FUNDAMENTALS OF

FLUID MECHANICS
Chapter 5 Flow Analysis
Using Control Volume

1
MAIN TOPICS
™ Conservation of Mass
™ Newton’s Second Law – The Linear Momentum
Equations
™ The Moment-of-Momentum Equations
™ First Law of Thermodynamics – The Energy Equation
™ Second Law of Thermodynamics – Irreversible Flow

2
Conservation of Mass –
The Continuity Equation 1/4
™ Basic Law for Conservation of Mass
dM ⎞
⎟ =0 M system = ∫ dm = ∫ ρdV
dt ⎠system M ( system ) V ( system )

™ For the system and a fixed, nondeforming control volume

that are coincident at an instant of time, the Reynolds
Transport Theorem leads to
D ∂ r r
B=M and b =1 ∫
Dt sys
ρ d V ≡ ∫ ρ d V + ∫ ρ V ⋅ n dA
∂ t CV CS
Time rate of change Time rate of change of the Net rate of flow of
of the mass of the = mass of the content of the + mass through the
coincident system coincident control volume control surface
3
Conservation of Mass –
The Continuity Equation 2/4

System and control volume at three different instances of time.

(a) System and control volume at time t – δt. (b) System and
control volume at time t, coincident condition. (c) System and
control volume at time t + δt.
4
Conservation of Mass –
The Continuity Equation 3/4
™ For a fixed, nondeforming control volume, the control
volume formulation of the conservation of mass: The
continuity equation
∑
m
r
& − m
out
& ∑ in
dM ⎞ ∂ r
⎟ ≡ ∫ ρ d V + ∫ ρ V ⋅ n dA = 0
dt ⎠ system ∂ t CV CS

Rate of increase Net influx of

Of mass in CV mass
∂ r r
∫
∂t CV
ρdV = − ∫ ρV ⋅ ndA
CS

5
Conservation of Mass –
The Continuity Equation 4/4
™ Incompressible Fluids
∂ v r ∂ v r
ρ ∫ d V + ρ ∫ V ⋅ n dA = 0 → ∫ d V + ∫ V ⋅ n dA = 0
∂ t CV CS ∂ t CV CS

™ For Steady flow ∑ m& out − ∑ m& in

v r
∫ ρV ⋅ ndA = 0 The mass flow rate into a control volume
CS
must be equal to the mass flow rate out of
the control volume.

6
Other Definition
™ Mass flowrate through a section of control surface
r r
& = ρ Q = ∫ ρ V ⋅ n dA = ∑ m
m & out − ∑ m
& in
A
™ The average velocity
r r
∫A ρV ⋅ ndA
V=
ρA

7
Fixed, Nondeforming Control Volume 1/2
™ When the flow is steady
∂
∑ & out = ∑ m
∂ t ∫CV
ρ d V = 0 m & in

™ When the flow is steady and incompressible

∑ Q& out = ∑Q
&
in

™ When the flow is not steady

∂
∫
∂t CV
ρ dV ≠ 0 “+” : the mass of the contents of the control volume is increasing
“-” : the mass of the contents of the control volume is decreasing.

8
Fixed, Nondeforming Control Volume 2/2
™ When the flow is uniformly distributed over the opening
in the control surface (one dimensional flow)
& = ρAV
m
™ When the flow is nonuniformly distributed over the
opening in the control surface
& = ρA V
m

9
Example 5.1 Conservation of Mass –
Steady, Incompressible Flow
z Seawater flows steadily through a simple conical-shaped nozzle at
the end of a fire hose as illustrated in Figure E5.1. If the nozzle exit
velocity must be at least 20 m/s, determine the minimum pumping
capacity required in m3/s.

Figure E5.1

10
Example 5.1 Solution
The continuity equation
Steady flow
∂ r r
∂t ∫CV
ρ d V + ∫ ρ V ⋅ n dA = 0
CS

r r
∫ ρ V ⋅ ndA = m& 2 − m& 1 = 0
CS
or &2=m
m &1
ρ1Q1 = ρ 2 Q 2
With incompressible condition
ρ1 = ρ 2 ⇒ Q1 = Q2 = V2 A 2 = ... = 0.0251m 3 / s

11
Example 5.2 Conservation of Mass –
Steady, Compressible Flow
z Air flows steadily between two sections in a long, straight portion of
4-in. inside diameter as indicated in Figure E5.2. The uniformly
distributed temperature and pressure at each section are given. If the
average air velocity (Nonuniform velocity distribution) at section (2)
is 1000ft/s, calculate the average air velocity at section (1).

Figure E5.2
12
Example 5.2 Solution
The continuity equation
Steady flow
∂ r r
∂t ∫CV
ρ d V + ∫ ρ V ⋅ n dA = 0
CS
r r
∫ ρ V ⋅ ndA = m& 2 − m& 1 = 0 ⇒ m& 2 = m& 1
CS

ρ1 A 1 V1 = ρ 2 A 2 V2
ρ p 2 T1
Since A1=A2 V1 = 2 V2 V1 = V2 = ... 219 ft / s
ρ1 p1T2
The ideal gas equation
p
ρ=
RT 13
Example 5.3 Conservation of Mass –
Two Fluids
z Moist air (a mixture of dry air and water vapor) enters a
dehumidifier at the rate of 22 slugs/hr. Liquid water drains out of the
dehumidifier at a rate of 0.5 slugs/hr. Determine the mass flowrate
of the dry air and the water vapor leaving the dehumidifier.

