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com
n!
Precalculation Form. r!(n - r)
5. Laws of logarithms.

a) log a (PQ) = log a (P) +log a (Q) b)

1. The Numbers. log a P Q = log a (P) - log a (Q) c) log a
1. Laws of exponents and radicals.
(Q n ) = n log a ( Q) d) a log a (x) = x

to) a m a n = a m+n b) (a m ) n = to mn c) (ab) n = a n b n e) log a (a x ) = x

to n and to me 1 to n f) log a (1) = 0

d) (Oh =bn am-n F) a - n =
) an=
g) a log a (a) = 1
√ Y
g) at 1/n = n a h) to m/n =√ am n
a m/n = ( √ a) m
n

o)
ab √
h) log(x) = log 10 (x)
√ √
j) n
ab = √ n a √ n b k) =
na
l) m ^√ n a = m n a
√ nb
2. Notable Products. i) ln(x) = log e (x)
a) Conjugate Binomials: (x + y)(x - y) = x 2 - y 2 log b (Q)
j) Base change: log a (Q) =
b) Squared Binomial: (x ± y) 2 = x 2 ± 2xy + y 2 log b (a)
c) Binomial Cubed: (x ± y) 3 = x 3 ± 3x 2 y + 3xy 2 ± y 3
d) (x + y) 2 =x 2 + 2xy + y 2 2. Exact solutions of the equation
e) (x - y) 2
=x - 2 xy + y
2 2
Algebraic nes
f) (x + y) 3 =x 3 + 3x 2 y + 3xy 2 + y 3
g) (x - y) 3
=x - 3 x y + 3 x and 2 - y 3
3 2 6. Exact Solutions of Algebraic Equations.
h) (x + y) 4
=x + 4x y
4 3
+ 6 x y + 4xy 2 2 3
+and 4
a) The Quadratic Equation : ax 2 + bx + c = 0 has
i) (x - y) 4
=x - 4 x y
4 3
+ 6 x y - 4 x xy 2 2 3
+and 4
solutions: - b ± √ b 2 - 4ac
x=
j) (x + y) 5 =x 5 +5 x 4 y+ 10 x 3 y 2 + 10 x 2 y 3 +5 x xy 4 +y 5
2a
k) (x - y) 5 =x 5 - 5 x 4 y+ 10 x 3 y 2 - 10 x 2 y 3 +5 x 4 - y 5
The number b 2 - 4ac is called the discriminant of the
equation.
i) If b 2 - 4ac > 0 the roots are real and different.
3. Binomial Theorem. Let n ∈ N, then:
ii) If b 2 - 4ac = 0 the roots are real and equal.
=^ n
iii) If b 2 - 4ac < 0 the roots are complex conjugates you
r=0 r -r
(x+y) n give.

n
r=nC
Note: b) For the Cubic Equation : x 3 + ax 2 + bx + c = 0 let:

3b - to 2 R 9ab - 27c - 2a
3

Q= 9 , R= 54
4. Notable Factors.

a) Difference of Squares: x 2 - y 2 = (x + y)(x - y) b) Sum of S= R+ ^ Q 3 +R 2 ,

3
T = R - ^ Q 3 +R 2
3

Cubes: x 3 + y 3 = (x + y)(x 2 - xy + y 2 ) c) Difference of Cubes: x So the solutions are:

3
- y 3 = (x - y)(x 2 + xy + y 2 ) d) Perfect Square Trinomial: x 2 ± x 1 =S+T - a
3 x 2 = - ^ S+ 2 T +a 3
^
+ ^ (S - 2 T) √ 3 ^

2xy+y 2 = (x ± y) 2 e) x 2 - y 2 = (x - y)(x + y)f) x 3 - and 3

ix 3 = - ^ S+ 2 T +a 3 ^ - ^ (S - 2 T) √ 3 ^ i
= (x - and) x 2 +xy + y 2
g) x 3+ and 3 = (x + and)x 2 - xy + y 2
The number Q 3 +R 2 is called the discriminant of the
h) x 4 - y 4 = (x - y) (x + y) x 2 + y 2 equation.
i) x 5- and 5 = (x - and)x 4 +x 3 y + x 2 y 2 i) If Q 3 + R 2 > 0, there is one real root and two are com
conjugated plexuses.
+x and 3 + and 4
ii) If Q 3 + R 2 = 0, the roots are real and at least we two
j) x 5+ and 5 = (x + and)x 4 -x 3 y + x 2 y 2 are equal.
iii) If Q 3 + R 2 < 0, the roots are real and different.
- x and 3+ and 4
k) x 6 - y 6 = (x - y) (x + y) x 2 + xy + y 2 x 2 - xy + y 2 l) x 4 + x 2 y 2
+ y 4 = x 2 + xy + y 2 x 2 - xy + y 2
1
m) x 4 + 4y 4 = ^ x 2 - 2xy + 2y 2 ^ ^ x 2 + 2xy + 2y 2 ^
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3. Trigonometric functions. sin 3 (A) = 3 4 sin(A) - 1 4 sin(3A)

cos 3 (A) = 3 4 cos(A) + 1 4 cos(3A)

3.1. Relationships between Trigonometric sin 4 (A) = 3 8 - 1 2 cos(2A) + 1 8 cos(4A)

Functions.
cos 4 (A) = 3 8 + 1 2 cos(2A) + 1 8 cos(4A)
1 csc(A) = sin(A)
sin 2 (A) + cos 2 (A) = 1 sin 5 (A) = 5 8 sin(A) - 1 5 6 sin(3A) + 1 1 6 sin(5A)

cos 5 (A) = 5 8 cos(A) + 1 5 6 cos(3A) + 1 1 6 cos(5A)

sec(A) = cos(A) sec 2 (A) - tan 2 (A) = 1
3.3. Sum, Difference and Product the Function
Trigonometric nes.
sin(A) tan(A) =
v
' cos(A) csc 2 (A) - cot 2 (A) = 1 sin(A) + sin(B) = 2 sin ^ A+ 2 B ^ cos ^ A - 2 B ^

sin(A) - sin(B) = 2sin ^ A - 2 B ^ cos ^ A+ 2 B ^

stuff) 1
cot(A) = =
sign) so(A) cos(A) + cos(B) = 2 cos ^ A+ 2 B ^ cos ^ A - 2 B ^

cos(A) - cos(B) = 2 sin ^ A+ 2 B ^ sin ^ B - 2 A ^

3.2. Powers of Trigonometric Functions. sin(A) sin(B) = 1 2 ^ cos(A - B) - cos(A + B) ^

sin 2 (A) = 1 2 - 1 2 cos(2A) cos(A) cos(B) = 1 2 ^ cos(A - B) + cos(A + B) ^

cos 2 (A) = 1 2 + 1 2 cos(2A) sin(A) cos(B) = 1 2 ^ sin(A - B) + sin(A + B) ^

4. Hyperbolic Functions. ex-e-x

Hyperbolic tangent of x = tanh(x) =
ex+e-x
ex-e-x Hyperbolic cosecant of x = csch(x) =
Hyperbolic sine of x = sinh(x) = 2 ex-e-x
2
ex+e-x Hyperbolic secant of x = sech(x) = e x + e - x
Hyperbolic cosine of x = cosh(x) = 2
ex+e-x
Hyperbolic cotangent of x = coth(x) =
ex-e-x

4.1. Relationship between Hyperbolic Functions.

sinh(x) sech(x) = cosh 2 (x) - sinh 2 (x) = 1
tanh(x) cosh(x)
cosh(x)
sech 2 (x) + tanh 2 (x) = 1
csch(x) =
1 cosh(x) sinh(x) coth 2 (x) - csch 2 (x) = 1
coth(x) = =
tanh(x) sinh(x)

2
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' l u l F orm u lar .

C a c Trigonometric functions:
Function: Its Derivative:

Derivatives. f = sin(u) f′= cos(u) · u ′

f = cos(u) f ′ = - sin(u) · u ′
In this form: k, c ∈ R are real constants, f = f (x), u = u(x) and v = v(x)
are functions that depend on x. f = tan(u) f ′ = sec 2 (u) · u ′

f = csc(u) f′= - csc(u) cot(u) · u ′

Basic Formulas:
f = sec(u) f′= sec(u) tan(u) · u ′
Function: Its Derivative:
f = cot(u) f′= - csc 2 (u) · u ′
f=k f′=0

Linearity of the derivative:

f=ku f′=k·u′ Inverse Trigonometric Functions:

Function:
f=u±v f′=u′±v′ Its Derivative: ′
f = arc sin(u) f′=
√1-u2;|u|<1
f=k·u±c·v f′=k·u′±c·v′
or

Product Rule: f = arc cos(u) f′=

-√ 1 - u 2 ; | u | < 1

f=u·v f′=u·v′+v·u′ or '

f = arctan(u) f′=
1+u2
Quotient Rule:
or '
or ′ v · u – u · v
′ ′ f = arccsc(u) f =
′
uu 2 - 1
f=v f= v 2

or '
Chain Rule (Composition of functions) f = arcsec(u) f′= √
u u 2 - 1 ; | u | >1

f = u(x) ◦ v(x) f ′ = [u(v(x))] ′ · v ′ (x) or '

f = arccot(u) f′=
- 1+ u 2 ; | u | > 1
Power Rule:

f=vn f ′ =n · v n - 1 · v ′

f=k·vn f′=k·n·vn−1·v′ Hyperbolic Functions:

Function: Its Derivative:
Exponential Functions:
f = sinh(u) f ′ = cosh(u) · u ′
f=e u
f′=e ·u′ u

f = cosh(u) f′= sinh(u) · u ′

f=au f ′ = a u · ln(a) · u ′
f = tanh(u) f ′ = sech 2 (u) · u ′
Logarithmic Functions:
′ f = csch(u) f ′ = - csch(u) coth(u) · u ′
u
f = ln(u) f =
′

or f = sech(u) f ′ = - sech(u) tanh(u) · u ′

or '
f = log a (u) f= ′ f = coth(u) f′= - csch 2 (u) · u ′
to
u · ln(a)
A Function elevated to another Function:
v · u ′ v ′ · ln(u) +
f=uv f′=uv or

3
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^
Inverse Hyperbolic Functions: 19) sin 2 udu = u
2 - sin
4
2u
= 1
2 [u - sin u cos u]
Function: Its Derivative: ^
20) cos 2 udu = u
2 + sin
4
2u
= 1
2 [u + sin u cos u]

or '
21) sec u tan udu = sec u
f = arcsinh(u) f′= √
1+u2 22) csc u cot udu = - csc u

or '
f = arccosh(u) f′= √
u2-1;| u|>1 Hyperbolic.

or ' 23) senh udu = cosh u

f = arctanh(u) f′= u2; | u <1 24) cosh udu = senh u
1 -

|
or ' 25) tanh udu = ln[cosh u]
f = arccsch(u) f′= ; u=0
|u|√1+u 26) coth udu = ln[senh u]
2

or ' 27) sechudu = sin - 1 [tanh u] = 2 tan - 1 [e u ]

f = arcsech(u) f′=
u√1-u2 0<u<1 28) ^
cschudu = ln ^ tanh u 2 ^ = - 2 coth - 1 [e u ]

or ' 29) sech 2 udu = tanh u

f = arccoth(u) f′= >1
1-u2 ; |u| 30) csch 2 udu = - coth u
^
31) tanh 2 udu = u – tanh u
^
32) coth 2 udu = u - coth u
Integral. 33) ^
sinh 2 udu = sin 4 h 2u - u 2 = 1 2 [sinh u cosh u - u]
In this form: k, w, C ∈ R are real constants, u = u(x) and v = v(x) ^
are functions that depend on x. 34) cosh 2 udu = sin 4 h 2u + u 2 = 1 2 [sinh u cosh u + u]

