\ . - {SECOND EDITION DESIGN OF “ ONCRETE GRAVITY DAMS. PERVIOUS FOUNDATIONS GODOFREDO N. IGLESIASECOND EDITION DESIGN OF CONCRETE GRAVITY DAMS ON PERVIOUS FOUNDATIONS BY! . GODOFREDO N. IGLESIA, C.E. OIC, DESIGN AND SPECIFICATIONS DEPARTHENT NATIONAL IRRIGATION ADMINISTRATION HEMBER, ASSOCIATION OF GOVERNMENT CIVIL ENGINEERS OF THE PHILIPPINES MEMBER, PHILIPE SIE INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERS RECIPIENT, CERTIFICATE OF RECOGNITION AS HYDRAULICS ENGINEER BY THE BOARD OF EXAMINERS FOR CIVIL ENGINEERSPREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION IN THIS SECOND EDITION, the attenpt has been made to improve the text without changing the general outline and scope of the contents of the first edition. The author has been guided principally by Bis own sincere desize to shure with the users of this book the additional knowledge he had gained while working with the NIA under the supervision und inepiring Leadership of ovr Assistant Aduinistrator for Project Development and Implenentetion, Engr. Ceser L. Tech, and from his association with the Consultants. To then, grateful acknowledg~ ment is being made h What may be of interest to the redder ond which the author believes could by useful is the addition in Chapter 2 of Article 2-6 which deals on the determinstion of design flood by Regional Frequency Analysis when available hydrologic or hydrometeorologic data for the proposed de: is very Little, Algo the injection of the new idea on the determi. ‘ion of the thickness of the downstream apron due to smaller water dept the hydraviie jump during flood conditions and that of the need of cists derizg possible retrogression cf the river bed below the dam in pict ting the tailweter rating curve, Incorporated also is an illustrative oxwwJe in the hydraulic design of Inteke Structure, urther study ia For those who may develop 2 keen desire to pursue ibliography will the fasclnating field of dam designing, the selected provide adequate reference material. The author wishes to thank the many readers who had approache’ * ond made suggestions; their coments and criticisms have been most hear= thly weleoned. G_ N. IGLESTA Quezon City, Philippines June, 1979PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION This manual aims to present in oly one compact volume practically all the fundamentals of hydraulic and yeructural theory pertaining to the analysis and design $f concrete gravity dams on pervious foundations. ‘The Qriter hopes to attain two objectives!’ (1) to acquaint New designing engineers of the design criteria, proce- gures and techniques being employed in designing concrete grevity dams; and (2) to put in the hands of the practicing neineers a more or less thorough and comprehensive infor~ mation which will guide them through the survey and inves~ tigation of damsites, design and construction of the dam. In this connection, I wish to express my grateful appreciations to the many people, and organizations whose published research hes made the development of this hanual possible, Special thanks are due also to my co- workers in the Upper Pampanga River Project of the Wi tional Irrigation Administration who heve assisted me in one way or ancther in the preparation of this nanuscript. To oie beloved Administrator, Dean Alfredo L, Juinio, whose exemplary devotion to duty and able leadership has become my principal source of stimulus in preparing this manua: to our hard-working Assistant Administrator, Conrado G. Mercado, from whom (during the many years that Y had been working under him) 1 had acquired vast knowledge and experience in dam design and construction; to our able Project Manager, Cesar 5. Gonzales, without whose unstinted support and encouragement the publication of this manual would not have been realized; and to my dearest wife, Alfonza, for giving me continued patience and endless inspiration - ~ to them I heartily éedicete this work. MR ha “4 i of VU NS Quezon City, Philippines June, 1973CONTENTS 2 Chapter 1 SURVEY AND INVESTIGATION OF DAN SITES Article General + flee eee ee Extent of Investigation to be Made |. Reconnaissence ce Preliminary Investigations ©] 1] 1! Final Investigation... 2... Chapter 2 FLOOD STUDIES, General eae cee Determination of Flood pischarges dy Slope-Area Method 5... ee Probability Concepts of Estimating Frequency of Occurrence of Floods... Determination of Design Flood for Damsites Withcut Streamflow Reeczds . . 2-5, Selection of Desion Flood ty. 14 2-6 Flood Frequency Anclysis ona Regionwid Basis Chapter 3 REQUIREMENTS FOR HYDPAULIC DESIGN General See pe ee ee . , Over Dam Crest ee . able Length of Spillway Crest! | 3-4, Dam Crest Level Serer 3-5. ination of Afflux Level 11 1 1 2-6. Dissigetors and Stil ns below D ct ee 3-7, Method of Calculating Hydraviie dump Height . ee ee ee 2-8. Determination of Length of Downstzi Apron by the Use of dump Height . . . Required Size of Chute Blocks . 2... A@visable Extent and Size of Riprap Below Stilling Basins. : oe Gravel Blanket or Bedding for Riprap’ | bepth of Scour end Required Length of Downstream Cat tee eee -iv- Page 32 35 as 36 38 42 4a?article Chepter 4 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND STABILITY REQUIREMENTS 5Se1. 