Figure E5.3 14
Example 5.3 Solution
The continuity equation
Steady flow

∂ r r
∫
∂ t CV
ρ d V + ∫ ρ V ⋅ n dA = 0
CS

r r
ρ ∫ V ⋅ n dA = − m
&1+m
&2+m
&3=0
CS

&2=m
m &1−m
& 3 = 22 slugs / hr − 0 .5slugs / hr = 21 .5slugs / hr

15
Example 5.4 Conservation of Mass –
Nonuniform Velocity Profiles
z Incompressible, laminar water flow develops in a straight pipe
having radius R as indicated in Figure E5.4. At section (1), the
velocity profile is uniform; the velocity is equal to a constant value
U and is parallel to the pipe axis everywhere. At section (2), the
velocity profile is axisymmetric and parabolic, with zero velocity at
the pipe wall and a maximum value of umax at the centerline. How
are U and umax related? How are the average velocity at section
(2), V2 , and umax related?

16
Example 5.4 Solution
The continuity equation
Steady flow
∂ r r
∂t ∫CV
ρ d V + ∫ ρ V ⋅ n dA = 0
CS

r r R
− ρ1 A 1U + ∫ ρ V ⋅ n dA = 0 − ρ1 A 1U + ρ 2 ∫ u 2 2 πrdr = 0
A2 0

With incompressible condition ρ1 = ρ 2 ⎡ ⎛ r ⎞2 ⎤

u = u max ⎢1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
R ⎡ ⎛ r ⎞2 ⎤ ⎢⎣ ⎝ R ⎠ ⎥⎦
− A 1 U + 2 π u max ∫ ⎢1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ rdr = 0
0
⎢⎣ ⎝ R ⎠ ⎥⎦
u max = 2 U V2 = u max / 2
17
Example 5.5 Conservation of Mass –
Unsteady Flow
z A bathtub is being filled with water from a faucet. The rate of flow
from the faucet is steady at 9 gal/min. The tub volume is
approximated by a rectangular space as indicate Figure E5.5(a).
Estimate the time rate of change of the depth of water in the
tub, ∂h / ∂t , in in./min at any instant.

Figure E5.5
18
Example 5.5 Solution1/2
The continuity equation

∂ r r
∫
∂ t CV
ρ d V + ∫ ρ V ⋅ n dA = 0
CS

∂ ∂
= ∫ ρ air d Vair + ∫ ρ water d Vwater − m
& water + m
& air
∂t air volume ∂ t water volume

∂
For air
∂t ∫air volume
ρ air d Vair + m
& air = 0

19
Example 5.5 Solution2/2

∂
For water
∂t ∫water volume
ρ water d Vwater = m& water

∂
∫
∂t water volume
ρ water d Vwater = ρ water [ h ( 2 ft )( 5ft ) + (1 .5ft − h ) A j ]

∂h
⇒ ρ water (10 ft 2 − A j ) =m & water
∂t
∂h Q water ( 9 gal / min)( 12 in . / ft )
= =
∂t (10 ft − A j )
2
( 7 .48 gal / ft 3 )(10 ft 2 )

A j << 10ft 2

20
Moving, Nondeforming Control Volume

™ When a moving control volume is used, the fluid velocity

relative to the moving control is an important variable.
ÖW is the relative fluid velocity seen by an observer
moving with the control volume.
ÖVcv is the control volume velocity as seen from a fixed
coordinate system.
ÖV is the absolute fluid velocity seen by a stationary
observer in a fixed coordinate system.
r r r DM sys ∂ r r
V = W + VCV = ∫ CVρdV + ∫ C.S.ρW ⋅ ndA
Dt ∂t
∂ r r
∂t ∫ CVρdV + ∫ C.S.ρW ⋅ ndA = 0
21
Example 5.6 Conservation of Mass - Compressible
Flow with a Moving Control Volume

z An airplane moves forward at speed of 971 km/hr as shown in

Figure E5.6 (a). The frontal intake area of the jet engine is 0.80m2
and the entering air density is 0.736 kg/m3. A stationary observer
determines that relative to the earth, the jet engine exhaust gases
move away from the engine with a speed of 1050 km/hr. The engine
exhaust area is 0.558 m2, and the exhaust gas density is 0.515 kg/m3.
Estimate the mass flowrate of guel into the engine in kg/hr.
Determine the mass flowrate of fuel
into the engine in kg/hr

Figure E5.6 22
Example 5.6 Solution
The continuity equation The intake velocity, W1, relative to the moving
control volume. The exhaust velocity, W2, also
=0 r r needs to be measured relative to the moving
∂
∂t ∫ CVρdV + ∫ C.S.ρW ⋅ ndA = 0
control volume.

