DERIVATIVES

Constant D(a)=0
Power D(xn)=n(xn-1)
Constant Multiple D(au)=aD(u)
Sum & Difference D(u±v)=D(u)±D(v)
Product D(uv)=uD(v)+vD(u)
 u  vD(u)  uD( v )
Quotient D  v 2  = v2

a aD( v )
v = v2

Trigonometric Dsin(u)=cos(u)D(u)
Dcos(u)= -sin(u)D(u)
Dtan(u)=sec²(u)D(u)
Dsec(u)=sec(u)tan(u)D(u)
Dcot(u)= -csc²(u)D(u)
Dcsc(u)= -csc(u)cot(u)D(u)
***sin & csc may negative (identities of sin)
D(u)
Inverse Trigonometric Dsin-1= 1  u2
 D(u)
Dcos = -1 -
1  u2

D(u)
Dtan -1
= 1  u2
D(u)
Dcot = -1
- 1  u2
D(u)
Dsec-1= | u | u2  1

D(u)
Dcsc-1= - | u | u2  1

***cos, cot, csc may negative (mga c)

 D( f ) D( g) 
Logarithmic D(ln(fg))=  f

g
D( fg)
 

    D( f ) D( g) 
D  ln gf   =  f

g
D( fg)
    

D(u)
Dloga(u)= x ln(a)

D(u)
D(ln(u))= u

Exponential D(eu)=D(u)eu
D(au)=auD(u)ln(a)
RECIPROCAL IDENTITIES
1 1
cos(u)= sec(u) sin(u)= csc(u)
1 1
sec(u)= cos(u) csc(u)= sin(u)
 1
tan(u)= cot(u)
1
cot(u)= tan(u)
MULTIPLE IDENTITIES
sin(u) cos(u)
tan(u)= cos(u) cot(u)= sin(u)

sin(u)=tan(u)cos(u) cos(u)=cot(u)sin(u)

PYTHAGOREAN IDENTITIES
cos²(u)+sin²(u)=1
sec²(u)-tan²(u)=1
csc²(u)-cot²(u)=1
THE MAGIC HEXAGON
sin² + cos²

tan² + 1 + cot²

sec² csc²
INTEGRAL
Constant ∫adx=ax+c
 x n1
Power ∫x dx= n  1  c
n

Constant Multiple ∫audx=a∫udu

Sum & Difference ∫(f(x)+g(x))dx=∫f(x)dx+∫g(x)dx

Logarithmic ∫ du
u =ln|u|+c

1 u
Exponential ∫e u
du= u e +c

∫eadu=xea+c
au
∫a u
= ln(a)  c

Integration by Parts ∫udv=uv-∫vdu

Trigonometric ∫sin(u)du= -cos(u)+c
∫cos(u)du=sin(u)+c
∫sec²(u)du=tan(u)+c
∫csc²(u)du= -cot(u)+c
∫sec(u)tan(u)du=sec(u)+c
∫csc(u)cot(u)du= -csc(u)+c
∫tan(u)du=ln|sec(u)|+c or -ln|cos(u)|+c
∫cot(u)du=ln|sin(u)|+c
∫sec(u)du=ln|sec(u)+tan(u)|+c
 ∫csc(u)du=ln|csc(u)-cot(u)|+c
Hyperbolic ∫sinh(u)du=cosh(u)+c
∫cosh(u)du=sinh(u)+c
∫sec²h(u)du=tanh(u)+c
∫csc²h(u)= -coth(u)+c
∫sech(u)htan(u)du= -sech(u)+c
∫csch(u)coth(u)=-csch(u)+c
∫tanh(u)=ln|cosh(u)|+c
∫coth(u)=ln|sinh(u)|+c
***sec, cot, csc

Inverse Trigonometric ∫ du
a² - u²
=sin-1
u
a +c

∫ du 1 u
a² + u² = a tan a +c
-1

∫ du
u u² - a²
1 u
= a sec a +c
-1

Trigonometric Substitution a 2  u2 , x=asinθ

a 2  u2 , x=atanθ
u2  a 2 , x=asecθ
DOUBLE & HALF ANGLE IDENTITIES
sin(2x)=2sin(x)cos(x)
cos(2x)=cos²(x)-sin²(x)
cos(2x)=2cos²(x)-1
1+ cos(2x)
cos²(x)= 2