5-2. 5-3 Page General we ee eee BU Pactors of Safety - re) Conditions with which Stability analysis should be Made... ee) ee BE Allowable Bearing Capacity of Foundation Materials. e+ ee ee + 52 Forces Acting on the Dam ss. 2 eh ee BE Analysis of Water Pressures Acting on the Dam ee ee ee ee bE Advisable Thickness for Downstream Apron ce ee ee eee 6B Upstream Apron. - Feet bE uplift Pressure for Dems on Rock” Foundations tee ck bg Structural Design Requirements of Guide Banks or Retaining Walls ..... 65 Hy@raulic Design Considerations for Sluiceway se ee te 66 Hydraylic Design Requirements for Diversion Canal Intake Works - ee ee Bibliography cee ee FD Chapter 5 DESIGN OF AN IRRIGATION DIVERSION DAM General oe ee ee 8 Tilustrative Example for the Design of an Ogee-shaped Diversion Dam... . 74 illustrative Example for the Hydraulic Design of Intoke Structure... . - Appendix wee ee EE QoInte 1-36 CHAPIER 1 SURVEY AND INVESTIGATION OF DAM SITES: General, - The sufvey and investigation of damsites will re- quire an adequate knowledge of the requirenents of design; considerable experience and exercise of good engineering judgment, At the cutset, thorough investigation to deter~ mine the most desirable and economic site for a dam should ye undertaken before the design of the dam, and subsequently its construction, is prosecuted. Such investigation shall clude surveys, topographic mapping, geologic studiee, ox- tent of areas to be submerged, possible construction of protection dikes and subsurface exploretions. Construc materials available at the site will also have to be inves- tigeted. Likewise, tests will have to be made on the fo dation materials and on the mterials of which the dam be composed, and the results of tests will have to be eval ated and their significance considered in the design. Extent of Investigation to be Made. ~ The magnitude of the project and the obvious physical appearance of subsurface conditions usually governs the extent with which investiga- tions should be made. Tus the amount of time. and money devoted to a site where the foundation consists of solid rock and exposed to view would probably be much Jess than ‘thet required at a site where the river bed consists of grave elly materiale and the extent or depth of bedrock is unknown. Recomaicsance, ~ Considerable recowmaissance work end rough figuring for the purpose of eliminating all undgsirable sitee and finally selecting a few good sites should precede the preliminary and fina? phases ot investigation work. ‘The reconnaissance should involve visiting all possible sites which ere pinpointed on photogrammetric maps and aerial pho- tographs and gathering all informations obtainable without undertaking sub-surface explorations. The best maps and aerial photographs should be obtained. In the Philippines, topographic map prepared by Fiotogrammetric Method with o scale of 1:50,000 and 10-meter contour interval can be ob- tained from the office of the Board of Technical Surveys and Maps at Tanduay, Nenila, aAneroid Sarometer, hand Jevei, a geclogist?s sisall handpick, a metallic tape, a Kodak camera and a stop watch are desireble equipment. It is very necessary that a recomtaissance survey shou i nelude the estigation of all possible sites. In eelen'— ing good damsites the fallowing mst be borne in mind: 1.(4) ‘The damsite mst be located in a long, unifona and straight reach of river, sufficiently stable to sus- tain the weight of the dam and nearly impervious. The site must preferably be the narrowest part of the river but it should be of sufficient width such thatefter the construction of the damit ve the capacity of dischargilg the maximus allowable flood concentration depending on the character of the foundation, will ‘The river banks mst be firm and stable to provide good anchorage of the dam aiitments ari they msi be high enough to allow freeboard for the maximam file elev that the river t change its e site mist have adequate watershed area so that the average stream flow during the dry season can Tigate the potential irrigsble area. The diversion canal is short and minimizing the need of costly structures, twmeis, or deep cuts, ‘The source of construction materials Jike sand, gravel, boulters and yock aust he abundant, NO cousiderabie damage due to inundation of piblie and private properties and facilities upstteam will result after the dam is constructed. y lend aud right. The site is accessible to transportation, No water rights grantee is affected: No factory: or mining activity upstream of the dam site mist be present as mill or mine tailings wil? pollute the good quality of irrigation water. The xequirement as to cofferdam, pumping and other provisions for dewatering the site is minim, ~2A relatively small emount of study with the data ga- thered in the reconnaissance will usually result in the eli- - mination of undesirable sites and finelly settling down to i a few sites only. preliminary Livestigations. ~ Por the purpose of being able to decide which of the few remsining sites will be finally sdopted, futher preliminary investigation of the said si will have to be undertaken, Such preliminary investiga’ usually involves the following: i 0 precise stadia site eurvey with the >> (1) a as! ting topographic site map. etion of the overburden. (2) Some invert: (5) A few borings along the proposed damline to u's ap idea of the character’ of the foundatioa, (4) A preliminary geologic investigation and report, struction materials. { {5} Investigation of avai (6) of public utilities wiich the - dam may aivect, such as roads, bridges, railroads, telepuone und felenrarh lines, pine tases, power i plants, et {7} uydrctoyic studios. (8) ‘Re checking of highwater marke aud thoi ase in determining spitivay capacity requirement: With the above data aveilabie,! the preliminary desigus and cost estimstes of various schemes can be made and the st economical and suitable site determined. 1 Investigation, - Ones the most feasible site has been lected, the final and more extensive investigation cl the said site follows. The site swvey and the resulting ¢ . ~ grepbic waps should be sufficiently aceurate and precise tu serve ali the purposes of construction. In arder to ta 2 god design of the dem, the following design deta sid useful informations shovld be obtained; (1) topograpiie map of the site covering 9 radiay ¢7 at icast tro (2) kiloneters, with I-meter contow interval and a scale of 11,009. The topowap mist : alse shes, anong others, the location of bore holes.Rectified aerial photographs of the area. The qniversity of the Philippines hes facilities also for rectifying serial photographs. cross-section of the propesed dam exis and at jeast four (4) cross-sections more, two to be ‘taken upstream at points alomy the river spaced 200 meters apart and the other two at the dowim stream side of the damline similarly spaced. Each cross-section msi show the character of the river bed, the nature and kind of vegetation on the banks aud flood plains, the water surface elevation at the timo tho survey wee made, and the maximum flood level elevation as obtained by repeated inquiries from old folks residing in the vicinity. The ordinary water surface should also be indicated in the cross-sections which are usuci~ ay drawn at a seale of 1:100, ¥here appliceble, 3a cases where the m m Flood overtops the ©: banks the cross-sections should extend beyond both banks up te the point where the mcsiman flood meete the vatural ground surface. The profile of the river bed foltowing the center of the waterway should be obtained, said profile suould extend at leas? one Kilemerer both upstream aa and dovnsizeamard from fhe dam xis. The ptofiie mist also show the water surface Line at the Une of the survey and the maximum tlood Line, Profiles are usuclly drave at seals of 131,000 Horizontal and 1:100 Vertical. Photographs to show the kind of vegetation alors the river barks and flood plains would be most helpful in determining the coefficient of rouguness to be used in estimating the flood flows by Slope= area Method. Boring loge of subsurface exploration shown with the cross-section of the dam axie, Other logs not token along the dam axis should aiso be sub~ mitted, Tne cores of the borings tor further evaluation and interpretation by the desiguing engineer and aise for use as information to bidders, Streamfiow measurements and more comprehensive stiu: of bydrologic data obtained from the Hydrology Divi= son of the Bureau of Public Korks.tthe primary objectives of the final investigation are as follows: : (1)/ To determine the type of dam to be used, Will it be an overflow ogee-shaped crest or a broad-crested weir provided with automatic collapsible gates? (2) To settie beyond doubt, by more extensive sub- : surface investigations, the nature of the founda~ i: tion as affecting the safety and cost of the dam, (3) To fix the limits of the lends to be controlled for flowage, for the sites of structures and for other necessary purposes. (4) To determine the extent and character of relocation of existing commities, railroads and public high« ways necessary to be done’ on account of raising the water surface. (5) To ascertain ext sting water rights and Government régulations to be observed. (6) To obtain sufficient information for an accurate estinate of cost, ne * (7) To determine the final jocation of -the dam, con struction equipment methods of construction, camps, cofferdams, access roads, as well ae the probable source of construction materiais snd ail other in~ formation needed by the construction engineer, (8) To ebtain all necessary information affecting the design of the dam,I seni a CHAPTER 2 FLOOD STUDIES General, - In designing nish storage dame, the maxinum probable flood (MPF) as the basis of design 4s very mich fustified as feilure of the dam could lead te great dam are and’ loss of Life. ‘Tbe mxinum probable ficod has been defined as the largest flood for which there is am rea- sonable expectasicy in this climatic era. Such flood is indeed very