Assuming one-dimensional flow

−m
& fuel in − ρ1A1W1 + ρ 2 A 2 W2 = 0
→m
& fuel in = ρ2 A 2 W2 − ρ1A1W1
W2 = V2 − Vplane = 1050km / hr + 971km / hr = 201km / hr
→m
& fuel in = (0.515kg / m3 )(0.558m 2 )( 2021km / hr )(1000m / km) − ... = 9100kg / hr

23
Example 5.7 Conservation of Mass -
Relative Velocity
z Water enters a rotating lawn sprinkler
through its base at the steady rate of
1000 ml/s as sketched in Figure E5.7.
If the exit area of each of the two
nozzle is 30 mm2 , determine the
average speed of the water leaving
each nozzle, relative to the nozzle, if
(a) the rotary sprinkler head is Figure E5.7
stationary, (b) the sprinkler head
rotates at 60 rpm, and (c) the Determine the average speed
sprinkler head accelerates from 0 to of the water leaving each
600 rpm. nozzle, relative to the nozzle…
24
Example 5.7 Solution
The continuity equation
=0 r r
∂
∂t ∫ CVρdV + ∫ C.S.ρW ⋅ ndA = 0

r r
∫ C.S.ρW ⋅ ndA = − m& in + m& out = 0
& out = 2ρA 2 W2 = m
m & in = ρQ
Q (1000ml / s)(0.001m3 / liter )(106 mm2 / m 2 )
W2 = = 2
= 16.7m / s = W2
2A 2 (1000ml / liter )( 2)(30mm )
The value of W2 is independent of the speed of rotation of the sprinkler head
and represents the average speed of the water exiting from each nozzle with
respect to the nozzle for case (a), (b), (c). 25
Deforming Control Volume
™ A deforming control volume involves changing volume
size and control surface movement.
™ The Reynolds transport theorem for a deforming control
volume can be used for this case.
DM sys ∂ r r
= ∫ CVρdV + ∫ C.S.ρW ⋅ ndA
Dt ∂t
r r r
V = W + VCS
Vcs is the velocity of the control surface as seen by a fixed observer.
W is the relative velocity referenced to the control surface.

26
Example 5.8 Conservation of Mass –
Deforming Control Volume 1/2
z A syringe is used to inoculate a cow. The plunger has a face area of
500 mm2. If the liquid in the syringe is to be injected steadily at a
rate of 300 cm3/min, at what speed should the plunger be advanced?
The leakage rate past the plunger is 0.01 times the volume flowrate
out of the needle.
Leakage rate
Determine the speed
of the plunger be
advanced

Figure E5.8 27
Example 5.8 Solution
A1 ≅ A p
∂ r r
The continuity equation ∫ CVρdV + ∫ C.S.ρW ⋅ ndA = 0
∂t
∂
→ ∫ CVρdV + m & 2 + ρQ leak = 0 ∫ CVρdV = ρ( lA1 + Vneedle )
∂t
∂ ∂l
→ ∫CV ρdV = ρA1
∂t ∂t & = ρQ
m 2 2
∂l
Let − = Vp ⇒ −ρA1Vp + m & 2 + ρQleak = 0
∂t
− ρA1Vp + ρQ 2 + ρQleak = 0
Q 2 + Qleak
Vp = = ... = 660mm / min
A1 28
The Linear Momentum Equations 1/4
™ Newton’s second law for a system moving relative to an inertial
coordinate system.
Time rate of change of Sum of external forces
the linear momentum of = acting on the system
the system
r
r r r D r DP ⎞
∑ F sys = ∑ FS + ∑ F B = ∫ Vρ d V =
Dt sys
⎟⎟
Dt ⎠ system
r r r
Psystem = ∫ Vdm = ∫ V ρ dV
M ( system ) V ( system )

29
The Linear Momentum Equations 2/4
™ For the system and a fixed, nondeforming control volume that are
coincident at an instant of time, the Reynolds Transport Theorem
leads to
r D r ∂ r r r r
B=P and b = V ∫
Dt sys
V ρ d V ≡ ∫ V ρ d V + ∫ V ρ V ⋅ n dA
∂ t CV CS

D r ∂ r r r r
∫
Dt sys
VρdV ≡ ∫ VρdV + ∫ VρV ⋅ ndA
∂t CV CS

Time rate of change Time rate of change of the Net rate of flow of
of the linear = linear momentum of the + linear momentum
momentum of the content of the coincident through the control
coincident system control volume surface
30
The Linear Momentum Equations 3/4
™ When a control volume is coincident with a system at an instant of
time, the force acting on the system and the force acting on the
contents of the coincident control volume are instantaneously
identical. r r
∑F sys = ∑ Fcontents of the coincident control volume

External forces acting on system and

coincident control volume 31
The Linear Momentum Equations 4/4

™ For a fixed and nondeforming control volume, the control

volume formulation of Newton’s second law

Linear momentum equation

∂ r r r r r
∫ VρdV + ∫ VρV ⋅ ndA = ∑ F
∂t CV CS Contents of the coincident
control volume

32
Example 5.10 Linear Momentum – Change in
Flow Direction
z As shown in Figure E5.10 (a), a horizontal jet of water exits a
nozzle with a uniform speed of V1=10 ft/s, strike a vane, and is
turned through an angleθ. Determine the anchoring force needed to
hold the vane stationary. Neglect gravity and viscous effects.

Determine the anchoring

force needed to hold the
vane stationary.

33
Example 5.10 Solution
The x and z direction components of linear momentum equation
∂ r r
∫ uρdV + ∫ uρV ⋅ ndA = ∑ Fx r r r
∂t CV CS

r V = u i + wk
∂ r
∫ wρdV + ∫ wρV ⋅ ndA = ∑ Fz
∂t CV CS

V1ρ( − V1 ) A1 + V1 cos θρ( V1 ) A 2 = FAx

(0)ρ( − V1 ) A1 + V1 sin θρ( V1 ) A 2 = FAz
→ FAx = −ρV 21A1 (1 − cos θ) = .. = −11.64(1 − cos θ) lb
→ FAz = ρV 21A1 sin θ = ... = 11.64 sin θ lb
34
Example 5.11 Linear Momentum – Weight,
pressure, and Change in Speed
z Determine the anchoring force required to hold in place a conical
nozzle attached to the end of a laboratory sin faucet when the water
flowrate is 0.6 liter/s. The nozzle mass is 0.1kg. The nozzle inlet and
exit diameters are 16mm and 5mm, respectively. The nozzle axis is
vertical and the axial distance between section (1) and (2) is 30mm.
The pressure at section (1) is 464 kPa. to hold the vane stationary.
Neglect gravity and viscous effects.