cos(2x)=1-2sin²(x)
1 - cos(2x)
sin²(x)= 2
NOTES
Integral
1) Check for easier trigonometric identities.
2) Use whole radical as u then raise u to a power to cancel radical sign; take du
after.
3) As much as possible, use u-sub; use IBP otherwise.
4) du can be divided by ln(a).
5) du can be √du to get dx.
6) u can be used to find x.
7) u can be used as a substitute.
8) Expand pythagorean identities into binomials.
9) Separate inverse trigononometry from fraction to get du.
10) For ∫sinm(x)cosn(x)dx:
a) m or n is an odd integer, use pythagorean identities then integrate as a
power of the even power function.
b) m & n are even integers, use half angle identities on both.
11) for ∫tanm(x)secn(x)dx:
a) n is an even integer, factor out sec2(x) then transform remaining
sec2(x)=1+tan2(x).
b) m & n are odd integers, factor out sec(x)tan(x) & transform the remaining
factor of tan2(x)=sec2(x)-1.
12) For ∫cotm(x)cscn(x)dx, the same rules from #12 apply.
13) For nos. 11-12, multiply identities to similar trigonometric function.
sinodd ( x ) coseven ( x )
14) For ∫ dx or ∫ , strip out sin(x) then transform the rest to cos(x)
coseven ( x ) sinodd ( x )
then assign stripped out sin(x) as du.
15) Separate constant first.
16) When using 2 substitutions, do not forget to plug v & u back in.
17) Use v to find u.
18) A number can be multiplied to du to get dx.
19) Put parentheses to added/subtracted terms to distribute dx.
20) Take note of “with respect to variable”.
Algebra
1) Treat π, ln(a), and e as a constant.
2) e (Napierian constant, 2.718), use basic rules for variables; exponents are added
in multiplication while bases are multiplied.
3) Multiply fraction by ±e-x.
4) Use +x-x or +1-1 to get a factor for fractions.
5) Simplify by square root, factoring, or synthetic division.
6) Expand then separate or simply separate terms (denominator is one variable).
7) Divide terms if possible.
8) Consider exponential & logarithmic identities.
9) ln(eu)=u(ln(e))=u(1)=u
10) Take note of partial fractions.
11) Remainder over divisor in synthetic division.
12) Simplify radicals with exponents first.
4
x
13) e4x = e 2
=e2x
14) When a term is cancelled, it is equal to 1.
15) Add/subtract for multiplication/division of constants with exponents then expand
in the final answer.
 45
135 30
225 150
60 315 210
120 330
240 0
300 180
360
90
270

 n n
 , 
 2 2 
sin
 

cos
Hand Trick for Unit Circle
Unit Circle
Notation for Differentiation
1. Isaac Newton
2. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
3. Leonhard Euler
DIRECTION FIELD OR SLOPE FIELD
2= -2 =
1= -1 =
0= und =
FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
Linear DE yI+P(x)y=Q(x)
I(x)=e∫P(x)dx
1

y= I( x )  I( x )Q( x )dx  c 

Separable DE h(y)yI=g(x)
∫N(y)dy=∫M(x)dx

Bernoulli DE yI+P(x)y=Q(x)yn where n>1

I(x)=e∫(1-n)P(x)dx

y
1

= I( x )  (1  n)I( x )Q( x )dx  c
(1-n) 

Exact DE P(x,y)dx+Q(x,y)dy=0
d
M  P( x, y )  dM
dy dy
d
N  Q( x, y )  dN
dx dx
 dM dN

dy dx

∫M(x,y)dx & ∫N(x,y)dy

f(x,y)=∫M(x,y)dx+∫N(x,y)dy=c
*without repetition of terms

Non-exact DE P(x,y)dx+Q(x,y)dy=0
d
M  P( x, y )  dM
dy dy
d
N  Q( x, y )  dN
dx dx
dM dN

dy dx

My  Nx
P( x ) 
N
e  P ( x ) dx

Mdx  Ndy  0
*perform algorithm for exact eq.

dy
Homogenous DE dx =P(x)y

y dy dv
y=vx, v= x , dx  v  x
dx

*substitute back
Growth & Decay Qt=Q0e-kt
ln 2
k= T

Cooling & Mixing T=Tm+Cekt

C=To-Tm
SECOND ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
f (x) f (y)
Wronskian W= f I (x) f I (y)

W=A-B
Abel’s Theorem P(x)=∫p(x)dx
ke P( x )
uI= ( y I )2
u=∫uIdx

Constant Coefficient Ar2+Br+C=0

r1=n, r2=m
y1=ent, y2=emt
y=c1y1+c2y2
OR IN THE CASE OF A REPEATED ROOT

r1=n, r2=n
y1=ent, y2=tent
y=c1y1+c2y2