large. Ite determination involves 9 detailed study of storm patterns, transposition ef storms to a point that will give maximum runof, and derivation of the naximam flood hydrograph by tho unit-hyérogranh method. However, in designing low overfall dams (20 fect nigh or lover), Like irrigation diversion dams situated in agricultural areas bere overtopping of banks would result only in fleeding, the adoption of a design flood which ds very mich smaller in magnitude than the neximun qoobable flood is also justified. A design flood is the flood adopted for the design of a structure after consigeration of economic and bydro— logic factore. Tt is seldom economically practicable to design for the maximus probable flosd and aften not for the maximan recarded flood. The design flood is usually selected hy exercise cf sound engineering judgment after consideration of pertinent facts. Pertinent facts are represented "by streamflow vecords which are either com puted trom precipitation records or hy deviving diecharre rating curves from observed gage heignts and given cross~ sections and river bed siope of a river, In the Philip. pines, streaniflow recomis are available from the Hydrology Division of the Bureau of Public Works and are usual contained in their annua) publication entitled "Surface Water Supply Bulletin", Precipitation records and other meteorological data can be obtained from the Weather Bue reau. They also have an annual publication entitled “An- nual Climtological Review". » streamflow records are available to help in the design of works along larger streams, but when considering smller streams, say with drainage areas of 100 square kilometers or less, it usually becomes necessary te compute discharges by Indrologic methods, Determination of flood discharges by hydrologic methods involves the ans lyses of hyérologié data ar by formas developed ompiri~ cally by probability concepts. ~6~i } i Imacmuch as this manual particulerly deals only. with the design of Jow overfall gravity dams, the determination of flood discharges by hydrologic method and by formilis doveieped empirically will be discussed, peternination of Flood Discharges by Slope-Area Méthed. ~ The slope-erea method is utilized primarily to determine the discharge of a stream from specific field data, Field procedures required to obtain necded data for calculating flood discharge include: selecting a representative reach of river chamel; determining the chanel cross-sections at each end of the selected reach; measuring the water surface slopes from observed high water marks in each eross- section or obtained by luquiries from old folks Living in the vicinity; and selecting suiteble coefficients of rough- ness, Ds With these data, the Licod discharge is determined by Manning's forma, Proceed to compute the following: (1) Stope of river bed, Spy (2) Slope of Flood water aurtace, Sy Note: If the value of $< is dowtful, use Syp as "S" in substitabing wi Marni: forma. (5) Water Cross-Sectional Area, A, in square me (4) vetted Perimeter, P, in meter (5) Hydraulic Radius, R = 4 in meters. (6) Select suitebie value of roughness factor, n. (Wseful values of " are given in the noxt pareeraph. } (7) By Manning’s formula, calculate the average 2/3 5 1/2 neters/sec. velocity, va i (8) Determine the discharge by the Sormiia, Q = Av, incu. m/sec.‘The following are recommended values of "n"; 0,0225 0,025 0,030 0,035 0,040 » 0.050 Prom Table D6, p. 461, Design of Small Dans namnel Condi ti Smooth natural earth chamels, free from growth, little curvae ture, Average, well-constructed, mode- ratessized earth channels in good condition, Small earth channels in good con- Gition, or large earth channels wath some gresth on banke or seattered cobbles in bed. Barth channels with considerable growth, Natural streams with good alinement, fairly constant section. Large floodway channels, well maintained. Barth chamnels considerably covered with small growth, Cleared but not continuously nlaintained floodvays. Mowstain streana in clean Looue cobbles, Ravers with versable Section and some vegetation gron ing in banks, Farth chameis Wah thiok aguatis growines Rivers with fairly straight aline- mout and cress section, badly ob~ structed by small trees, very lit- tie underbrush or aquatic growth. Rivers with irregular alinement and cross section, moderately ob= structed by small trees and under~ brush. Rivers with fairly regu ~ alinement and cross section, heav~ ily obstructed by small trees and wnderbrugh. - Rivers with irregular alinement and cross section, covered with ~8.growth of virgin timber and oo- cassional dense patches of bushes nd smali trees, some loge and * sad fallen trees. 0.150 ~ 0,200 ~ Rivers with very irregular aline- ment and cross ‘section, many root<, trees, bushes, large logs, and other drifve on bottom, trees con. tinually falling into channel due B, Photographs of a munber of typical channels, cc- companied by brief descriptions of the chamiel conditions and the corresponding "n" values are shown in Fig. 5-5, pps 115-123, Open Chanmel ies by Von Te Chow. Useful valves are re~ written below: 0.035 - Xaturel (wide} chamel, somewhat irregnlar side slopes: fairly even, clean end regular’ bottom; in Wight gray silty clay to ation in cross sectton, 2.080 ~ Rock channel, excélated by exe 0,045 = Dredge channel, irregular side opes and botton cides covered with smali saplings and brusb, slight and gradual variations in cross sections. 