35
Example 5.11 Solution1/3

36
Example 5.11 Solution2/3
The z direction component of linear moment equation
∂ r r
∂t ∫CV
wρdV + ∫ wρV ⋅ ndA = FA − Wn − p1A1 − Ww + p 2 A 2
CS
r r
V ⋅ ndA = ± w dA
With the “+” used for flow out of the control volume and “-” used
for flow in.
(−m & 1 )( − w1 ) + m
& 2 ( − w 2 ) = − Wn − p1A1 − Ww + p 2 A 2
FA = m
& ( w1 − w 2 ) + Wn + p1A1 + Ww − p 2 A 2

&1 =m
m &2 =m
& &1 =m
m &2=m
& = ρw1A1 = ρQ = ... = 0.599 kg / s

37
Example 5.11 Solution3/3
Q Q
w1 = = = ... = 2.98m / s
2
(
A1 π D1 / 4 )
Q Q
w2 = = = ... = 30.6m
(
2
A 2 π D2 / 4 )
Wn = m n g = (0.1kg )(9.81m / s 2 ) = 0.981N
⎡1 ⎤
Ww = ρVw g = ρ ⎢ πh( D 1 + D 2 + D1D 2 )⎥ Vw g = ... = 0.0278 N
2 2

⎣12 ⎦
FA = m
& ( w1 − w 2 ) + Wn + p1A1 + Ww − p2 A 2
= (0.599 kg / s)(...) = ... = 77.8N

38
Example 5.12 Linear Momentum – Pressure ,
Change in Speed, and Friction
z Water flows through a horizontal, 180° pipe bend. The flow cross-
section area is constant at a value of 0.1ft2 through the bend. The
magnitude of the flow velocity everywhere in the bend is axial and
50ft/s. The absolute pressure at the entrance and exit of the bend are
30 psia and 24 psia, respectively. Calculate the horizontal (x and y)
components of the anchoring force required to hold the bend in
place.

39
Example 5.12 Solution1/2
The x direction component of linear moment equation
∂ r r
∂t ∫CV
uρdV + ∫ uρV ⋅ ndA = FAx
CS

At section (1) and (2), the flow is in the y direction and therefore
u=0 at both sections.

FAx = 0
The y direction component of linear moment equation

∂ r r
∫
∂t CV
vρdV + ∫ vρV ⋅ ndA = FAy + p1A1 + p 2 A 2
CS

40
Example 5.12 Solution2/2
For one-dimensional flow

( + v1 )( − m
& 1 ) + ( − v 2 )( + m
& 2 ) = FAy + p1A1 + p2 A 2

−m
& ( v1 + v 2 ) = FAy + p1A1 + p2 A 2
FAy = − m & ( v1 + v 2 ) − p1A1 − p 2 A 2 = ... = −1324lb
&1 =m
m &2 =m
& = ρv1A1 = ... = 9.70slugs / s

41
Example 5.13 Linear Momentum – Weight,
pressure, and Change in Speed
z Air flows steadily between two cross sections in a long, straight
portion of 4-in. inside diameter pipe as indicated in Figure E5.13,
where the uniformly distributed temperature and pressure at each
cross section are given, If the average air velocity at section (2) is
1000 ft/s, we found in Example 5.2 that the average air velocity at
section (1) must be 219 ft/s. Assuming uniform velocity
distributions at sections (1) and (2), determine the frictional force
exerted by the pipe wall on the air flow between sections (1) and (2).

42
Example 5.13 Solution1/2
The axial component of linear moment equation
∂ r r
∂t ∫CV
uρdV + ∫ uρV ⋅ ndA = − R x + p1A1 − p 2 A 2
CS

( + u1 )( − m
& 1 ) + ( + u 2 )( + m
& 2 ) = − R x + p1A1 − p 2 A 2

& ( u 2 − u1 ) = − R x + A 2 ( p1 − p 2 )
m
R x = A 2 ( p1 − p 2 ) − m
& ( u 2 − u1 )

⎛ p 2 ⎞ ⎛ πD 2 2 ⎞
&1 =m
m & = ⎜⎜
&2=m ⎟⎟⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ u 2 = ... = 0.297slugs / s
⎝ RT2 ⎠⎝ 4 ⎠
43
Example 5.13 Solution2/2

R x = A 2 ( p1 − p 2 ) − m
& ( u 2 − u1 )
R x = A 2 ( p1 − p 2 ) − m
& ( u 2 − u1 ) = ... = 793lb

p2
ρ2 =
RT2
πD 2 2
A2 =
4

44
Example 5.14 Linear Momentum –
Weight, Pressure,…
z If the flow of Example 5.4 is
vertically upward, develop an
expression for the fluid pressure drop
that occurs between sections (1) and
(2).

