MODULE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WITH SOFTWARE APPLICATION – CAE11

CHAPTER 4: Descriptive Statistics – Data Presentation

Objectives:
1.Distinguish the three main forms of data presentation.
.
2.Know the different parts of the table.

DATA PRESENTATION
Data are usually collected in a raw format and thus the inherent information is difficult to understand.
Therefore, raw data need to be summarized, processed, and analyzed to usefully derive information from
them. However, no matter how well manipulated, the information derived from the raw data should be
presented in an effective format, otherwise, it would be a great loss for both authors and readers. Planning
how the data will be presented is essential before appropriately processing raw data.

PRESENTATION OF DATA
Presentation of data refers to an exhibition or putting up data in an attractive and useful manner such that it
can be easily interpreted.
The three main forms of presentation of data are:
1. Textual Presentation
2. Tabular Presentation
3. Graphical Presentation

TEXTUAL PRESENTATION
• All the data is presented in the form of text, phrases, or paragraphs.
• It i n v o l v e s e n u m e r a t i n g i m p o r t a n t characteristics, emphasizing significant figures
and identifying important features of data.
• Text is the principal method for explaining findings, outlining trends, and providing contextual
information.

Page 1
 MODULE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WITH SOFTWARE APPLICATION – CAE11

Example:
A researcher is asked to present the performance of a section in the statistics test. The following are the test
scores.

The data presented in textual form would be like this:

In the statistics class of 40 students, 3 obtained the perfect score of 50. Sixteen students got a score 40 and
above, while only 3 got 19 and below. Generally, the students performed well in the test with 23 or 70%
getting a passing score of 38 and above.

Advantage of Textual Presentation

◆ The data would be more interpreted.
◆ Can help in emphasizing some important points in data.
◆ Small sets of data can be easily presented.

Remember!
◆ Keep your paragraphs simple and short.
◆ Always make sure that the readers are provided with additional explanations about the relevance of
the figures and its implications.

Tabular Presentation
• It is a systematic and logical arrangement of data in the form of Rows and Columns with respect to
the characteristics of data.
• A table is best suited for representing individual information and represents both quantitative and
qualitative information.

Page 2
 MODULE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WITH SOFTWARE APPLICATION – CAE11

Advantage of Tabular Presentation

◆ More information may be presented.
◆ Exact values can be read from a table to retain precision.
◆ Flexibility is maintained without distortion of data.
◆ Less work and less cost are required in the preparation.

Preparing Tables
The making of a compact table itself is an art. This should contain all the information needed within the
smallest possible space. What the purpose of tabulation is and how the tabulated information is to be used
are the main points to be kept in mind while preparing for a statistical table. An ideal table should consist of
the following main parts:.
A. Title: The title must tell as simply as possible what is in the table. It should answer the questions:
◆ Who? White females with breast cancer, black males with lung cancer.
◆ What are the data? Counts, percentage distributions, rates.
◆ Where are the data from? Example: One hospital, or the entire population covered by your registry.
◆ When? A particular year, time period.

B. Boxhead: The boxhead contains the captions or column headings. The heading of each column
should contain as few words as possible, yet explain exactly what the data in the columns represent.

C. Stubs: The row captions are known as the stub. Items in the stub should be grouped to facilitate
interpretation of the data. For example, rows may stand for score of classes and columns for data related to
sex of students. In the process, there will be many rows for scores classes but only two columns for male
and female students.

D. Footnotes: Footnotes are given at the foot of the table for explanation of any fact or information
included in the table which needs some explanation. Thus, they are meant for explaining or providing
further details about the data that have not been covered in title, captions and stubs.

Page 3
 MODULE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WITH SOFTWARE APPLICATION – CAE11

E. Sources of Data: We should also mention the source of information from which data are taken. This
may preferably include the name of the author, volume, page and the year of publication. This should also
state whether the data contained in the table is of ‘primary or secondary’ nature.

Construction of Data Tables

◆ The title should be in accordance with the objective of study
◆ Comparison
◆ Alternative location of stubs
◆ Headings
◆ Footnote
◆ Size of columns
◆ Use of abbreviations
◆ Units

Page 4
 MODULE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WITH SOFTWARE APPLICATION – CAE11

Example: Simple or One-Way Table

Example: Compound Table

Page 5
 MODULE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WITH SOFTWARE APPLICATION – CAE11

Organize Quantitative Variable in Table

Classes are categories into which data are grouped. When a data set consists of a large number of different
discrete data values or when a data set consists of continuous data, we create classes by using intervals of
numbers.
Make sure that the classes do not overlap. This is necessary to avoid confusion as to which class a data
value belongs. Also, make sure that the class widths are equal for all classes.

Guidelines for Determining the Lower Class Limit of the First Class and Class Width
Choosing the Lower Class Limit of the First Class:
Choose the smallest observation in the data set or a convenient number slightly lower than the smallest
observation in the data set.
For example, the smallest observation is 10.2. A convenient lower class limit of the first class is 10.

Page 6
 MODULE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WITH SOFTWARE APPLICATION – CAE11

Guidelines for Determining the Lower Class Limit of the First Class and Class Width
Determining the Class Width:
• Decide on the number of classes. Generally, there should be between 5 and 20 classes. The smaller
the data set, the fewer classes you should have.
• Determine the class width by computing:
cw is the class width
nc is the number of classes
Round this value up to a convenient number.

Remember!
Creating the classes for summarizing continuous data is an art form. There is no such thing as the correct frequency
distribution. However, there can be less desirable frequency distributions. The larger the class width, the fewer classes
a frequency distribution will have.

How to Construct Frequency

Distribution Table?
A frequency distribution list each category of data and the number of occurrences for each category of data.

Page 7
 MODULE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WITH SOFTWARE APPLICATION – CAE11

Procedure in Constructing

◆ If the data is in the form of qualitative data

To construct the frequency distribution using excel use the command:
=frequency(data_array,bins_array)
Then Ctrl → Shift →Enter
{=frequency(data_array,bins_array)}

Page 8
 MODULE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WITH SOFTWARE APPLICATION – CAE11

Final Output

Table 1 shows the frequency and percentage distribution of the respondents in terms of sex. It can be gleaned from
the table that, out of 128 respondents considered in the study, 65 or 50.8% are male and 63 or 49.2% are female

Page 9
 MODULE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WITH SOFTWARE APPLICATION – CAE11

Procedure in Constructing

◆ If the data is in the form of quantitative data Steps

1. Set an interval or range for your data. It is needed for the “BIN RANGE”.
2. Click “DATA” on the menu bar and Click “DATA ANALYSIS” on the tool bar
3. The dialog box “DATA ANALYSIS” will appear and choose “HISTOGRAM” on the dialog box then click OK.

Page 10
MODULE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WITH SOFTWARE APPLICATION – CAE11

Page 11
 MODULE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WITH SOFTWARE APPLICATION – CAE11

C
Department of Mathematics and Statistics

Page 12
MODULE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WITH SOFTWARE APPLICATION – CAE11

Page 13
 MODULE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS WITH SOFTWARE APPLICATION – CAE11

For more knowledge about this lesson, please check the link provided;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JVaKq-oJnFs

REFERENCES

https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/statistics.asp

Page 14