0.080 ~ Dredge (narrow) chanel, in block and slippery clay and gray sil- ty clay loam, irregular side slopes and bottom, covered with deuse grovth of bushes, some in bottom. Generally, for natural channels where the maxinun flood level does not overtopsed the benks, @ single value of "nt is being used and it usually Lies between 0.025 and 0.040. However, in damsites where the maxima flood level evertops the riverts lower banks and the flood waters Plow over a vegetated or wooded flocdplain or surface, two sepax rate calculations of discharges will have to be made w Gifserent velues of "n" . one for the river channel pand the other for the sibmerged Cloodplnin — and then suse ning up the tvo discharges te get the total flood dischar of the river, For tho submerged fioodpiain, the values frequently reach 0,010 te 0.060 aid sceaseio ith ss of 0,100, Probk ncepts of Ustinating Braquency of Occurrene Pstimates of the magnituwie of flocds which ve frequencies of fim 5, | in 10, or 1 in 25 yeors c:- ng requirenents for stream diversion ng construction. These floods are normally term the "5-, (Gy or 25~ year flood". Tn designing low over— Yall dams or irvigation diversion dams, it has been con sidered safe to use the more seldon recurring floods, 3.0., he 50 ~ year or 100 - year flood. the latter being pre- ferved to allow move factor of safety, of Floods. ~ The usuni tern of expression, "x-yoar flood, should not lead to the wrong coneision that the event ith ented cen happen only ence in x yeats, and having eeeurbed wilt not happen again for another puriod of x years. Te do vthat over a low span of years ve can expect as rscesy x-year Moods (o> Besar) to happen. Plaas seems vando ho henclied of ss oUt imeventy wi fh No pwadietions are yorssble tor det t distribution; Gre tmosimun proba the firet year after the project 18 built, the odds are hows by against it. of Pluot crequoncy determiuatione baw have Leon published, Widely 1s he Gumbel Method, Hazents Method end Gooerich These three metheds yield inore or 'TTs and are based on sound statistical principles and ith data from statious having very lone Of the three methods, the Gumbel Mera edjand therefore a briet be treated in thie maui), «3 of record, hod aypears te be populasly Wiscussive of said methed wi i ‘Te Suse. Method Y assurance of yielding This method will «ive a £ acceptable talus, especially for estimates up to 2iayear if availabie Plow records covers at such short record, sraphical Lnecr! zatio: Chel probability payer ie sdequate, owe oods like the 80 Zlood, corresponding teoretl ieal oc foodpriefly, the Method involves the collection of streamflow records for # daneite under consideration frou the annual publications of the "Surface Water Sup- ply Bulletin” prepared by the kydroiogy Division of the Bureau of Public Works covering at least twenty (20) years, picking out the biggest flood discharge in each Fear (Anmuail Peak Flow), thence rearranging the data in descending magnitude, followed by competing the probabi~ Sity thet @ flood cf spseified magnitude will not cocur ine given year and/or calculating ther educed variate _ and corresponding flood discharge for any selected reton period, and finelly plotting ist the Gumbel probabi1ity papers . ‘The folloving is a step-by-step procedure of pore forming flood frequency distribution analysis by Gumbel Methods A. Grepbical Linesriztion (Good up te ZOuyear ficcd nly (1) After compiling the ammusl or yearly peak discharges (designated as Q in the tabulation), veorrenge then in descending menittude end in another oclum designated os "a® (onder m= ber} mmber them trom 1 te H {N being the mmber of years of record). (2) Calculate the probability, P, that an event ili bo equalled or exceeded in amy one year as given by the formuls Pe gy. (Record thie in another ‘codumn) (3) In the next columm, calculate the probabilie ty that the event will not occur in a given year, as given by the formia P= 1-P (&} Phot the pointe on the Gusbel probobility paper with P~ velues as sbscisvas end G~ values es ordinetes. (5) Drew with e straight edge the mean line thet best = fit through the plotted points. ettby Mathematical Comutation using Stati sticat Principle (For 25-vear, 50-year, TO0-rear a Babuveur fica) (6) Sum up ali the yearly flood discharges and take the mean, i.ec, 5.42 (7) Tn another column place the heading, @~ J. This means you hove to subiract “@ from cach Quvalue. (3) Square aia the (q@ ~ 8) ~ vatues and sum up to cblain yg ay? (9) Caloulate the standard deviation, D,, acconting to the equation (10) Conpate the of the reduced variate, ty", for the required xeturn periods, Tp (say Ty = 25 yours, 50 veare and 100 years) cording te the eyuation tr eT ubstituting competed values of y" from step 10, caleilate the corresponding flood discharge @, for cach return period, secord- ing to the relation: where the factors al and C are a function of N (see Table 2-4)cds, Ty, oF ubseissas end the respecti, es ordinate Numerical Example: Blood Erequency. 