45
Example 5.14 Solution
The axial component of linear moment equation
∂ r r
∫
∂t CV
wρdV + ∫ wρV ⋅ ndA = p1A1 − R z − W − p2 A 2
CS

& 1 ) + ∫ ( + w 2 )ρ( + w 2dA 2 ) = p1A1 − R z − W − p2 A 2

⇒ ( + w1 )( − m
CS

[
w 2 = 2 w1 1 − ( r / R ) 2
] ⎡ ⎛ r ⎞2 ⎤
w 2 = 2 w 1 ⎢1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
⎣⎢ ⎝ R ⎠ ⎦⎥
R R2
∫CS (+ w 2 )ρ(+ w 2dA 2 ) = ρ∫0 w 2 2πrdr = 4πρw1 3
2 2

2 4 2
− w1 ρπR + w1 ρπR = p1A1 − R z − W − p2 A 2
2

3
2
ρw1 Rz W
⇒ p1 − p2 = + +
3 A1 A1 46
Example 5.15 Linear Momentum - Trust
z A static thrust as sketched in Figure E5.15 is to be designed for
testing a jet engine. The following conditions are known for a
typical test: Intake air velocity = 200 m/s; exhaust gas velocity= =
500 m/s; intake cross-section area = 1m2; intake static pressure = -
22.5 kPa=78.5 kPa (abs); intake static temperature = 268K; exhaust
static pressure =0 kPa=101 kPa (abs). Estimate the normal trust for
which to design.

47
Example 5.15 Solution
The x direction component of linear moment equation

∂ r r
∂t ∫CV
uρdV + ∫ uρV ⋅ ndA = p1A1 + Fth − p2 A 2 − patm ( A1 − A 2 )
CS

⇒ ( + u1 )( − m
& 1 ) + ( + u 2 )( + m
& 2 ) = ( p1 − patm ) A1 − ( p2 − patm ) A 2 + Fth
& =m
m & 1 = ρ1A1u1 = m & 2 = ρ2 A 2 u 2
⇒m & ( u 2 − u1 ) = p1A1 − p2 A 2 + Fth
Fth = −ρ1A1 + ρ2 A 2 + m & ( u 2 − u1 ) = ... = 83700 N

p1
ρ1 = & = ρ1A1u1 = ... = 204 kg / s
m
RT1
48
Example 5.16 Linear Momentum –
Nomuniform Pressure
z A sluice gate across a
channel of width b is shown
in the closed and open
position in Figure E5.16(a)
and (b). Is the anchoring
force required to hold the
gate in place larger when
the gate is closed or when it
is open?

49
Example 5.16 Solution
When the gate is closed, the horizontal forces acting on the contents
of the control volume are identified in Figure E5.16 (c).
r r 1 2 1 2
∫CS uρV ⋅ ndA = 2 γH b − R x ⇒ R x = 2 γH b
When the gate is open, the horizontal forces acting on the contents of
the control volume are identified in Figure E5.16 (d).
r r 1 2 1 2
∫CS uρV ⋅ ndA = 2 γH b − R x − 2 γh b − Ff
2 2 1 2 1 2
− ρu1 Hb + ρu 2 hb = γH b − R x − γh b − Ff
2 2
1 2 1 2 2
For H >> h and u1 << u 2 ⇒ R x = γH b − γh b − Ff − ρu 2 hb
2 2 50
Moving, Nondeforming Control Volume1/3
Chapter 4: Reynolds transport DBsys∂ r r
equation for a control volume = ∫ CV ρbdV + ∫ CSρbW ⋅ ndA
moving with constant velocity is Dt ∂t
D r ∂ r r r r
∫
Dt sys
VρdV ≡ ∫ VρdV + ∫ VρW ⋅ ndA
∂t CV CS

∂ r r r r r
∫ VρdV + ∫ VρW ⋅ ndA = ∑ F Contents of the coincident
∂t CV CS control volume
r r r
V = W + VCV
∂ r r r r r r r
∫ ( W + VCV )ρdV + ∫ ( W + VCV )ρW ⋅ ndA = ∑ F Contents of the
∂t CV CS coincident
control volume
51
Moving, Nondeforming Control Volume2/3
For a constant control volume velocity, Vcv, and steady
flow in the control volume reference frame
( )
∂ r r
∫
∂t CV
W + VCV ρdV = 0
=0

∫ ( )
r r r r r r r r r r
W + VCV ρW ⋅ ndA = ∫ WρW ⋅ ndA + VCV ∫ ρW ⋅ ndA
CS CS CS

For steady flow, continuity equation r r

∫ C.S.ρW ⋅ ndA = 0
DM sys ∂ r r
= ∫ CVρdV + ∫ C.S.ρW ⋅ ndA = 0
Dt ∂t

52
Moving, Nondeforming Control Volume3/3

For an inertial, moving, nondeforming control volume,

the linear momentum equation of steady flow

r r r r
∫ WρW ⋅ ndA = ∑ FContents of the coincident
CS
control volume

53
Vector Form of Momentum Equation

™ The sum of all forces (surface and body forces) acting on a

Non-accelerating control volume is equal to the sum of the
rate of change of momentum inside the control volume
and the net rate of flux of momentum out through the
control surface.
r r r
∑ Fcontents of the coincident control volume = ∑ FS + ∑ FB
∂ r r r r
= ∫ VρdV + ∫ VρV ⋅ ndA
∂t CV CS
r r r
FB = ∫ B dm = ∫ BρdV
CV
r r Where the velocities are measured
FS = ∫ - p d A Relative to the control volume. 54
A
Example 5.17 Linear Momentum -
Moving Control Volume 1/2
z A vane on wheels move with a constant velocity V0 when a stream
..
of water having a nozzle exit velocity of V1 is turned 45° by the
vane as indicated in Figure E5.17(a). Note that this is the same
moving vane considered in Section 4.4.6 earlier . Determine the
magnitude and direction of the force, F, exerted by the stream of
water on the vane surface. The speed of the water jet leaving the
nozzle is 100ft/s, and the vane is moving to the right with a constant
speed of 20 ft/s.