Basic Formulas. 35) sechu tanh udu = - sechu

^ 36) cschu coth udu = - cschu

1) 0dx=C
^
2) kdx = kx + C
Integrals with au + b.
3) (k · u ± w · v)dx = k udx + w vdx + C
du
= 1 ln (au + b) au+b to
37)
n+1 udu
= u - b ln(au+b) au+b to
4) Power rule u n du = u n+1 for n = - 1. 38) ^ to 2

5) Exponential rule e u du = e u
39) ^ u 2 du = (au+b) 2 - 2b(au+b) + au+b
to 3
2 to 3
a
b 2
3 ln (au + b)
6) Logarithmic rule ln | u | du = u ln | u | - or
or 40) ^ u 3 du = (au+b) 3 - 3b(au+b) 2
au+b 3a 4 2a 4
3b 2 (
a
a
4
u+b)
- a b 4 ln(au+b)
3

a
7) a du = + C
u

ln(a) du = 1 l n or
41) ^ u(au+b) b au+b
^ du
8) =ln | u | +C u ^
du =-1 to au+b
42) ^ =- + l )
u 2 (au+b) bu b 2 n or
Trigonometrics. du = -1
43) ^ (au+b) 2 a(au+b)

9) sin udu = - cos u 44) ^ udu

= b + 1 ln(au+b)
(au+b) 2 a 2 (au+b) to 2

10) cos udu = sin u u 2 du = au+b - b2 -

45) ^ (au+b) 2 to 3 a 3 (au+b) a
2
3
b
ln (au + b)
11) tan udu = ln[sec u] = - ln[cos u] + C
46) ^
du
= 1
+ 1 ln u
12) cot udu = ln sin u u(au+b) 2
=
b(au+b)
+
b 2 n au+b

du - to - 1 ^ ^
13) sec udu = ln[sec u + tan u] = ln tan u
2 +π4 47) ^ u 2 (au+b) 2
=
b 2 (au+b) b2u
2a l n au+b b 3 or

14) csc udu = ln[csc u - cot u] = ln tan u 2 du = -1

48) ^ (au+b) 3 2(au+b) 2
15) sec 2 udu = tan u

16) csc 2 udu = - cot u

17) tan 2 udu = tan u - u

18) cot 2 udu = - cot u - u

4
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du ^
1
au+b 49) udu =
=
-1
+
+b 71) (au+b) m/2 du= 2(au a + (m b) (
+ m
2 +
) 2)/2

(au+b) 3 a 2 (au+b) 2a 2 (au+b) 2

50) ^ u 2 du
(au+b) 3 = - + l (
a 3 (a 2 u b +b) 2a 3 (a b u 2 +b) 2 a 1 3 n au
+ b)
72) ^ u(au + b) m/2 du = 2(au a + 2 ( b m ) (
+
m
4
+
)
4)/2
2b(au+b) (m+2)/2
at 2 (m+2)
^
51) (au + b) du = (au 2 + a b)
2(au+b) (m+6)/2 4b(au+b) (m+4)/2
73) ^ u 2 (au + b) m/2 du = - at 3 (m+4)
^
52) (au + b) du = n (a
(
u
n
+
+
b
1
)
)
n
a for n = - 1 at 3 (m+6)

2b 2 (au+b) (m+2)/2
at 3 (m+2)
^
n (au+b) n+2 b(au+b) n+1
^
53)
u (au + b) du = (n+2)a - (n+1)a for n = - 1, - 2 2 2
74) (au+b) m/2 du = 2(au+b) m/2 +b (au+b) (m-2)/2 du mu
or
^
2 n (au+b) n+3 2b(au+b) n+2 b 2 (au+b) n+1
54)
u ( au + b) d u = (n+3)a 3
-
(n+2)a 3
+
(n+1)a 3 75) (au+b) m/2 du =
u2
( au +b) (m+2)/2 ma ^ (au+b) m/2 du
or
+
bu 2b
for n = - 1, - 2, - 3 du 2+ du
76) = 2 b(m - 2)(au+b) (m
2)/ 1b
^ u(au+b) m/2 u(au+b) (m-2)/2
55) u (au + b) du =m n

^
u m+1 (au+b) n nb m n-1
m—n—1 + m—n+1 J " (au + ° du Integrals with u + a . 2 2

^
= , u m (au+b) n+1 mb m - 1 n
= - (
(m+n+1)a (m+n+1)a u au + b) d u
- u m+1 (au+b) n+1
+ m+n+2 ^ u m (au+b) du du u 2 +a 2 1 tan - 1 u a
(n+1)b (n+1)b
n+1
77) =
to

udu = u 2 +a 2 1
78) ^ =
2 ln ^ u 2 + a 2 ^
Integrals with au + b.
2 au+b 79) ^
u 2 du = u 2 +a
2
= or - a tan - 1 u a
du
56) au+b to
u 3 du = u 2 +a or
udu 2(au - 2b)
√
80) ^ =
2
2
- a 2 ln ^ u 2 + a 2 ^
2

57)
2

au+b 3a 2 au + b
1( u2N
2 ( 3a 2 u 2 - 4ab u+8b 2 ) 81) ^ du u(u 2 +a 2 ) = l
nu
58) ^ √ u 2a 2 +a 2
2
2 du
15a 3 au + b
au+b
du u 2 (u 2 +a 2 i - 1 - 1 so - 1 u to
82) ^ u to 3 to
2

√ 1 b ln
√
au+b - b )
√
au+b+ b
=
du
59) du 1 1
^
u2
^
83) ^
-b tan u 3 (u 2 +a 2 ) l
√ 2 - 1
-b
i 2a u 2 2
2a 4
nu 2
+a 2

=
or 1 -1u
60) du au+b - a
^
du 84) ^ du (u 2 +a 2 ) 2 = + t
2a 2 (u 2 +a 2 ) 2a 3 an a
au+b bu u 2b u √ au+b

udu -1
61) ^√ au + b du = 2 (a 3 u a +b) 85) ^ (u 2 +a 2 ) 2 2(u 2 +a 2 )

u 2 du (u 2 +a 2
62) ^ u √ au + b du = 2(3 1 a 5 u a - 2
2b) ^
(au + b) 3 86) ^ )2 = 2(u - 2 + u a 2 ) + 2 1 a tan - 1 u a

u 3 du (u 2
63) ^ u 2 √ au+bdu = 2 ( 15a 2 u 2
1
-
0
1
5
2
a
a
3
bu+8b 2
)
(au+ b) 3 87) ^ +a 2 ) 2 = 2(u 2 a + 2 a 2 )
+ 1
2
l
n(u2+a2)

du u(u 2 +a 2 )
64) ^ a u u+b du = 2 √ au+b+b ^ du 88) ^ 2 :- 2a 2 (u 1 2 +a 2 )
+
21a4
l
n (u 2 u
+a 2 )
u au+b

du 1 or 3 -1u
au+b d u = u 2
89) ^ u 2 (u 2 +a 2 ) 2
= t
65) au+b a
^ du u au+b at 4 u 2a 4 (u 2 +a 2 ) 2a 5 an a
-u+2
du =-1- 1
- 1 ln ^ u 2

^ m
du
√ uau+b = 2u m √ au+b - 2mb u m-1 d u au+b
90) ^ u 3 (u 2 +a 2 ) 2
2a 4 u 2 2a 4 (u 2 +a 2 ) to 6 u 2 +a 2J
66) (2m+1)a (2 m+1)a /;

(2m - 3)a or 2n - 3 1 du
du = au+b
^ du u √ 91) ^ du (u 2 +a 2 ) n = +
2a 2 (n - 1)(u 2 +a 2 ) n-1 (2n - 2)a 2
67) ^ u au+b au+b (u 2 +a 2 ) n-1
m-1
m
(m - 1)bu -1 (2m - m 2)b
68) ^ u m √ au + bdu = (2m 2u + 3)a (au + b) 3/2 m

udu -1
92) ^ (u 2 +a 2 ) n = 2(n - 1)(u 2 +a 2 ) n-1
2mb ^ √
um - 1
au + bdu
(2m+3)a
1 +1 du
93) ^ du u(u 2 +a 2 ) n = +
2a 2 (n - 1)(u 2 +a 2 ) n-1 a 2 u(u 2 +a 2 ) n
-1
au+b au+b to
69) d
um u
=- +
(m - 1)u m-1 2(m - 1)
u m-
u m du (u 2 +a u m-2 d u 2 u m-2 d u
94) ^ 2
)n = (u 2 +a 2 ) n-1 to (u 2 +a 2 ) n
70 ^√
√
au+b - (au+b) 3/2 (2m - 5)a au+b
) d = -
u m u (m - 1)bu m-1 (2m - 2)b u m-1
d
u du u m =_1 1
du - 1_ 1 du
95) ^ (u 2 +a 2 )n to 2 u m (u 2 + a 2 ) n-1 to 2 u m-2 (u 2 +a 2 ) n
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Integrals with u - a . 2 2
126) ^
du
=
1 + 1 ln u 2

u(a 2 - u 2
) 2 2a 2 (a 2 - u 2 ) 2a 4 a2-u2
^ du
96) = 1 ln ^ u - a ^ = - 1 coth - 1 u u 2
- a 2 2a u+a to to =-
127) ^
du u 2 (a 2 =-1+u 2
)2 a4u
+ u3
+ l a+ua - u
- 2a 4 (a 2 - u 2 ) 4a 5 n
^ ^ ^
97) u 2
u
-
du
a 2 = 1
2 ln u - a 2 2

^
du u 3 (a 2 1 1 1 u2
98) ^
u u 2 2 - d a u 2 =u+ 2 a ln
^u
u - +a a
^ 128) ^ - u2)2
= + + l
2a 4 u 2 2a 4 (a 2 - u 2 ) a 6 n a 2 - u . J.