7 SNaTaE YeaR oo: PEAKS 4953 1952 1953 195k of Q@ and Pp on the Gumbel probe y paper and dray a straight line thre the points plotted. ~136go determine the mgnitude of say, the 25-3 wear und 100-year flood and/or other bigger Ploods, pron Zeed as follow } Fer return period, Ty = Reduced Variate, ¥ = -2.3 thei | i i For return pet The of riod, Ty, her equation For T= 50: Fer HOt s 1.166 Ly 3 5 ‘ ‘The plotted flood lity peper is shown in Figure 2-1. = 119.50 cus m/sec. 35.91 eu. m.,/cec. yy curve om Gurbel probebi-coe Pe aa ee tag. oh wqyutes Raswaa © ‘ CS pan. asyi oz oo oe cy eR 8 Go alee G46" I \ GNOOSS Sd AW OND Hi ZoMHOSK ‘Os Oe Ge oz +4 toons MunLaR weaves Auniaveous tuewneBalt t Determin:tion of Design Flood for Demsites *ithout stream flow Records, ~ Too often, selecte: s do not have available streanflow records, like this, the the designing envi ve to resort to various mothods of determining the design flood. For practital parposes, the f oilowing methods will be Cound very usefule (1) By correlation Method using Creagerts Forma. (2) By the use of Flood Porm velope Curve for the xe (5) By the use of Drainage Axea versus Discha: Frequency Curves, che each method are presented ix Brief discussions o Following sub-articles: n estima. Correlation Method, ~ his method is very useful ting flood flows for a certain river correlating with the frequency curve of another river_ the region using the Greazerte Formila, Q = C¥A. 1d acceptabie valuss, the to rivers mast not have able difference in the size of draifage area and the two basins should have more or less the same watershed characterestics, i.e,, they 2 geomatrie simile. rity in torms of’ shape, slope and topograyin; hydrologic similarity in terns of rainfall, soil eovercomplex and valley storage: and geolasic similarity with regeve 4o those items affecting graincwater (subsurface) flow. The niethod involves the determination of the 50syear or 10-year floed by Gumbel Flood Frequency Distribution analysis of the river with know etrearci records and drainage area apd then calculating the ¢ Factor of the basin ivom Oreagerts forma, This Factor will then be applied to the dansite wmder ideration using again Ceagerte formule. fon The following example wi i best illustrate the culations involve Given: Tak sq. lew: Drainage Area of Known Gaging Ste Drainage Area of Proposed Dansite, A, = 109 sqy kms. “yeArnal Feak Flove at Gairing: Station Water Supply Bulletin): Recorde = 200 Ca. M./See. gop 4 BOO Fon ated meget tute ef |) ‘the! pes = Formils, (2) apptying the cbove-comuted o-F Proposed Tomes te 24.2. Flood Formulas, ~ Tf the highest floo @xoup of goging stations within a Limited area are picbicd on 1og-208 paper using Poa Flovs, Qj) im eubse mover ns as ordina€es and Drejacn ia Square Kidoneters as abscissus, ib wii] be ot thet 2 few of the Isghey Mtecde seem to define an imi = Limit Line, or eiweloping curve. Os ingeritimie slope af the line is the exponent mats a where area is umity is coefficient “G"'in an of the farm The above just itlusitetes how tir © being ed from envelope curves.For Philippine conditions, A, A, Villanuéve and A, B, Delefla in their article "Notes on Intense Rainfall and Rub-off in Central laxen" (published in the Phi jappine Engineering News Record in Becenber, 1939) had been eble to derived from envelope curves Supinical Flood Formas for Extreme, Rare, Qccassional and Frequent events, The first three Bre as follows: — where: a= Brein~ age Arex in ‘Gloxeters, and O= Disckerae in ow, m/sec, 85a "Eee %Gecasionai In designing irrigation diversion dems which sre f the overfali type, it has been the sion of the Bursau of Pub. f the mare and occasion damsites wituevt streen usual practice of the Irrigation Di lic Works to ado; flows as the desig flow records, Drainage Area versus Discharce-Frequency Curvy gocé tool in determining the magnitude of a for an ungaged water shed is tho Drainage Ar Frequency Curve. Sue curve is dexived by under teking Hlocd frequency distribution analysis (by Guwibe? H of all. rivers or streams hav sixeamflow records sit ated within the same dreinage basin amd then picking out all SG-year or 100~year flood values and plotting thom sepwately on log-log paper against their respective Grainage area. The mean line drawn through the plotted uts represents the curve for tbe basin. Tae Dyainage Avesischarge-Frequency Relationsiiiy or the Pampanga River Basin as prepared by the Design ection, Upper Pampanga Rivex Project of the National, Irrigation Aduinistration (Puilippines) as shown in Figs ures A-1 and 4-2 in the Appendix will be found very uso~ fl by the decigne: Selection of Design Flood. ~ In deciding which fcod dis- change shall be used in the stability analysis of the dam uring flood conditions, the designing engineer mist evele uate and