55
Example 5.17 Linear Momentum -
Moving Control Volume 2/2

..

56
Example 5.17 Solution1/2
The x direction component of linear moment equation
r r ..
∫CS
WxρW ⋅ ndA = − R x
⇒ ( + W1 )( − m
& 1 ) + ( + W2 cos 45°)( + m
& 2 ) = −R x

& 1 = ρ1W1A1
m & 2 = ρ 2 W2 A 2
m
The z direction component of linear moment equation
r r
∫CS
WzρW ⋅ ndA = R z − WW
⇒ ( + W2 sin 45°)( + m
& 2 ) = R z − Ww

& 1 = ρ1W1A1 = m
m & 2 = ρ 2 W2 A 2
W1 = W2 = V1 − V0 = ... 57
Example 5.17 Solution2/2
2
R x = ρW1 A1 (1 − cos 45°) = ... = 21.8..lb
2
R z = ρW1 A1 sin 45° + Ww = ... = 53lb
2 2
R = R x + R z = ... = 57.3lb
Ww = ρgA1l
Rz
−1
α = tan
Rx

58
Moment-of-Momentum Equation1/4
™ Applying Newton’s second law of motion to a particle of fluid
D r r
( VρδV ) = δFparticle The velocity measured in an inertial reference system
Dt
™ Taking moment of each side with respect to the origin of an inertial
coordinate system
r r r r
r D r r r Dr
r × ( VρδV ) = r × δFparticle = V V×V = 0
Dt Dt
r r
D r
Dt
[ r
( r × V )ρδV =]Dr
Dt
r D r
× VρδV + r × ( VρδV )
Dt
D r r
Dt
[ r
]
( r × V )ρδV = r × δFparticle
59
Moment-of-Momentum Equation2/4

Dt
[
D r r
] r r
( r × V )ρδV = r × δFparticle
D r r r r
∫ ( r × V )ρδV = ∑ ( r × F)sys
Dt sys

[
D r r
] D r r
∫ sys Dt ( r × V)ρdV = Dt ∫ sys ( r × V)ρδV
D r r r r
⇒ ∫ sys ( r × V )ρdV = ∑ ( r × F)sys
Dt

The time rate of change of the Sum of external torques

Moment-of-momentum of the system Acting on system
60
Moment-of-Momentum Equation3/4

™ For the system and the contents of the coincident control

volume that is fixed and nondeforming, The Reynolds
transport theorem leads to
D r r ∂ r r r r r r
Dt ∫sys ( r × V )ρ dV = ∂t ∫CV ( r × V )ρ dV + ∫CS ( r × V )ρ V ⋅ ndA
Time rate of change Time rate of change of the Net rate of flow of
of the moment-of- moment-of-momentum of moment-of-momentum
momentum of the = the content of the + through the control
system coincident control volume surface

r r r r
b = r ×V B = bm ⇒ r × Vm
61
Moment-of-Momentum Equation4/4

™ When a control volume is coincident with a system at an

instant of time, the torque acting on the system and the
torque acting on the contents of the coincident control
volume are instantaneously identical
r r r r
∑ ( r × F)sys = ∑ ( r × F)cv
™ For fixed and nondeforming control volume, the moment-
of-momentum equation:
∂ r r r r r r r r
∫CV ( r × V )ρ d V + ∫CS ( r × V )ρ V ⋅ n dA = ∑ ( r × F )
∂t Contents of the coincident
control volume
62
Application1/7
™ Consider the rotating sprinkler. ∂ r r
BThe flows are one-dimensional. ∂t ∫CV
( r × V )ρdV = 0

BThe flows are steady or steady-in-the-mean.

BUsing the axial component of the moment-of-momentum
equation to analyze this flow
Using the fixed and non-deforming
control volume which contains within
its boundaries the spinning or
stationary sprinkler head and the
portion of the water flowing through
the sprinkler contained in the control
volume.
63
 Application2/7
∂ r r r r r r r r
∫CV ( r × V )ρ d V + ∫CS ( r × V )ρ V ⋅ n dA = ∑ ( r × F )
∂t
r r r r This term can be nonzero only where fluid is
∫CS ( r × V )ρV ⋅ ndA crossing the control surface. Everywhere else on
r r
the
control surface this term will be zero because V ⋅ n = 0
r r
At section (1) r × V = 0 ÖThere is no axial moment-of-
momentum flow in section (1)
r r
At section (2) r × V = r2 Vθ 2
r2 is the radius from the axis of rotation to the nozzle
centerline and Vθ2 is the tangential component of the velocity
of the flow exiting each nozzle as observed from a frame of
reference attached to the fixed and nondeforming control
volume. 64
Application3/7