^ dx (a x 2n - 3 ^
^ 129) -x2 )n
=
2(n - 1)a 2 (a 2 +
- x 2 ) n-1 (2n - 2)a 2 (to - dx x )
2
2 n-1

= u 2 + a 2 ln ^ u 2 - a 2 ^
2

99) u
u
2 3
-
d
a
u
2 2 2

130) ^ xdx 1
100) ^
du = 1 l n u 2 - a 2 2a 2 u2 (a 2 - x 2 )n
=
2(n - 1)(a 2 - x 2 ) n-1
=
u(u 2 - a 2 )

101) ^ =
du u 2 (u 2 -
11 a 2 u
+
2a 3 l n u - a u+a Integrals with u + a . 2 2

a2)
^√
131) u 2 +a 2 du = uu 2 2 +a 2
+ a 2 ln ^ u+ √ u 2 +a 2 ^
2

1- ^u2^
102) ^
du
=
1
ln a4 u2-a2 2+ 2 3/2
u 3 (u 2 - a 2 ) 2a 2 u 2 2

103) ^
du - or - 1 l n u - a 4a 3
= 2a 2 (u 2 - a 2 ) u+a
(u 2 - a 2 ) 2

udu -1
104) ^ (u 2 - a 2 ) 2
= 2(u 2 - a 2 )

u 2 du (u 2 - a 2 - u 2(u 2 - a 1 l n u - a
105) ^ )2
= 2
)
+
4a u+a

u du (u - a
3 2 2
- a 2(u - a 2

106) ^ )2
= 2
)
+ 1
2 ln ^ u 2 - a 2 ^

107) ^
du
= - 1 2a 2 (u 2 - a 2 ) +
1
ln ^ u 2
^
2a 4 u 2 - a 2
u(u 2 - a 2 ) 2

du =- 1 - or -3ln
108) ^ u 2 (u 2 - a 2 ) 2 at 4 u 2a 4 (u 2 - a 2 ) 4a 5
(ua) u+a

du =- 1 - ^ 2
1 1 u
^ u 3 (u 2 - a 2 ) 2 2a 4 u 2
109) + l
2a 4 (u 2 - a 2 ) a 6 n u2-a 2J
du - or 2n - 3 du
110) ^ = 2a 2 (n - 1)(u 2 - a 2 ) n-1 (2n - 2)a 2
(u 2 -
a 2 ) n-1
(u 2 - a 2 ) n

udu -1
111) ^ (u 2 - a 2 ) n
= 2(n - 1)(u 2 -< a 2 ) n-1

^
du -1 1 du
112) ^ u(u 2 - a 2 ) n 2a 2 (n - 1)(u 2 - a 2 ) n-1 to 2 u(u 2 - a 2 ) n -1

u m du ^ u m-2 d u 2 ^ u m-2 d u
113) ^ (u 2 - a 2 ) n
=
(u 2 - a 2 ) n
-1
+
a (u 2 - a 2 ) n
^ ^
du = 1 du 1 du
u m (u 2 - a 2 ) n to 2 u m-2 (u 2 - a 2 ) n to 2 u m (u 2 - a 2 ) n-1

Integrals with a - u , u < a . 2 2 2 2

140) du = - u 2 +a 2
u 2 √ u 2 +a 2 at 2 u

115) ^ du
= 1 ln a+u = 1 tanh - 1 u a 2
-u2 2a a - ua to 141) ^ du =
√
u 2 +a 2 2a 2 u + 1 l n a+ √ u 2 +a 2 2a 3
2
or
u 3 √ u 2 +a 2
^
116)
2
u du
2 = - 1 2 ln(a 2 - u 2 )
u 2 +a 2 d u = u
a - u
142) ^ √
√
u2+a2 - a l n a+ u u 2 +a 2
√

^ ^ ^
117)
a
u
22- u 2
d u
= - u+ 2 a ln a
a+ u
- u

143) ^ u 2 +a 2 d u = u 2 + ln ^ u + √ u 2 + a 2 ^
√ √
u 2 +a 2 u
^
118)
a 2 - u 2=
u 3 d u
- u
2 2
- a
2 2
ln(a - u ) 2 2
^ ^
-1ln
• "6
to
and

144) ^
√
u 2 +a 2 a+ √ u 2 +a 2 2a or
A
8

II

119) ^ = l ^ ^ 2u 2
u(a 2 - u 2 ) d u
2a 1 2
n a2 -u u 2

145) ^ (u 2 +a 2 ) 3/2 udu

or
120) ^ = + ln ^ ^ a 2 √ u 2 +a 2
u2(ad2u-u2) a21u 21a3 a
a+-uu

146) ^ -1
(u 2 +a 2 ) 3/2 √
u 2 +a 2
^ du (a or
122) 2
-u2
=
) 2 2a 2 (a 2 - u 2 ) +1l n a+u 4a 3
a-u
u 2 du
147) ^ (u 2 +a 2 ) 3/2
=
√
ln u + u 2 + a 2
^ udu 1 u 2 +a 2
123) (a 2 - u 2 )2
=
2(a 2 - u 2 ) u 3 du
= to 2
148) ^ (u 2 +a 2 ) 3/2 √
u2+a2 +
√
^ u 2 du or 1 l n a+u u 2 +a 2
124) (a 2 - u 2 ) 2 = 2(a 2 - u 2 ) 4a a-u
121) ^ 3
u (a d 2 u − u 2 )
1 + 1 ln u 2 2a 4 a 2
-
149) ^ du =
1
1
^
a+ √ u 2 +a 2
^
to2a2 u
2 2
u(u 2 +a 2 ) 3/2 a 2 √ u 2 +a
125) ^ u 3 du
=
(a 2 - u 2 ) 2 2(a 2 - u 2 )
+ 1
2 ln(a - u ) 2 u
2
2
2 - to 3 ln or

6
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Precalculation Form........................................................1
1. The Numbers...........................................................1
2. Exact solutions of the equation Algebraic nes........1
3. Trigonometric functions.......................................2
3.1. Relationships between Trigonometric Functions. 2
3.2. Powers of Trigonometric Functions.............2
3.3. Sum, Difference and Product the Function Trigonometric nes. 2
4. Hyperbolic Functions...........................................2
4.1. Relationship between Hyperbolic Functions.2
Integral............................................................................4
Basic Formulas........................................................4
Trigonometrics.........................................................4
Hyperbolic...............................................................4
Integrals with au + b................................................4
- .............................................................................5
Integrals with u 2 - a 2 ..............................................8
Integrals with u 3 + a 3 ...........................................10
Comprehensive......................................................10
with au 2 + bu + c...................................................10
verses.....................................................................16
Integrals of Trigonometric Functions In-..............16
5. Laplace transforms................................................18
Definition 1. Equation in Separate Variables.. . .23
Definition 2. Equation in Separable Variables.. 23
Definition 3. Linear equation.............................23
Definition 4. Bernoulli equation........................23
Definition 5. Exact or Total Differential Equations. 24
ii) we calculate: u and iv) The implicit general solution is: u + v = C 24
Definition 6. Integrating Factor.........................24
1) µ(x) = e N dx 2) µ(y) = e M dy................................24
Definition 7. Homogeneous Function................24
Definition 8. Homogeneous Equations of Degree Zero. 24
Second Method : Variation of Parameters.........27
Second...................................................................28
Properties of the Laplace Transform..................28
Properties of the Inverse Laplace Transform.....29
^
132) √uu32d+ua2=
( u +a )
3 - a 2 √ u 2 +a 2
^ ^ a+ √ u ^
133) u √ u d 2 u +a 2 = - a 1 ln u 2 +a 2

7
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150) u 2 du (u 2 +a 2 ) or
= - u +a -
2 2
3/2
=- - a 4 √ u 2 +a 2
au

du = -1
3
151) ^ u 3 (u 2 +a 2 ) 3/2 2a 2 u 2 √ u 2 +a 2 2a 4 √ u 2 +a 2

+ 2a 3 5 ln ^ a + √ u 2 +a 2
^u

3/2
u (u 2
+a 2
) du =
152) ^ ^ u 2
+ a 2 ^ 3/2 4
3a 2 uu 2 +a 2
+8
+ 3 8 to 4 ln + √ u 2 + a 2 ^
^ ^ ^ u (u + a )
153) u u +a 2 2 3/2
du= 5 154) ^ u 2 ^ u 2 +a 2 ^ 3/2 du= u ( u
2 2 5/2 2 +
6
a 2
) 5/2
- a 2 u ( u 2
2
+
4
a 2
) 3/2

- au √ 1 u 6 2 +a 2
- 1 a 6 ln ^ u+ √ u 2 +a 2 ^
6

+ 3 2 a 2 ln ^ u + √ u 2 + a 2 ^

2 2 3/2 2 2 3/2

155) ^ ( u 2 +
u
a 2
) 3/2
du (u 2
+a 2 ) 3/2 +a2√u2+a2
3

^
a+ √ u 2 +a 2
- 3 ln or

3/2
2 2
( u +a ) 3u √ u 2 +a 2
156) ^ u 2 du u
+
2

157) ^ 3 du = - 2 + 3 √ u 2 +a 2
or 2u 2
^ ^
-32aln a+ √ u u 2 +a 2

Integrals with u - a . 2 2

^
158) √ u
d
2
u
-a 2 = ln u + u 2 - a 2 ^^ √

^ √
159) √ udu = u 2 - a 2
u2-a2

Precalculation Form........................................................1
1. The Numbers...........................................................1
2. Exact solutions of the equation Algebraic nes........1
3. Trigonometric functions.......................................2
3.1. Relationships between Trigonometric Functions. 2
3.2. Powers of Trigonometric Functions.............2
3.3. Sum, Difference and Product the Function Trigonometric nes. 2
4. Hyperbolic Functions...........................................2
4.1. Relationship between Hyperbolic Functions.2
Integral............................................................................4
Basic Formulas........................................................4
Trigonometrics.........................................................4
Hyperbolic...............................................................4
Integrals with au + b................................................4
.............................................................................5
-

Integrals with u 2 - a 2 ..............................................8

Integrals with u 3 + a 3 ...........................................10
Comprehensive......................................................10

8
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with au 2 + bu + c...................................................10
verses.....................................................................16
Integrals of Trigonometric Functions In-..............16
5. Laplace transforms................................................18
Definition 1. Equation in Separate Variables.. . .23
Definition 2. Equation in Separable Variables.. 23
Definition 3. Linear equation.............................23
Definition 4. Bernoulli equation........................23
Definition 5. Exact or Total Differential Equations. 24
ii) we calculate: u and iv) The implicit general solution is: u + v = C 24
Definition 6. Integrating Factor.........................24
1) µ(x) = e N dx 2) µ(y) = e M dy................................24
Definition 7. Homogeneous Function................24
Definition 8. Homogeneous Equations of Degree Zero. 24
Second Method : Variation of Parameters.........27
Second...................................................................28
Properties of the Laplace Transform..................28
Properties of the Inverse Laplace Transform.....29
^
160) u 2 √ u 2 - a 2 du= u ( u - 4 a ) +a 2 u√
8
u2-a2

- a 8 ln ^ u + √ u 2 - a 2 ^
4

2 2 5/2 a 2 ( u 2 - a 2 ) 3/2 3
168) u 3 u 2 - a 2 du = ( u - a 5 ) +

169) ^ u2-a2u 1u a
√
du = u 2 - a 2 - a sec
^
170) u
u
2
2
- a 2
du = - u 2
u
- a 2
+ln u+ u 2 - a 2 ^
^ √

9
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180) ^ u ^ u 2 - a 2 ^ 3/2 du = ( u - 5 a ) u2-a2du=u3 u 2 - a 2 2u 2

+ 1 sec - 1 u 2ato
171)
^
Integrals with a - 2
u 2172)
.
du
=
or
a 2 √ u 2 -• to 2
(u 2 - a 2 ) 3/2

186) ^ √ du = sin - 1 u a 2
-u 2 to udu -1
173) ^ (u 2 - a 2 ) 3/2
=
u 2 du
√
u2-a2
^ √
187) √ udu
=- a2-u2a 2
-u 2

174) ^ (u 2 - a 2 ) 3/2
=
u 3 du √
or
u2-a2
+ ln u + u 2 - t 2)
o
u du2
u -u 2 2

188) =- + u2-a2 -
to
√ a 2 -u 2 2
a
2
2
sin - 1 u^a
175) =
√ 2

(u 2 - a 2 ) 3/2
√
u2-a2

189) ^ √ u du = ( a
3 2-u2
) 3/2
-a 2
-u2 3
a 2 √ a 2 ^- u 2 du = -1 1 -1u
176) u(u 2
- a 2 ) 3/2 a2√u2-a 2 to 3 sec

