
42. 2 m/s 49. (a) sin-1(1/15) east of the line AB (b) 50 min
43. (a) 19'6 m/s upward 50. x [1. 1) x (1 1)
(b) 24.5 m/s at 53° with horizontal t + t2 2- ' - t2
44. Sixth
45. Minimum angle 15°, maximum angle 75° but there is 51. .\/v 2 _ u 2
an interval of 53° between 15° and 75°, which is not
allowed for successful shot 52. 2 a/v.