compare all the different results obtained from the various methods presented. By exercising good judg- went and re~examining furthor the physical charscteristics of the watershed, he can be able to select the mort ace ceptable flood discharge to be used in the design, 196} | | | wo Flood Frequency Analysis on a Bepsonvise Basis ven there ie very Little hydrologic or hydrometeototo; gava available in the basin ivsel£, a regional flood frequency Gnalysis should be undertaken. ing regional flood Frequency enatysie £11 involve the collection of k discharges of all : in the region with avaitable histcrica) records or geging ing note also the corre: g watershed area in fieed frequency anslysis el Method to determine the estim year floods, © ratio The technique of mal + exch gaping stétion by x flew for 2-y Se, 18+, Me, 50-, 00) 5 5 2 Homogencity Test (Least Square Method) computing tl ci Peak Discharge for each gaging station to the correspond: anaual Peak Discharce, computing the Confidence Zuterval (CT) sé plotting the Regione! Frequency Carve, p eaettesn Asnual, Flood Reletionship Curve fer a i or selecting the besign Flood fio te undertsie @ Reg: spie the one undertaken for the Tage Surigac del Sux. Ihe following axe the 3) in the Region there ons and available an, Mayag, Bacuag, Tago, Sanghen, Sowa Rivers, Toble 2-1 shows the co: ou annua? Peak Discharges for each river, reamflew dats, solldsted date a After undertaking separate flood frequeney analysis by Guntvel Nethod for each river, a summary of Peak Dise charges for 2-year, T+ycar, 1Gnyoar, 2-year, 50-year, LOOeyenr and 1050. are presented in Table y of stremeflow s fox the homogen Tr Thea the analy: records ef all che rivers ip celled Homogeneity Test. Th isted of R, the retio of ib-yesr flood (019) as el Method fox cach station, to the 2 finding the volue of The return pericd 7 of a ing + value & tines Its mesn annusl value Fvequency curve for as obtained frp Tcan be different for each stati sous data due to short sample et tolerance being ¢ function of the sauple Length, n, and the confidence desired, The results are show in TebleOVOLNNS ny y ovotuns | _rywonvs | T ovayn e. | suanre |taaing Aowenboay poota eapasedsex wory poursago = “E sseco'z = ¥ SSH ans | ] 1 ee | { ! w [wets | etnoe | wre | norece | vay | ie an at 4 T t t 4} er ; ete | Satane I zerott | o9teee | oynove | k ~ { : _ | z — enti mn ne : a ork ' i “robe 8 a pes & he @darac- AN ' : hie gt 3B [8 GAO fo aS wears @BAbUaG Poa “i.e : © wAYAG 22 | : ae ib fe ne a : [ F } L J 26 30 a8 a0 43 NUMBER OF YEARS OF RECORD, no4) 5) mh The plotting of T' versus n for the verious stations is shown in Figure 2-:, Jt would be seen that ell the data satisfy the test, olthough thet for the Tago gazing station it appears thst it is sonewhet near the border line. This is due to the comparatively very low year to year fluctuations in the annual moxinun peaks observed at Tago. Theke seems to be no hydrologic reason for Tage to exhibit a markedly different behavior in this vegerd, and hence it was felt justified to procecd with the regional frequency analysts, Regional Frequency Anaiveis - The ratics of Peak Discharges (for different return period) to the Mean Annual Peak D. cherges for the different rivers were celculated (in the Same procedure as in Table 1-3) and the wean reties (R} were worked out as shown in lable i-4 These mean ratios were plotted on the Gumbel paper as ordinate versus the corresponding return period and the resulting straight Line curve reprecents the Regional quency Curve as will be seen in Figure 2+3 For calculating flood frecuency, e zing it by dividing by flow) was considered to be forming a single samy Length equivalent ¢ years, The values of the mean ratios (B) from i 4 were therefore used es the row data and the upper Limits for 95% cow fidence was determined by the standard procedure as shown With the data from Table 205, the conf. terval, values were also plotted in Figure 2- at a glance the Regional Frequency Curve Limits. g@ Ares + Mean Acnusl Flond Relations! Deviatiob of Drai To adjust the mean annual peak for the ungavged catch- ment and to correct the mean of observed annual flood peak for gauged catchment with a short deta on the besis of regional information, @ straight Line regression vas fitted on the log-log peper es shown in Figure 2-4 For the Tago River at BFW geveing Station (DA. = 620 sq- ks) this relecion shows mean snnval flood valve (Qrean) of 575 m/sec, From Table 2-4 and Fi, bs e 2-3, ~ 26 -sOpanenG Bure BY A paUrEAETg - WSS"E = Way Jo UoTIeFASG pawpucag To = POUBPESUOD 166 TOF 96" = 3 | 2 OH JO 20I2% prepuErg LATS T= OVE "ES 29 X OV_ = 1D xeqoueaeg propa = y 1 gent fo~ttt | 967 ~ 1 oor oo : i Ty or | wo | este vor ot 2 | ort | esto [oe og + q \ vet | cho | oe ro | eer 0c"0 07 t + — t . Tero | see toro ere | tuo $ TW Pres | eo | 660 | 160 z b~ - + —. Vo-w | crake | cn a L l | “AMID XOMUMDALT WNOTOGM RETA OATILOTE wor WAURUAT BONATTINOD dO NOTLVENGNOD *G-Z aTevE|SS°C = WeEH Jo UOyDeTAGG paepuRrs WO = "ars fuvay go x0a1g prepurag SoUOPETHCD 156 40s 96°F = a : PULTE = ave