190) ^ √ du = - 1 ln( a+ √ a ua 2
-u 2 to
or 2
-u2) ^ du
• ) 177) =-√u 2 -
ouch
to 2 - or
u 2 (u 2 - a 2 ) 3/2 a4√u2-a2

^
du a2-u2 du 1 -3 3 -1u
)
u2√a2-u2 at 2 u
178) ^ u 3 (u 2 - a 2 ) 3/2 2a 2 u 2 √ u 2 - a 2 2a 4 √ u 2 - to 2 2a 5 sec a
^ √
a2-u2 1 l n ( a+ √ a - u ) 2a
2 2 3
or
du u ( 2 -a 2 ) 3/2 - 3a or 2 to 2
192) u 3 √ a 2 -u 2 = 2a 2 u 2 179) ^ ^ u 2 - a 2 ^ 3/2 u du = 4
2 u
8

193) ^√ a 2 - u 2 du = u √ a 2 2 - u 2
+ a 2 sin - 1 u a
2
+ 3 8 to ln u + u 2 + to )
4 2

u 2 ) 3/2 3
( to - 2

194) ^ u √ a 2 - u 2 du = - 2

u(u2-a ) 5/2 + a 2 u ( u
2
- to 2 ) 3/2 24
195) ^ u 2 √ a 2 - u 2 du = - - or
)181) ^ ua2 2
u ^√ u
a 22- -uat2 a2 4 3/2 ^ du -=1 u 6
2

+ + 8 sen a
4 8
3 to 2 to 6 - to 2
5/2 +
2 2 2 2 2 2 √
u2- 16 ^
196) u 3 a 2 - u 2 du = ( au 5 ) a\ a - u )
3 - ouch 16 ln u + u2
(u 2
-a27
^
u 3^ u 2 du = )7/2 a 2(u2- a 2 ) 5/2
182) +5
- at 2 ^ 3/2 a 2 ) 3/2

(u
2
-2 (u 2
-
+ a 3 sec - 1 u a
183) ^ ) 3/2 du = 3
a2√u2-a2
or
(u ) 3/2 du = - ( or 2 -a 2 ) 3/2
3u √ u 2 - a 2 + 2
184) ^ - to or
u2
32
_-
at 2 ln u +√u2-a2^
- ( or
)3/2 2 -a 2 ) 3/2 2u 3√u2-a2+2 - 3
asec - 1 or 2a
185) ^ (r o - to
du = 2

u3

1
Suggestions, comments and/or contributions to the email:
moye60@hotmail.com
197) ^ a2-u2du=u √
a2-u2 - a ln a+ a u 2 - u2
218) ^ du = b c 2 ln au 2 + u 2 bu+c -
1 cu.
2
=
u 2 (au 2 +bu+c)

a2-u2du=u2
- sin - 1 u a ^
198) ^ a2-u2u
√ √
+b
2
- 2ac du
2c 2 au 2 +bu+c
^
199) ^ a2-u2du=u3 a 2 - u 2 2u 2 + 1 l n a+ √ a 2 2a or - u 2 ^ 219) ^ 2au+b 2a du au 2 +bu+c
√ √
du = +
(au 2 +bu+c) 2 (4ac - b 2 )(au 2 +bu+c) 4ac - b 2

udu bu+2c
200) ^ du
=
or
220) ^ (au 2 +bu+c) 2
=- - b
b2
^ du
au 2 +bu+c
(a 2 - u 2 ) 3/2 a2√a2-u2 (4ac - b 2 )(au 2 +bu+c) 4ac -

201) udu
(to 2 u 2 ) 3/2 to 2
1
u2 u 2 du (b 2
- 2ac ) u+bc ^+
2c 4ac du
221) (au 2 +bu+c) 2 = -b2 au 2 +bu+c
a(4ac+b 2 )(au 2 +bu+c)
u du
2
1u
202) (to 2 u 2 ) 3/2 to 2 u2
sen b
du du
222) = 2C
(au 2 +bu+c) 2
u(au 2 +bu+c) 2 2c(au 2 +bu+c)
u 3 du to 2
203) 2 ) 3/2
to 2 u2+ to 2 u 2 +
1c du
(to 2 u
u(au 2 +bu+c)

du ^ to 2 u 2
204) 1 ln to 3 a+ √
u 2 ) 3/2 du du
u(a 2 a2√a2 u2 223) u 2 (au 2 +bu+c) cu(au 2 +bu+c)
3ca
(au 2 +bu+c)
du u2
205) u 2 (a 2 u 2 ) 3/2 at 4 u a4√a2 u2
2
cb du
u(au 2 +bu+c)

du
206) u 2 ) 3/2 2a 2 u 2 √ a 2 u m du um
^
c u m-2 du
^
b u m-1 du
u 3 (a 2 u2 2a 4 √ a 2 u2 224) =
au 2 +bu+c (m - 1)a to au 2 +bu+c to au 2 +bu+c
^
3
a+ √ \ to u2
2

l
2a 5 n 225) du bc du
a = (n - 1)cu n a 1
(au 2 +bu+c)
(au 2 +bu+c)
^ 3/2 du = u(a2 u 2 ) 3/2 3a 2 u √ a 2 u2 to c du
207) to 2 u2
a 2
(au 2 +bu+c)

+ 3 8 to 4
sen
208) ^ u ^ a 2 u2 ^ 3/2 du = ( to u 2 ) 5/2
2
Integrals with u + a . 3 3

1l (u+a) 2
u(a2 u 2 ) 5/2 at 2 u ( at u 2 ) 3/2 226) du 1
so 1 2u - a
209) ^ u 2 ^ a 2 u2 ^ 3/2 du = 2
24
u 3 +a 3 6a 2 u 2 - au+a

a4u√a2 u2 at sen
16 6 1u
1 ln 6a u au+a 2
2

227) udu 1
so 2u - a
16 u 3 +a 3 (u+a) 2

^ 3/2 du = ( to u 2 ) 7/2 a2(a u 2 ) 5/2

210) ^ u 3 ^ a 2 u2 u 2 du
ln ^ u + to 3
2
228) u 3 +a 3
1
3
3

( to u 2 ) 3/2 ( to 2)3/2 +a2√a2

211) 2 du 2 u2 du ln ^ u3
229) u(u 3 +a 3 ) 3a u 3 +a 3
a+ √ to 2 u 2
at 3 ln \
l au+a 2
230) du
=
1u 6a 4 n 1
so 1 2u - a
u 2 (u 3 +a 3 ) at 3 u (u+a)
( to u 2 ) 3/2 ( to u 2 ) 3/2 3u √ a 2 u 2
+ 3 2 to sen
212) 2
u2 du 2
2

3 √ to 2 231) ^ du (u 3 +a 3 ) 2 (u+a) 2
( to u 2 ) 3/2 ( to u 2 ) 3/2 u2 or + ln 9a 5
or 2 - au+a 2
213) 2
u3 du 2
2u 2
=
3a (u +a 3 )
3 3

- 1 2u - a
a√3
+ 3 2 to
^
a+ √ to 2 u 2 + 3a 5 2 √ 3 tan
ln
u 2 - au+a 2 (u+a) 2
232) ^ udu (u 3 +a 3 )
2 = u 2
+ l
3a 3 (u 3 +a 3 ) 18 1 to 4 n
Comprehe with au + bu + 2
- 1 2u - a a √ 3
+ 3a 4 1 √ 3 tan
nsive c.
so - 1 2au+b
du
√
4ac - b 2 √
4ac - b 2 u 2 du -1
214) au 2 +bu+c
233) ^ (u 3 +a 3 ) 2 =-
ln ( 2au+b - b - 4ac √ 2 3(u 3 +a 3 )
2au+b+ √ b 2 - 4ac
√
b 2 - 4ac

234) ^
du u(u 3 +a 3 )
2
= 1 3a 3
(u 3
+a 3 + ln ( u 3
3 ) u 3 +a 3
udu ln au 2 + bu + c br du ) 3a 6
215) au +bu+c2 2
1
a
2a au +bu+c
2

^
- 4 udu
216)
u 2 du b
ln au 2 + bu + c 235) ^ du 1 u2
-
au +bu+c2 2a 2 u 2 (u 3 +a 3 ) =- - 3a 6 (u 3 +a 3 ) 3a 6 u 3 +a 3
2
to 6 u
^
b 2 - 2ac du u m du um um du
2a 2 au 2 +bu+c
236) u 3 +a 3
to 3 u 3 +a 3
m-2

- ^
du = 2 1 c ln u2 2bc du du 13a du
217 u(au 2 +bu+c) au 2 +bu+c au 2 +bu+c 237) = (u 3 +a 3 )
a 3 (n - 1)u n
a 3
u n (u 3 +a 3 )
)

1
1
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Integrals with u ± a . 3 3 241) u u

4 3
+ d
a u
4 = 1 4 ln u 4 +a 4
^ = ln ^ ^
1 n^u +au √ 2+a 2
^ 242) u(u 4 d + u a 4 ) 4a 1 4 u4u+4a4
238)
2
d u l
u4 + a4
4a 3 √ 2 u 2 - au √ 2+a 2
^
243) u4
u
+
du
a4 = 2a 1 2 tan - 1 u a 2 2

- 2a 3 1 √ 2 tan - 1 1 - u a 2 - tan - 1 1+ u a 2 ^ =- - t
244) u 3 ( ud 4 u +a 4 ) 2a 4 1 u 2 2a 1 6 an - 1 u a 2
^ (u2- au √ 2+a 2 .)
239) u 2
4 +
d
√ ln
u 1
u 2 +au √ 2+a 2 ^ du
a
u
4 4a 2 245) = 1 ln u - a - 1 tan - 1 u u 4
-a4 4a u+a 2a to

- 2a 1
√ 2 tan - 1
1- u
a 2
- tan - 1
1+ u
a 2
246) ^
u 4 u - du a 4
=
4a 1 2
ln ^ u
u22+-aa22
^

1 ln ( u - au √ 2+a ^
41-
l 247) u
u
42- a 4
d u
= 4 1 a ln ^ u u - +a a ^ + 2 1 a tan - 1u a
240) du at 4 u 4a 5 √ 2 nu 2
+au √ 2+a 2
u 2 (u 4 +a 4 )
^
248) u
43- a 4
d u
= 1 4 ln ^ u 4 - a 4 ^
+ 2a 5 1 √ 2 tan - 1 1 - u a 2 - tan - 1 1+ u a 2 u

^ du
249) = 1 ln u 4 -a4

Precalculation Form....................................................1
1. The Numbers.......................................................1
2. Exact solutions of the equation Algebraic nes....1
3. Trigonometric functions...................................2
3.1. Relationships between Trigonometric Functions. 2
3.2. Powers of Trigonometric Functions.........2
3.3. Sum, Difference and Product the Function Trigonometric nes. 2
4. Hyperbolic Functions.......................................2
4.1. Relationship between Hyperbolic Functions. 2
Integral........................................................................4
Basic Formulas....................................................4
Trigonometrics.....................................................4
Hyperbolic...........................................................4
Integrals with au + b............................................4 277) u 2 cos(au)du