U is the velocity of the moving nozzle as measured relative to the

r r r fixed control surface.
V=W+U W is relative velocity of exit flow as viewed from the nozzle
V is the absolute velocity of exit flow relative to a fixed control
surface. 65
Application4/7 r r “-” for flow into
r r r r V⋅n “+” for flow out
∫CS ( r × V )ρV ⋅ ndA r r “+” or “-”ascertained by
r ×V using the right-hand rule
r r r r
∫CS ( r × V)ρV ⋅ ndA = ( − r2 Vθ2 )(+ m
&)
axial
Where m is the total mass flowrate through both nozzles. The
mass flowrate is the same whether the sprinkler rotates or not.
r r
The correct algebraic sign of the axial component of r × V
can be easily remembered in the following way:
If Vθ and U are in the same direction, use +
If Vθ and U are in opposite direction, use -
66
Application5/7
r r
The torque term ∑ ( r × F ) content of the control volume
r r
∑ ( r × F)content of the CV axial
= Tshaft = − r2 Vθ 2 m
&
Interpreting Tshaft being a negative quantity to mean that the shaft
torque actually oppose to the rotation of the sprinkler arms.
The shaft torque Tshaft, oppose rotation in all turbine devices.
Shaft power?
&
w shaft = W shaft ÷ m = − U 2 Vθ 2
W&
shaft = T shaft ω = − r2 Vθ 2 mω
& &
Sprinkler speed U = r2 ω
Negative shaft work is work out of the control volume, that is, work done
by the fluid on the rotor and thus its shaft.
67
Application6/7
∂ r r r r r r r r
∫CV ( r × V )ρdV + ∫CS ( r × V )ρV ⋅ ndA = ∑ ( r × F)
∂t Contents of the
Control volume
General case

Tshaft = (− m
& in )(± rin Vθin ) + (m
& out )(± rout Vθout )
The “-” is used with mass flowrate into the control
volume, min, and the “+” is used with mass flowrate out
of the control volume, mout, to acount for the sign of the
r r
dot product V ⋅ n .
The “+” or “-” is used with the rVθ product depends
r v
on the direction of (r × V )axial
68
Application7/7
A simple way to determine the sign of the rVθ product is to
compare the direction of Vθ and the blade speed U.
If Vθ and U are in the same direction,
the product rVθ is positive. Sprinkler seed
If Vθ and U are in opposite direction,
the product rVθ is negative. U = r2ω
The shaft work

shaft = T shaft ω = (− m in )(± rin ωVθin ) + (m out )(± rout ωVθout )

&
W & &
⇒W &
shaft= (− m & )(± U V ) + (m
in in θin
& )(± U V )
out out θout

& =m
m & in = m
& out w shaft = −(± U in Vθin ) + (± U out Vθout ) 69
Example 5.18 Moment of Momentum –
Torque 1/2
z Water enters a rotating lawn sprinkler through its base at the steady
..………………………………
rate of 1000 ml/s as sketched in Figure E5.18. The exit area of each
nozzle is in the tangential direction. The radius from the axis of
rotation to the centerline of each nozzle is 200mm. (a) The resisting
torque required to hold the sprinkler head stationary.(b) The
resisting torque associated with the sprinkler rotating with a
constant speed of 500rev/min. (c) The speed of the sprinkler if
no resisting torque is applied.

70
Example 5.18 Moment of Momentum –
Torque 2/2
..………………………………

71
 Example 5.18 Solution1/2

(a) Tshaft = − r2 Vθ 2 m
& Vθ 2 = V2
⇒ Tshaft = − r2 V2 m & where V2 = 16.7m / s from Exmaple 5.7
..………………………………
(1000ml / s)(10−3 m3 / liter )(999kg / m3 )
& = Qρ =
m = 0.999kg / s
(1000ml / liter )
( 200mm)(16.7m / s)(0.999kg / s)[1( N / kg) /( m / s2 )]
Tshaft = = −3.34 N ⋅ m
(1000ml / liter )
(b) V = W − U
2 2 2

where W2 = 16.7 m / s U 2 = r2ω

( 200mm)(500rev / min)(2π rad / rev )
V2 = 16.7m / s − = 6.2m / s
(1000mm / m)(60s / min) 72
 Example 5.18 Solution2/2
Tshaft = − r2 V2 m
&

( 200mm)(6.2m / s)(0.999kg / s)[1( N / kg) /( m / s2 )]

Tshaft =− = −1.24 N ⋅ m
(1000ml / liter )
..………………………………
(c)
Tshaft = − r2 ( W2 − r2ω) m
& =0
W2 (16.7m / s)(1000mm / m)
ω= = = 83.5 rad / s = 797rpm
r2 ( 200mm)

73
Example 5.19 Moment of Momentum –
Power 1/2
z An air fan has a bladed rotor of 12-in. outside diameter and 10-in.
..………………………………
inside diameter as illustrated in Figure E5.19(a). The height of each
rotor is constant at 1 in. from blade inlet to outlet. The flowrate is
steady, on a time-average basis, at 230 ft3/min, and the absolute
velocity of the air at blade inlet, V1, is radial. The blade discharge
angle is 30° from the tangential direction. If the rotor rotates at a
constant speed of 1725 rpm, estimate the power required to run the
fan.