sag x4 WL = “2D . soqewexeg pa [gee i ota | “ort | tet | 96) | ooo ' [ws | or) to ese oon 8 | L vey ort esa ore os ‘ j Pose | vet | feo | weet | 0°t | fore | . cer | eco gore OF . | 11°0 joe | wo boser | two | ast s | | ~ 0 pee Foe | eso “| tee | te z | Hos w | crake | sr we | oa fg fa L ! | I [fou ava | TAUIS XONAR WHOTST Wii ONTILOTE wos AVAISLNT aONAGTANOD 40 OD *G-Z aayPROJECT STUDY RATIG TO MEAN ANNULL PEAK DISCNERGE REDUCED VARIATE REGIONAL “REQULNCY CUS, | PEAK Q@ VS RATIO TO G MEAN) FIGURE ! sent iinet aA ii deninaoneasimeeatinnisneTAGO RIVER IRRIGATION PROJECT STUDY DRAINAGE AREA IN SQUARE KILOMETERS: FIGURE 2-4 DRAINAGE AREA~- MEAN ANRUAL FLOOD RELATIONSHIP FOR THE REGION. ~~the 100-year flvod te the Mean 3.53 and therefore the magnitude for #1 od (Q300) 2020 m /sec. vith Band of 736 m2) * bean! foregol the adoption of the Fegicnal Frequene: the Indivievel or Tage ageous and preferable, Rounding of: eof 2,000 m/sec, has been en Daw. the £2 x, be checked for 4 sia he of 2,765 m/sec. (4.21 4 Greande Aunual Flood a 00-year 95 confidence Based on the facto: Gurve rather th, s much were ade £, th commended F eeboard and cl he upper band « deyeatBete CHAPTER 3 REQUIREMENTS FOR HYDRAULIC Testoy General, ~ It is zare that a site can be obtained which does not entail sovoral unfavorable conditions, end the best site is’that which will give fully effective works at the lowest cost having in view both construction and maintenance charges. As a rule, a dam should be built at right angles to the axis of the river. an oblique direc~ tion, besides entailing a greater length, is Tikely to develop face scours, i.e. scours paralicl and close to the upstream face of the dam. Before undertaking the design of the dam, the de- signer should familiarize himself with actual field con ditions and have a good couprehension of the engineering plan for the project as a whole. so that he can visualize and be able to conceive the best type of structure sost suited to the site, At th outset, the collection of design data «ould be given extra attention. Before the field work is per- formed, there should be a ull understanding between the designer and the field engineer who is going to furnish the field data, It has been found most useful to maintain a close continuing relationship between the design office and field forces as well as with the prostess of investi gations, There mist. be an exceiient Level of commumic: tion between the designer ang the ficld engineer to assure that the field data and descriptive report submitted can be interpreted by the designer corrects . A basic principle of design is to produce an adequate serviceable structure that will meet the needs of the pro- Ject plan at minimum cost with due consideration for its suitability for economical operation and maintenance. With this precept, it behooves the designer to study alterna- tive schemes and seek ways to build "better structures at the least cost. Flow Over Dam Crest. ~ the overfiew spillway section of a dam my either be an ogee-shaped crested weir or a broade crested weir, The latter is usually used when collepsible gates or drum gates are necessary te be installed in order to aise the normal operating water surface; and during flood conditions the gates will be at collapsed position such thet the flood waters will not overtop the banks of the Tiver, .(a) Shape for Nawpe or Ogee-Shxped Orest. - The United States Bureau of Reclamation had done extensive atudies cn crest shepas ard for overflow ogee crest developed the “etandard creat" which wag designed to fit the miderside of the nappe of a jet flowing cver @ sharp-crested weir. Such form of a crest bad been found to be the most ideel for obtaining opti~ mm discherges. The shape of this crest may be ob tained by tabwlating values ctiewlated from the fol- lowing equation for the portion of the spilivay downsizean from the cregt: Xe eek EP = * Og) where K and 2 are constant whose values en the upstream inclination and velocity of approach, ‘Figure 4-5 in the appendix gives values of thése constants for diferent condi tions. ~ For practical purposes and te facilitate the’ fabrioatigqn of templates during congtruction, the j curve devglop frou the above equation is transformed, | into the nearest compound cirowar gurves, {b) Free Flow Discharge over figee Crest, ~ The adgo or surface ayer vhich the water fjmus is called thé | exest of the weir. The overflowing sheet of water | is termed the nappe, If che neppe discharges into : the air or the tailweter clevaulon ia very_imcb Lows az thas the dam crest elevation, we have n condition Gictres Clow Gigcinrge. If the uieciaves ie perth : Eas uer water ox the dan orest i lower than the Galante elovetesn, the weir dé gaia to be subaeree Yor Free flow condition, the dischargn ever an cgng crest can be chtained from the f qimala: Woh || a day ee? | ay wheres Q 8 discharge in qubic mgteps per second Ox a variable ovefficient of discharge I, = effective iength of creat in acters, ond By = Cotel, head on erest in meters, including the had due to velocity of apmroach, by. : ~ 32.~