-.........................................................................5
Integrals with u 2 - a 2 ..........................................8
Integrals with u 3 + a 3 .......................................10
Comprehensive..................................................10
with au 2 + bu + c...............................................10
verses.................................................................16
Integrals of Trigonometric Functions In-...........16
5. Laplace transforms............................................18
Definition 1. Equation in Separate Variables.23
Definition 2. Equation in Separable Variables.23
Definition 3. Linear equation.........................23
Definition 4. Bernoulli equation....................23
Definition 5. Exact or Total Differential Equations. 24
ii) we calculate: u and iv) The implicit general solution is: u + v = C 24
Definition 6. Integrating Factor......................24
1) µ(x) = e N dx 2) µ(y) = e M dy............................24

1
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Definition 7. Homogeneous Function............24

Definition 8. Homogeneous Equations of Degree Zero. 24
Second Method : Variation of Parameters.....27
Second................................................................28
Properties of the Laplace Transform..............28
Properties of the Inverse Laplace Transform. 29
^
261) cos(au)du = sin a (au)
^
262) ucos(au)du= cos a ( 2 au) + u sin a (au)
Integrals with cos(au).
2
a
u
2 cos(au) + (
- 3
a a ) sin(au)
^ ^u
251) u (u
3 d 4 u 4
=
- a ) 2a 4 1
u 2
+
4a 1 6
l
n u + a 2 - a 2 3
a
u
2 2
-a 6
4 cos(au) + u
a
3
- 6 a u 3 sin(au)
^ 278) u 3 cos(au)du
^
Integrals with sen(au). 279) u n cos(au)du = u n se
a
n(au)
-na^

^ u n - 1 sin(au)du
252) sin(au)du = - cos( au )
^ ^
^
sen(au) u cos(au) 280) u n cos(au)du = - u n se
a
n(au)
+ nu a n
2 -1
cos(au) - n(n a - 2
1)
un-2
) u sin(au) u = a 2 -a 2
a
u
2 sin(au) + ( a 3 -
a -)
cos(au) cos(au)du
^
254) u 2 sin(au)du 256) ^
u n sin(au)du = - u n co
a
281) cos 2 (au)du = u 2 + sin 4 (2 a au)

255) u 3 sen(au)du
3
a
u
2 2
- a 6 4 sin(au)+ 6 a u 3 - u a cos(au) 3

s(au)
+ n a ^ u n - 1 cos(au)du 282) ^
cos 3 (au)du = sin a (au) - sin 3 ( au )
^ ^
257) u sin(au)du = -
n u n co
a
s(au)
+ nu
a
n
2 -1
sin(au) - n(n
a
-
2
1)
283) ^
cos 4 (au)du = 3 8 u + sin 4 2 a (au) + sin 3 4 2 ( a au)
u n - 2 sin(au)du 284) ^
ucos 2 (au)du= u 4 + u sin 4 2 a (au) + cos 8 2 a ( 2 au)
2

^ ^
258) sin 2 (au)du = u 2 - sin 4 (2 au ) cos(au)
d =l +
(au) 2 (au) 4 (au) 6
+...
285) u u nu 2 · 2! 4·4! 6·6!
^
259) sin 3 (au)du = - cos( a ax) + cos 3 ( au)
3 a 286) ^ ^
cos(au) d u = - cos(au) - a sin(au) d u u 2 or or

^
260) ^
sin 4 (au)du = 3 8 u - sin( 4 2 a au) + sin 3 ( 2 4 a au) 287) cos
d
(
u
au) = 1 a ln [sec(au) + tan(au)] = a 1 ln ^ tan ^ π 4 + a 2 u ^^
^ udu
288) =
cos(au)

^ ^
1 ( au ) 2 ( au ) 4 5( au ) 6 E n ( au ) 2 n +2

= + + +...+ +...
to 2
2 8 144 (2 n +2)(2 n )!

1
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Precalculation Form...........................................1
1. The Numbers..............................................1
2. Exact solutions of the equation Algebraic nes 1
3. Trigonometric functions.........................2
3.1. Relationships between Trigonometric Functions. 2
3.2. Powers of Trigonometric Functions.2
3.3. Sum, Difference and Product the Function Trigonometric nes. 2
4. Hyperbolic Functions.............................2
4.1. Relationship between Hyperbolic Functions. 2
Integral...............................................................4
Basic Formulas...........................................4
Trigonometrics...........................................4
Hyperbolic..................................................4
Integrals with au + b...................................4
...............................................................5
-

Integrals with u 2 - a 2 ................................8

Integrals with u 3 + a 3 .............................10
Comprehensive.........................................10
with au 2 + bu + c......................................10
verses........................................................16
Integrals of Trigonometric Functions In-. 16
5. Laplace transforms...................................18
Definition 1. Equation in Separate Variables. 23
Definition 2. Equation in Separable Variables. 23
Definition 3. Linear equation................23
Definition 4. Bernoulli equation...........23
Definition 5. Exact or Total Differential Equations. 24
ii) we calculate: u and iv) The implicit general solution is: u + v = C 24
Definition 6. Integrating Factor............24
1) µ(x) = e N dx 2) µ(y) = e M dy..................24
Definition 7. Homogeneous Function.. 24
Definition 8. Homogeneous Equations of Degree Zero. 24
Second Method : Variation of Parameters. 27
Second......................................................28
Properties of the Laplace Transform....28
Properties of the Inverse Laplace Transform. 29
^
cos[(p - q)u] cos[(p+q)u]
290) sin(pu) cos(qu)du = - 2(pq) - 2(p+q)

Integrals with sin(au) and cos(au). 291) ^

sin n (au) cos(au)du = sin (n n
+1
(
)
a
a
u)

^
289) sin(au) cos(au)du = sin 2 ( au )

1
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^ ^
317) sec (au)
du = 1 ln tan(au) tan(au) to 322) cot 3 (au)du = - cot 2 ( a au) - a 1 ln sin(au)
^ ^
318) du
= 1 ln sin(au) tan(au) to 323) cot n (au) csc 2 (au)du = - co ( t n n
+
+
1
(
)
a
a
u)

^ ^
319) u tan 2 (au)du = u tan a (au) + a 1 2 ln cos(au) - u 2 2
324) csc (au)
du = - 1 ln cot(au) cot(au) to

^
325) du
= - 1 ln cos(au) cot(au) to
Integrals with cot(au). ^
326) u cot 2 (au)du = - u cot a (au) + a 1 2 ln sin(au) - u 2 2

320) cot(au)du = a 1 ln sin(au)

^
327) cot n (au)du = - co ( t n n-
-1
(
)
a
a
u)
- ^ cot n - 2 (au)du
^
321) cot (au)du = -
2 cot(
a
au)
-u
cos n+1 (au)
301) cos n (au) sin(au)du = (n+1)a
Integrals with sec(au).
302) ^ sin 2 (au) cos 2 (au)du = u 8 - sin 3 4 2 ( a au) 328) sec(au)du = to
1
ln [sec(au) + so(au)]= at
1
ln so at
2
x
+ π
4

Precalculation Form. 1
1. The Numbers.....................................................1
2. Exact solutions of the equation Algebraic nes...1
3. Trigonometric 2 cot(2au)
functions................................................................2
to sen(au)
332) du to
sec(au)
3.1. Relationships between Trigonometric Functions.
2
3.2. Powers of Trigonometric Functions........2
3.3. Sum, Difference and Product the Function Trigonometric nes. 2
4. Hyperbolic Functions.....................................2
4.1. Relationship between Hyperbolic Functions. 2
Integral.......................................................................4
Basic Formulas...................................................4
Trigonometrics...................................................4
Hyperbolic..........................................................4
Integrals with au + b..........................................4
-.......................................................................5
Integrals with u 2 - a 2 ........................................8
Integrals with u 3 + a 3 .....................................10
Comprehensive.................................................10
with au 2 + bu + c.............................................10
verses................................................................16
Integrals of Trigonometric Functions In-.........16
5. Laplace transforms...........................................18
Definition 1. Equation in Separate Variables.23
Definition 2. Equation in Separable Variables.23
Definition 3. Linear equation.......................23
Definition 4. Bernoulli equation...................23
Definition 5. Exact or Total Differential Equations. 24
ii) we calculate: u and iv) The implicit general solution is: u + v = C 24
Definition 6. Integrating Factor....................24

1
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1) µ(x) = e N dx 2) µ(y) = e M dy..........................24

Definition 7. Homogeneous Function..........24
Definition 8. Homogeneous Equations of Degree Zero. 24
Second Method : Variation of Parameters.. .27
Second..............................................................28
Properties of the Laplace Transform............28
Properties of the Inverse Laplace Transform.29
^
329) sec 2 (au)du = tan a (au)
^
330) sec 3 (au)du = sec(au) 2a tan(au) + 2 1 a ln [sec(au) + tan(au)]
^
331) sec n (au) tan(au)du = sec n
n
(
a
au)

333) u sec 2 (au)du = x a tan(au) + a 1 2 ln cos(au)

334) ^ sec n (au)du = sec n-

a
(
(
a
n
u
-
)
1
t
)
an(au)
+ n n - - 2 1 ^ sec n - 2
(au)du

Integrals with csc(au).

335) csc(au)du = a 1 ln [csc(au) - cot(au)] = a 1 ln tan a 2 u
^
Integrals with tan(au). 336) csc 2 (au)du = - cot( au )

^
312) tan (au) du = - a 1 ln cos(au) = 1 a ln sec(au) 337) csc 3 (au)du = - csc(au) 2a cot(au) + 2 1 a ln tan (a 2 u)
^
313) tan 2 (au)du = tan a (au) - u 338) ^
csc n (au) cot(au)du = - csc n
n
(
a
au)

^ ^
314) tan 3 (au)du = tan 2a (au) + a 1 ln cos(au) 340) u csc 2 (au)du = - u cot a (au) + a 1 2 ln [sin(au)]
cos(au)
^ 339) du
315) tan n (au)du = tan (n n
-
-
1
(
)
a
a
u)
- ^ tan n - 2 (au) du csc(au) to

^
316) tan n (au) sec 2 (au)du = tan (n n
+
+
1
(
)
a
a
u)
341) ^ csc n (au)du = - csc n- ( a u ) c ot(au)
+ n n - - 2 1 ^ csc n - 2
a ( n - 1 )

(au)du

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Integrals of Trigonometric Functions In- Integrals with e . au

^
verses. 378) e au cos (b u ) d u = e
au
[a cos( a b 2 u + )+ b 2 bsin(bu)]
368) ^ e au du = e a a u

342) sin - 1 (u/a)du = u sin - 1 (u/a) + a 2 - u 2

379) ^ ^eue
369) lnudu=
au au
du = ee aau
a
lnu
u
^ -u1 ^- ea 1 ^du a au au

343) ^ u sin - 1 (u/a)du = u 2 - a 4 sin - 1 (u/a) + u √ a 4 2 2 2 - u 2

^ ^
370) u 2 e au du = e a
a
u
u2-2au+a22^
^
344) u 2 sin - 1 (u/a)du = u 3 sin - 1 (u/a) + 3
( u +2a
9
) √ a - u Integrals
^
with ln(u).
^
371) u n e au du = u n e au
- n u n - 1 e au du aa
^
380)= e ln(u)du
au
u n=
- uln(u)
nu - +un(n - 1)u + n-1
+ ( - 1)
n-2 n
n!

345)
^
sin (u/a) d u = u + (u/a) u
-1 3
at 2 · 3 · 3 1 · 3(u/a) 5 1 · 3 · 5(u/a) 7 =a ua + to + .... + to n 2
+ +
2 · 4 · 5 · 5 2· 4 · 6 · 7 · 7 381)with ^n[ln(u)] 2
u [ln (u)] 2 - 2uln (u) + 2u
du =integer
= positive
^ sin -1 (u/a)
sin - u 1 2 (u/a) d u = 1 ln a a+ a 2 - u 2 ^ e a^ u
346)
or or 372)
382) =ln(u)+
u[ln(u)] n
du
1 a ·=
u
+ (a 2 · u 2 n) ! 2 +n(a^3 [ln(u)]
1!u[ln(u)] · u 3 ) ! 3 +n - ···
- 1
du
^ e ^au a ^ e
347) ^ ^ sin - 1 u a ^ 2 du = u ^ sin - 1 u a ^ 2 - 2u + 2 √ a 2 - u 2 sin - 1 u a 373)
383) udu
ln =(u) du = u 2
- e au
2
^
ln+(u) - 1 2du
^ au

a
(n - 1)u n-1 n-1 u n-1
^ √
348) cos - 1 (u/a)du = u cos - 1 u a - a 2 - u 2 ^
384) u m ln udu = u m + 1 ln u − m 1 +1 m + 1

374) p+ d q u e au = u p - a 1 p ln (p + qe au )
349) ^ u cos - 1 (u/a)du = ^ u 2 - a 4 2 2
^
cos - 1 u a - u √ a 4 2 - u 2
^ ln u
385) u du = 1 2 ln 2 u
^ du
350) ^ u 2 cos - 1 (u/a)du = u 3 cos - 1 u a - ( u - 2a 9 ) √ a - u 3
375) = + u 1
- 1 ln | p + qe au |
^(p+qe
du=) - lnu - 1 u wow
p ap (p+qe ) ap
au 2 2 au 2

386) lnu 2

^
1
tan - 1 ^ p e au a pq q
387) ln 2 udu = uln 2 u - 2u lnu + 2u
^ ^
376) du e au - - q/p
351) cos -1 u (u/a) d u = π 2 l n ( u ) - sin( u u/a) d u pe au +qe 1
ln 2a √ -
^ n
388) ln udu = ln n+1 u pq e au+ - q/p

^ cos -1 (u/a)
352) cos - u 1 ( 2 u/a) d u + 1 ln a+ a 2 - u 2 ^
e au sin (b u ) d u = e au
[a sin a (b 2 u - ) b - 2 b cos(bu)]
or or 377)
^
to 389) u
d
ln
u
u = ln (lnu)

353) ^ ^ cos - 1 u a ^ 2 du = u ^ cos - 1 u a ^ 2 - 2u - 2 √ a 2 - u 2 cos - 1 u a

354) tan - 1 (u/a)du = u tan - 1

(u/a) - a 2 ln u 2 + a 2 355) u tan - 1
(u/a)du = 1

2 u
2
+ a 2 tan - 1 (u/a) - a 2 u

356) ^ u 2 tan - 1 (u/a)du = u 3 tan - 1 (u/a) - a 6 u + a 6 ln ^ u 2 + a 2 ^ 357) ^ tan

3 2 3 -1
u

(u/a) d u = ( u / a ) - (u 3 / a) + (u 5 / a) - (u 7 / a) + ...
2
3
2
5
2
7

358) ^ tan -
u 1
2
(u/a)
du= - u 1 tan - 1 (u/a) - 2 1 a ln ^ u 2
u +
2
a 2
^

359) cot - 1 (u/a)du = u cot - 1 (u/a) + a 2 ln u 2 + a 2

360) ^ u cot - 1 (u/a)du = 1 2 ^ u 2 + a 2 ^ cot - 1 (u/a) + a 2 u

^
361) u 2 cot - 1 (u/a)du = u 3 cot - 1 (u/a) + a 6 u - a 6 ln ^ u 2 + a 2 ^
3 2 3

^ ^
362) cot -1 u (u/a) d u = π 2 l nu - tan -1 u (u/a) d u

^ ^ ^
363) cot -1 (u/a) d u = - cot -1 (u/a) + 1 l n u 2 +a 2 uor 2a or

364) ^ u m sin - 1 (u/a)du = u m m

+
+
1
1
sin - 1 (u/a) - m 1 +1 ^ √ u a m
2 -
+1
u 2 du

365) ^ u m cos - 1 (u/a)du = u m + 1 cos - 1 (u/a) + m 1 +1 ^ √ u a - u du m + 1 m

2
+1
2

366) ^ u m tan - 1 (u/a)du = u m + 1 390) ^ ln ^ u 2 + a 2 ^ du = u ln ^ u 2 +

m + 1

^ u
tan (u/a) - m +1 u 2 + a 2 du
- 1 a
a 2 ^ - 2u + 2a arctan u a
m + 1

^
367) u cot (u/a)du = m + 1
m - 1 u m + 1

cot - 1 (u/a) + m a +1 ^ u u 2 + a 2 du m + 1

391) ^ ln ^ u 2 - a 2 ^ du = u ln ^ u 2 - a
2 ^
- 2u + a ln ^ u u + - a a ^

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Integrals with sinh(au). Integrals with cosh(au).

392) ^ sinh(au)du = cosh a (au) 406) ^ cosh(au)du = sinh a (au)

^
u cosh(au) senh(au)
407) ^ u cosh(au)du = u sin a h(au) - cosh a ( 2 au)
) u sin (au) u = a - a 2

394) ^ u 2 sinh(au)du = u a + a 2 3 cosh(au) - 2 a u 2 sinh(au)2

408) ^ u 2 cosh(au)du = - 2u co a s 2 h(au) + ^ u a + a 2 3 ^ sinh(au) 2

^
^ cosh(au) (au) 2 (au) 4 (au) 6
395) sinh u (au) d u = au + (a 3· u 3 ) ! 3 + (a 5· u 5 ) ! 5 +...
409) u du = lnu + 2·2! + 4·4! + 6·6! + . . .
^ ^ ^ ^
396) sinh(au) d u = - sinh(au) + a cosh(au) d u u 2 or or 410) cosh(au) d u = - cosh(au) + a sinh(au) d u u 2 or or

397) ^ sin d h u (au) = a 1 ln ^ tanh ^ a 2 u ^^ 411) ^ du = 2 tan - 1 e au cosh(au) to

^
398) sin h 2 ( au )d u = sinh(au 2 ) a cosh(au) - u 2 412) ^ cosh 2 (au)du = u 2 + sinh(au 2 ) a cosh(au)

^ ^
399) use h 2 ( au )d u = u sin 4 h a (2au) - cosh 8a (2 2 au) - u 4 2 413) ucos h 2 ( au )d u = u 4 2
+ u sin 4 h a (2au) - cosh 8 ( a 2 2 au)

^ ^
400) du = - coth(au) 414) du = tanh(au)
senh 2 (au) to cosh 2 (au) to
^ ^
sinh[(a+p)u] senh[(a - p)u] senh[(a - pu)] sinh[(a+p)u]
401) sinh(au) sinh(pu)du = 2(a+p) - 2(ap) 415) cosh(au) cosh(pu)du = 2(ap) + 2(a+p)

402) ^ u m sinh(au)du = u m co
a
sh(au)
- m a ^ u m - 1 cosh(au)du 416) ^ u m cosh(au)du = u m sin
a
h(au)
- m a ^ u m - 1 sinh(au)du
403) ^ sinh n (au)du = sinh n-1 (a
a
u
n
) cosh(au)
- n - n 1 ^ sinh n - 2 (au)du 417) ^ cosh n (au)du = cosh n -1 (a
a
u
n
) sinh(au)
+ n - n 1 ^ cosh n - 2 (au)du
^ ^ ^ ^
senh(au) - senh(au) a cosh(au) cosh(au) - cosh(au) a sinh(au)
404) d
a
u = (n - 1)un-1
+
n-1
d
u n-1 u
418) a
d
u = (n - 1)u n-1
+
n-1
d
u n-1 u

5. Laplace transforms .........................................................................................................

^ ^
- cosh(au) -n-2 du
419) du senh(au) +n - 2 du
405) du
senh (au)
n a(n - 1) sinh n-1
(au) n-1 senh n-2 (au) cosh (au) n
a(n - 1) cosh n-1 (au) n-1 cosh n-2 (au)

f(s) F(t) f(s) F(t)

k k with k = constant yes cos(at)

yes s2+a2 to

1 t 1 e bt sin(at)
s 2
(s - b) + a 2 2
to

1 t n-1
with n = 0, 1, 2, . . . (n - 1)! s.b. e bt cos(at)
n (s - b) 2 + a 2
yes

1 1 senh(at)
t n-1
yes n with n > 0 Γ(n) s2-a2 to

1 yes
sa and at s2-a2 cosh(at)

1 t n-1 e at 1 e bt sinh(at)
with n = 0, 1, 2, . . . (n - 1)!
(s - a) n (s - b) - a to
2 2

1 n-1 e at s.b.
e bt cosh(at)
t

(s - a) n Γ(n) (s - b) 2 - a 2

e bt - e at
1 sin(at) 1 with a = b
s2+a2 to (s - a)(s - b) ba

1
Suggestions,comments and/or contributions to email: moye60@hotmail.com
be bt - ae at s5
yes with a = b ba (8 - a 2 t 2 ) cos(at) - 7at sin(at)
(s - a)(s - b) (s 2 + a 2 ) 3 8

f(s) F(t) f(s) F(t)

1 sin(at) - at cos(at) 3s - a
2 2
t 2 sin(at)
(s 2 + a 2 ) 2 2 to 3 (s 2 + a 2 ) 3 2a

yes t sin(at) s 3 - 3a 2 s 1
2 t 2 cos(at)
(s 2 + a 2 ) 2 2a (s 2 + a 2 ) 3

s2 sin(at) + at cos(at) s 4 - 6a 2 s + a 4 1
6 t 3 cos(at)
(s 2 + a 2 ) 2 2a (s 2 + a 2 ) 4

s3 s3-a2s t 3 sin(at)
cos(at) - 1 2 at sin(at)
(s 2 + a 2 ) 2 (s 2 + a 2 ) 4 24a

s2-a2 1 (3 + a 2 t 2 ) sinh(at) - 3at cosh(at)

t cos(at)
(s 2 + a 2 ) 2 (s 2 - a 2 ) 3 8a 5

1 at cosh(at) - sinh(at) yes at 2 cosh(at) - t sinh(at)

(s 2 - a 2 ) 2 2 to 3 (s 2 - a 2 ) 3 8a 3

yes t senh(at) s2 at cosh(at) + (a 2 t 2 - 1) sinh(at)

(s 2 - a 2 ) 2 2a (s 2 - a 2 ) 3 8a 3

s2 sinh(at) + at cosh(at) s3 3t sinh(at) + at 2 cosh(at)

(s 2 - a 2 ) 2 2a (s 2 - a 2 ) 3 8a

s3 s4 (3 + a 2 t 2 ) sinh(at) + 5at cosh(at)

cosh(at) + 1 2 at sinh(at)
(s 2 - a 2 ) 2 (s 2 - a 2 ) 3 8a

s2+a2 s5 (8 + a 2 t 2 ) cosh(at) + 7at sinh(at)

t cosh(at)
(s 2 - a 2 ) 2 (s 2 - a 2 ) 3 8

1 (3 - a 2 t 2 ) sin(at) - 3at cos(at) 3s 2 + a 2 t 2 sinh(at)

(s 2 + a 2 ) 3 8a 5 (s 2 - a 2 ) 3 2a

yes t sin(at) - at 2 cos(at) s 3 + 3a 2 s 1

2 t 2 cosh(at)
(s 2 + a 2 ) 3 8a 3 (s 2 - a 2 ) 3

s2 (1 + a 2 t 2 ) sin(at) - at cos(at) s 4 + 6a 2 s + a 4 1
6 t 3 cosh(at)
(s 2 + a 2 ) 3 8a 3 (s 2 - a 2 ) 4

s3 3t sin(at) + at 2 cos(at) s3+a2s t 3 sinh(at)

(s 2 + a 2 ) 3 8a (s 2 - a 2 ) 4 24a

s4 (3 - a 2 t 2 ) sin(at) + 5at cos(at) 1 e at/ 2 √

3at √
3at
2 3 sen - cos a + e -3at/2
(s + a 2 )a 3
2
8a 3a 2 2 2
s3+a3

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f(s) F(t) f(s) F(t)

√ √
e at/2 3at √ 3at at/-3 at/ 2 yes
yes cos + 3 sen - e -3 2 3a 2 —- ( cosh(at) - cos(at))
____2 s -a4
s3+a3 4
2a 2

s2 ^
sinh(at) +
s2 1
3 e - at + 2e at/ 2 cos 3
2
at
s4-a4 2a sin(at)
s3+a3

s3
^
2 cosh(at) + cos(at) ^
1 s4-a4
s3-a3 e - at/ 2 ^ 3 at/ 2 √
3at √ √3at ^

3a 2 and - cos 2 - 3in 2

1 e -bt - e -at
√s
+ a + √s + b 2(b - a) √ πt 3
yes
at/
s3-a3
e - 2 ^√
3 sin √3at - cos √3at + e 3 at/ 2 ^ 3a 2
2
1 fer at
s s+a to
s2
s3-a3
1
3 e at + 2e - at/ 2 cos √3 2 at
1 e at fer √ at
√
s(s - a) to
1 ^
4a 3 sin(at) cosh(at) - cos(at) sinh(at) ^
s 4 + 4a 4
1 and at √ 1 πt - be t
√s b
2
fcer ^ b √ t ^
-a+b
yes sin(at) sinh(at)
s 4 + 4a 4 2a 2
1
√
J 0 (at)
s2+a2
s 2 ^
___ sin(at) cosh(at) + cos(at) sinh(at) ^

s 4 + 4a 4
1
I 0 (at)
√
s -a22

s3 cos(at) cosh(at)
s 4 + 4a 4

1
^
s4-a4 2a 3 sin(at) - sin(at) ^

2
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A in degrees A in radians sin A stuff so A cot A sec A csc A

0◦
0 0 1 0 ∞ 1 ∞

15 or
π/12 2 - √3 2 + √3 √
6 - √2 √
6 + √2
1 ^√
4 6 -√2^ 1 ^√
4 6+√2^
1
30 or
π/6 12√3 13√3 √3 23√3 2
2
12√2 12√2
45 or
π/4 1 1 √2 √2

1
60 or
π/3 12√3 √3 13√3 2 23√3
2

1 ^√
75 or
5π/12 4 6 +√2^ 1 ^√
4 6 -√2^ 2 + √3 2-√3 √
6 + √2 √
6 - √2

90 or
π/2 1 0 ±∞ 0 ±∞ 1

1 ^√
105 or
7π/12 4 6 +√2^ - 14 ^√6 -√2^ - ^2 + √3^ - ^2 -√3^ - ^√6 +√2^ √
6 - √2

1
120 or
2π/3 1√3 2 - -√3 - 1√3 3 -2 2√3 3
2
12√2 -12√2
135 3π/4 -1 -1 -√2 √2
or

1
150 5π/6 -12√3 -13√3 -√3 -23√3 2
or

1 ^√
165 or
11π/12 4 6 -√2^ - 14 ^√6 +√2^ -^2-√3^ - ^2 + √3^ - ^√6 -√2^ √
6 + √2

180 or
π 0 -1 0 ±∞ -1 ±∞

195 or
13π/12 -14 ^√6 -√2^ -14^√6+√2^ 2 - √3 2 + √3 - ^√6 -√2^ - ^√6 +√2^

1
210 7π/6 —— -12√3 13√3 √3 -23√3 -2
or

1
- 1√2 2 - 1√2 2
225 5π/4 1 1 -√2 -√2
or

-12√3 1 13√3 -23√3

240 or
4π/3 -
√3 -2
2
255 or
17π/12 -14 ^√6 +√2^ - 14 ^√6 -√2^ 2 + √3 2-√3 - ^√6 +√2^ - ^√6 -√2^

270 or
3π/2 -1 0 ±∞ 0 ∓∞ -1

285 or
19π/12 -14 ^√6 +√2^ 1 ^√
4 6 -√2^ - ^2 + √3^ - ^2 -√3^ √
6 + √2 - ^√6 -√2^

1
300 5π/3 -12√3 -√3 -13√3 2 -23√3
or

2
-12√2 12√2
315 7π/4 -1 -1 √2 -√2
or

1
330 or
11π/6 - 1√3 2 - 1√3 3 -√3 2√3 3 -2
2

345 or
23π/12 -14 ^√6 -√2^ 1 ^√
4 6+√2^ -^2-√3^ - ^2 + √3^ √
6 - √2 - ^√6 +√2^

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360 or
2π 0 1 0 ∓∞ 1 ∓∞

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Definition 1. Equation in Separate Variables.

Let's consider the equation in standard form:

M (x)dx + N (y)dy = 0 (1)

The solution is obtained by directly integrating:

M(x)dx+ N(y)dy=C

Definition 2. Equation in Separable Variables.

The next two equations are equations in separable variables.

^ ^
M 1 (x)N 1 (y)dx + M 2 (x)N 2 (y)dy = 0 (2) (x)
M1 N 2 (y)
dx + (3)
M 2 (x) N 1 (y) dy=C
dy
= f(x)g(y) dx
To determine the solution to Eq.(2), divide the equation by: M 2
(x)N 1 (y), to reduce it to the equation in separate variables: The solution to Eq.(3) is obtained by dividing by g(y) and
multiplying by dx, to reduce it to the equation in separate
M 1 (x) N 2 (and) variables:
dx + dy = 0
M 2 (x) N 1 (and) 1
dy = f (x)dx g(y)
now it is only integrated directly:
now it is only integrated directly:

1
dy =
g(y) f (x)dx + C

(4)
Definition 3. Linear equation.
The linear equation has the general form:

a(x)y ′ + b(x)y = g(x)

(5)
a(x), is called the main coefficient . Eq.(4) must be divided by a(x) to obtain the standard form :

y ′ + P (x)y = Q(x)

Eq.(5) has 1 as the main coefficient and from here the solution of Eq.(4) is obtained. The solution is:

y(x) =e - P(x)dx e P(x)dx Q(x)dx + C

If Q(x) = 0, the solution is:

^
- P (x)dx
y(x) = Ce
^
P (x)dx
The term and It is called the Integrating Factor of the
equation.
Definition 4. Bernoulli equation.
It has the form:

y ′ + P (x)y = Q(x)y n (6)

with n = 0 and n = 1, n can be positive or negative. With the change of variable z = y - n+1
, the Bernoulli equation is reduced to the linear
equation:

z ′ + ( - n + 1)P (x)z = ( - n + 1)Q(x) (7)

By solving Eq.(7), we obtain that the solution of Bernoulli's Eq.(6) is:

y - n+1 = e - ( - n+1)P(x)dx ( - n+1) e( - n+1)P(x)dx Q(x)dx + C

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Definition 5. Exact or Total Differential Equations.

We consider the equation:

M(x, y)dx + N(x, y)dy = 0 (8)

where it holds: M y = N x . The solution is obtained by calculating:

i) u = ^ M(x, y)dx, iii) v = ^ [N (x, y) - u y ]dy

ii) we calculate: u and iv) The implicit general solution is: u + v = C

Definition 6. Integrating Factor.

Let's consider the equation:

M(x, y)dx + N(x, y)dy = 0 (9)

where M y = N x . To determine the solution to this equation, it must be reduced to an exact equation; so first one of the two possible
integrating factors must be calculated:
^ ^
My - Nx Nx – My
1) µ(x) = e N dx
2) µ(y) = e M dy

Second, Eq.(9) is multiplied by the integrating factor that exists and the exact equation is obtained:
µM (x, y)dx + µN (x, y)dy = 0 (10)

The solution of Eq.(10), which we already know how to solve, is the solution of Eq.(9).
Definition 7. Homogeneous Function.
It is said that a function f (x, y) is a “homogeneous function of degree n” with respect to the variables x and y, if for any real value λ the
property is satisfied:
f(xλ,yλ)=λ n f(x,y)
where n ∈ R. In particular, when n = 0 we have a homogeneous function of degree zero, it holds that:

f (xλ, yλ) = f(x, y)

Definition 8. Homogeneous Equations of Degree Zero.

Let's consider the equations:
M(x, y)dx + N(x, y)dy = 0 (11)
d y
d x = f(x,y)
(12)

Eq.(11) is said to be homogeneous of degree zero, if both M (x, y) and N (x, y) are homogeneous functions of the same degree.
Eq.(12) will be homogeneous if f(x, y) is a homogeneous function of degree zero. Eqs.(11) and (12) are transformed into equations in
separate variables by using the changes of variables: u = y x and v = x y .
If N is algebraically simpler than M, we choose u = y . If M is algebraically simpler than N, we choose v = x .
xy

A) With the change of variable u = y x .

® Eq. (11) reduces to the equation in separate variables:

x
+ ,u
du = 0 which integrates directly ^ x + ^ ,u
du = C
x M(1,u) +uN(1,u) x M(1,u)+uN(1,u)

The solution to Eq.(11) is obtained by substituting u again for x

y
in the result of the integral.

® Eq. (12) reduces to the equation in separate variables:

^ u
u
=x which is directly integrated =^x+C
f(1,u) - u x f(1,u) - ux

The solution to Eq.(12) is obtained by substituting u again for x

y
in the result of the integral.

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B) With the change of variable v = x . and

® Eq. (11) reduces to the equation in separate variables:

and
+ v,
dv = 0 which integrates directly ^ and + ^ v,
dv = C
y + N(v,1) +vM(v,1) goes as black rec amen e y + N(v,1)+vM(v,1) v
The solution of Eq.(11) is obtained by substituting v again for x
y in the result of the integral.
® Eq. (12) reduces to the equation in separate variables:
d.v.
= dy d.v. dy
1 — which is directly integrated 1 = — +C
1 - vy 1 - vy
f(v ,1) f(v ,1)

The solution to Eq.(12) is obtained by substituting v again for x

y in the result of the integral.

1. Wronskian.
and 1 and 2 · · · and n Line of functions.
′ ′
′ and 1 and
2
·
·· and n First derivative of functions.
′′ ′′
" and 1 and · Second derivative of functions.
W [y 1 , y 2 . . , and n 2 ·· and n
,. ]= . . .
. .. .
. ..
. . .. .
(n-1) and 1 (n-1) and 2 · (n-1) · ·
and n Derivative of order n - 1 of the functions.

• If the W [y 1 , and 2 , . . . , and n ] = 0, then the set of functions { and

1 , and 2 , . . . , and n } It is linearly dependent (LD).
• If the W [y 1 , and 2 , . . . , and n ] = 0, then the set of functions { and
1 , and 2 , . . . , and n } is linearly independent (LI).

(1) Calculation of y h (x). Auxiliary Equation.

First. Given the equation:
Precalculation Form................................................................................................................................................................
1. The Numbers...................................................................................................................................................................
2. Exact solutions of the equation Algebraic nes................................................................................................................
3. Trigonometric functions..............................................................................................................................................
3.1. Relationships between Trigonometric Functions.................................................................................................
3.2. Powers of Trigonometric Functions.....................................................................................................................
3.3. Sum, Difference and Product the Function Trigonometric nes............................................................................
4. Hyperbolic Functions...................................................................................................................................................
4.1. Relationship between Hyperbolic Functions........................................................................................................
Integral....................................................................................................................................................................................
Basic Formulas................................................................................................................................................................
Trigonometrics................................................................................................................................................................
Hyperbolic.......................................................................................................................................................................
Integrals with au + b........................................................................................................................................................
-.....................................................................................................................................................................................
Integrals with u 2 - a 2 ......................................................................................................................................................
Integrals with u 3 + a 3 ...................................................................................................................................................
Comprehensive..............................................................................................................................................................
with au 2 + bu + c...........................................................................................................................................................

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verses.............................................................................................................................................................................
Integrals of Trigonometric Functions In-......................................................................................................................
5. Laplace transforms........................................................................................................................................................
Definition 1. Equation in Separate Variables............................................................................................................
Definition 2. Equation in Separable Variables..........................................................................................................
Definition 3. Linear equation.....................................................................................................................................
Definition 4. Bernoulli equation................................................................................................................................
Definition 5. Exact or Total Differential Equations..................................................................................................
ii) we calculate: u and iv) The implicit general solution is: u + v = C....................................................................
Definition 6. Integrating Factor.................................................................................................................................
1) µ(x) = e N dx 2) µ(y) = e M dy........................................................................................................................................
Definition 7. Homogeneous Function........................................................................................................................
Definition 8. Homogeneous Equations of Degree Zero............................................................................................
Second Method : Variation of Parameters.................................................................................................................
Second...........................................................................................................................................................................
Properties of the Laplace Transform.........................................................................................................................
Properties of the Inverse Laplace Transform.............................................................................................................

Eq.(15) is a polynomial of degree n, in the variable m. By solving this polynomial we can have:

⋆ real and different roots ⋆ complex conjugate roots, and

⋆ repeated real roots ⋆ repeated complex conjugate roots
For this reason y h (x) consists of four parts: y h (x) = y 1 (x) + y 2 (x) + y 3 (x) + y 4 (x), they do not necessarily exist all four
cases!!

Case i. Real and Different Roots, and 1 (x).

Let m 1 , m 2 , m 3 , . . . the real and different roots of (15), then, a part of y h (x) is written as:

y 1 (x) = C 1 e m 1 x
+C2em 2 x
+C3em 3 x
+ ·· · (16)

Case ii. Repeated Real Roots, and 2 (x).

Let m = m 1 = m 2 = m 3 = m 4 · · · be the repeated real roots of (15), then another part of y h (x) is written as:

y 2 (x) = C 1 e mx +C 2 x e mx + C 3 x 2 e mx + C 4 x 3 e mx + ·· ·

Case iii. Complex Conjugate Roots, and 3 (x).

Let m 1 = α 1 ± β 1 i, m 2 = α 2 ± β 2 i, m 3 = α 3 ± β 3 i, . . . the complex conjugate roots of (15), then another part of y h (x) is
written as:

^
y 3 (x) = e α 1 x
C 1 cos(β 1 x) + C 2 sin(β 1 x) ^ +
^
eα 2 x
C 3 cos(β 2 x) + C 4 sin(β 2 x) ^ +
^
e α 3 x
C 5 cos(β 3 x) + C 6 sin(β 3 x) ^ + · ·
· (18)

Note : Note that the positive value of β is taken in all cases.

Case iv. Repeated Complex Conjugate Roots, and 4 (x).

Let m 1 = α ± βi = m 2 = α ± βi = m 3 = α ± βi = · · · be the repeated complex conjugate roots of (15), then another part of y
h (x) is written as :

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y 4 (x) = e αx ^ C 1 cos(βx) + C 2 sin(β x) ^ +

x e αx ^ C 3 cos(β x) + C 4 sin(βx) ^ +
x 2 e αx ^ C 5 cos(β x) + C 6 sin(βx) ^ + · · ·
(19)

Note : Note that the positive value of β is taken in all cases.

• Fundamental Set of Solutions (CFS). Let y 1 , and 2 , . . . , and n , n LI solutions of Eq.(14). Then the set { y 1 , y 2 , . . . ,
and n } is called the Fundamental Set of Solutions for Eq.(14).

(2) Calculation of particular solutions and p (x) for Eq. (13).

First Method : Undetermined Coefficients.

The solution y p (x) depends on the form of g(x). For this reason the following table is used:
if g(x) is then y p (x) is proposed as

k - cte TO

a n x n + a n-1 x n -1 + · · · + a 2 x 2 + a 1 x + a 0 A n x n + A n-1 x n -1 + · · · + A 2 x 2 +A 1 x+A 0

cos(ax) A cos(ax) + B sin(ax)

sin(ax) A cos(ax) + B sin(ax)

e ax Ae ax
If g(x) is a multiplication of the previous forms, and p (x) is proposed as a multiplication of the respective y p (x).

Once y p (x) has been proposed, the general homogeneous solution y h (x) must be calculated and verified that the terms
of y p (x) do not appear in y h (x); but if any term of y p (x) appears in y h (x), then said term should be multiplied by xox 2 ox 3
. . . or by some power x n , until said term of the particular solution and p (x) do not appear in the solution y h (x). Then y p (x)
must be derived according to the derivatives that appear in Eq.(13); Once the derivatives have been calculated, they are
substituted into Eq.(13) to compare coefficients and determine their respective values.

Second Method : Variation of Parameters.

When the independent term g(x) does not have the form of one of those in the table of indeterminate coefficients,
parameter variation is used.

The fundamental set of solutions (CFS) of the associated homogeneous equation (14) must be determined. In general, one
way to determine a CFS for Eq.(14) is from the general homogeneous solution y h (x) = C 1 y 1 (x) + C 2 y 2 (x) + C 3 y 3 (x)
+ · · · + C k y k (x), the CFS is:

{ y 1 (x), y 2 (x), y 3 (x), . . . , and k (x) }

First. It only works with second and third order EDO-LOS. Then the fundamental sets of solutions must be determined { y
1 (x), y 2 (x) } or { y 1 (x), y 2 (x), y 3 (x) } , depending on whether it is a Second or third order ODE respectively.

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Second.
Case i. Second order equation.
The particular solution has the form:
y p (x) = u 1 y 1 + u 2 y
2

where:
- g(x)y 2 W - g(x)y 2
u′
1
[y 1 , y 2 ] , u1= W[y 1 ,y 2 ] d x

g(x)y 1 g(x)y 1
u′2 u =
2
W[y 1 ,y 2 ] dx
W[y 1 , y 2 ]
,

Case ii. Third order equation.

The particular solution has the form:
y p (x) = u 1 y 1 + u 2 y 2 + u 3 y
3
where:

^
u ′ = g(x)[y 2 y 3 - y 3 y 2 ]
′ ′
u= g(x)[y 2 y 3 - y 3 y 2 ] dx W [y
′ ′

1
W [y 1 , y 2 , y 3 ] , 1 , y 2 , y 3 ]

u ′ = g(x)[ - y 1 y 3 + y 3 y 1 ]
′ ′
g(x)[ - y 1 y 3 + y 3 y 1 ] u 2 = W[y 1
′ ′

2
W [y 1 , y 2 , y 3 ] , ,y 2 ,y 3 ] d
x

g(x)[y 1 y 2 - y 2 y 1 ] u 3 = W[y
′ ′

u ′ = g(x)[y 1 y 2 - y 2 y 1 ]
′ ′

dx
3
W [y 1 , y 2 , y 3 ] , 1 ,y 2 ,y 3 ]

Finally, the general solution of Eq. (13) is obtained by adding y h (x) and the y p (x) obtained by undetermined coefficients and/or by
variation of parameters.

II. Laplace transform L.

The Laplace transform of a function f (t) exists if f (t) is sectionally (piecewise) continuous on [0, ∞ ) and is of exponential order.

e - st f (t)dt

Once the integral has been calculated, we represent L { f (t) } by F (s) . And in general: L { g(t) } = G(s), L { h(t) } = H (s), . . .

Properties of the Laplace Transform.

• The Laplace transform is linear because:

L { kf(t) } = kL { f (t) }
L { k 1 f (t) + k 2 g(t) } = k 1 L { f (t) } + k 2 L { g(t) }

where: k, k 1 and k 2 are constants.

• Transformation of a Derivative.

L { y } = Y (s)
L { y ′ } = sY (s) - y(0)
L { y ′′ } = s 2 Y (s) - sy(0) - y ′ (0)
L { y ′′′ } = s 3 Y (s) - s 2 y(0) - sy ′ (0) - y ′′ (0)

L { y (n) } = s n Y (s) - s n - 1 y(0) - s n - 2 y ′ (0) - · · · - sy (n - 2) (0) - y ( n - 1) (0)

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• First Translation or Displacement Theorem:

L { e at f(t) } =F(s - a)

^
First we identify the value of a and calculate L { f (t) } = F (s). Second, F (s) s=sa is calculated, and thus it is satisfied that L { e at
f(t) }
=F(s - a).
• Heaviside Unitary Step Function, denoted as U (t - a) or H (t - a).

H(t - a)=U(t - a)= ^ 0 1 , , t 0 ≥ ≤ a t . ≤ a;

• Piecewise function in terms of the unit step function. Be

f 1 (t) 0 ≤ t ≤ aa ≤ t<bb ≤ t<ct ≥ c

f 2 (t)
f(t) =
f 3 (t) so: f(t) = f 1 (t)U (t) + f 2 (t) - f 1 (t) OR
f 4 (t) (t - to) + f 3 (t) - f 2 (t) OR (t -
b) + f 4 (t) - f 3 (t) U(t - c)
• Second Translation Theorem:
L { f(t)U(t - a) } = e - as L f(t) ^ ^ t=t+a

First, the value of a and f (t) is identified. Second, we calculate f (t) ^

t=t+ Third, L is calculated f(t) ^ ^ t=t+a And so you
have
queL { f(t)Ua } =e - as L f(t) ^^ t=t+a

III. Inverse Laplace Transform L - 1 .

Let F (s) be the Laplace transform of some function f (t). Then, f (t) is said to be the inverse Laplace transform of F (s), and is denoted
by L - 1 { F(s) } = f (t).
• The Inverse Laplace Transform is Linear because:

L - 1 { kF (s) } = kL - 1 { F (s) }
L - 1 { k 1 F (s) + k 2 G(s) } = k 1 L - 1 { F (s) } + k 2 L - 1 { G(s) }

where: k, k 1 and k 2 are constants.

Properties of the Inverse Laplace Transform.

• Inverse Form of the First Translation Theorem.

L - 1 { F(s - a) } =e at f(t)

• Inverse Form of the Second Translation Theorem.

L - 1 { e - as F(s) } =f(t) ^^ t=ta Ua

First identify the value of a and F (s). Second calculate L - 1

{ F (s) } = f (t). Third, evaluate f (t) ^ t=ta and thus we have that L - 1 { e - as F (s)
^
} = f(t) ^ t=ta Ua.