74
Example 5.19 Moment of Momentum –
Power 2/2
..………………………………

75
Example 5.19 Solution
0 (V1 is radial)
Wshaft = − m1 ± U1Vθ1 + m 2 ± U 2 Vθ 2 )
& ( & )( ) ( & )(
..………………………………

& = ρQ = ... = 0.00912slug / s

m
(6in.)(1725rpm)( 2πrad / rev )
U 2 = r2 ω = = 90.3ft / s
(12in. / ft )(60s / min)
V2 = W2 + U 2 Vθ2 = U 2 − W2 cos 30° W2 cos 30° = Vr 2
& = ρQ = ρA 2 Vr 2 = ρ2 πr2 hVr 2
m
>> W2 = m & /(ρ2πr2 h sin 30°) = ... = 29.3ft / s
&
W shaft = mU 2 Vθ 2 = ... = 0.972 hp
&
76
First Law of Thermodynamics –
The Energy Equation1/4

™ The first law of thermodynamics for a system is

Time rate of increase Net time rate of energy Net time rate of energy
of the total stored = addition by heat transfer + addition by work
energy of the system into the system transfer into the system

syseρdV = (∑ Q in − ∑ Q out )sys + (∑ Win − ∑ Wout )sys = (Q net / in + Wnet / in )sys

D
Dt ∫ & & & & & &

or
D
Dt ∫ & ( & )
syseρdV = Q net in + Wnet in sys “+” going into system
V2 “-” coming out
e = û + + gz
2 The net rate of work transfer
Total stored energy per unit into the system
mass for each particle in the
system The net rate of heat transfer into the system
77
First Law of Thermodynamics –
The Energy Equation2/4

™ For the system and the contents of the coincident control volume
that is fixed and nondeforming -- Reynolds Transport Theorem
leads to
D ∂ r r
Dt ∫ syseρdV =
∂t ∫ CV eρdV + ∫ C.S.eρV ⋅ ndA

Net time rate of increase The net rate of flow of the

Time rate of increase total stored energy out of
of the total stored energy
of the total stored = + the control volume through
of the contents of the
energy of the system the control surface
control volume

78
First Law of Thermodynamics –
The Energy Equation3/4

™ For the control volume that is coincident with the system

at an instant of time.
&
(Q + &
W ) = ( &
Q + &
W
net in net in sys net in net in ) coincident control volume

™ The control volume formula for the first law of

thermodynamics:
∂ r r
∂t ∫ cv e ρ d V + ∫CS
e ρ V ⋅ n dA = ( &
Q net in + &
W net in )
CV

79
Rate of Work done by CV
& =W
W & + &
W + &
W + &
W
Shaft normal shear other
™ Shaft work W & : the rate of work transferred into through
Shaft
the CS by the shaft work ( negative for work transferred out,
positive for work input required)
™ Work done by normal stresses at the CS:
r v r r r r
&
Wnormal = δFnormal ⋅ V = ∫
CS
σ nn V ⋅ n dA = − ∫ p V ⋅ n dA
CS
™ Work done by shear stresses at the CS:
r r
shear = + ∫ τV ⋅ n dA
W& Negligibly small
CS
™ Other work 2
∂ r r r r
∂t ∫ cv eρdV + ∫ eρV ⋅ ndA =Q net in + Wshaft net in − ∫ pV ⋅ ndA
CS
& &
CS
80
First Law of Thermodynamics –
The Energy Equation4/4

∂ r r r r
∂t ∫
CV
eρdV + ∫
CS
&
e ρ V ⋅ n dA = Q net in
&
+W Shaf net in −∫
CS
p V ⋅ n dA

Energy equation

∂ p V2 r r
∂t ∫CV
e ρ dV + ∫CS
( û + +
ρ 2
+ gz )ρ V ⋅ ndA = &
Q net / in + &
W Shaft / in

81
Application of Energy Equation1/2
∂
When the flow is steady
∂t ∫ CV eρdV = 0
The integral of
⎡ p V2 ⎤ r r
∫ CS ⎢⎣û + ρ + 2 + gz⎥⎦ρV ⋅ ndA ???
Uniformly distribution

⎡ p V2 ⎤ r r ⎛ p V2 ⎞ ⎛ p V2 ⎞
∫ CS ⎢⎣û + ρ + 2 + gz⎥⎦ρV ⋅ ndA = ∑ ⎜ û + ρ + 2 + gz ⎟m − ∑ ⎜ û + ρ + 2 + gz ⎟⎟m
⎜
out ⎝
⎟
⎠
& ⎜
in ⎝ ⎠
&

⎡ p V2 ⎤ r r
Only
Only one
one stream
stream
∫ CS ⎢⎣û + ρ + 2 + gz⎥⎦ρV ⋅ ndA
entering
entering and
and leaving
leaving ⎛ p V2 ⎞ ⎛ p V2 ⎞
= ⎜⎜ û + + + gz ⎟⎟ m out − ⎜⎜ û + +
& + gz ⎟⎟ m & in
⎝ ρ 2 ⎠out ⎝ ρ 2 ⎠in 82
Application of Energy Equation2/2
If shaft work is involved….
⎡ ⎛p⎞ ⎛p⎞ 2
Vout − Vin2 ⎤
& ⎢ û out − û in + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ +
m + g (z out − z in )⎥
⎣ ⎝ ρ ⎠ out ⎝ ρ ⎠ in 2 ⎦
=Q& + W & One-dimensional energy equation
net in shaft net in
for steady-in-the-mean flow
p
Enthalpy ĥ = û + The energy equation is written in terms
ρ of enthalpy.
⎡ 2
Vout − Vin2 ⎤ &
& ⎢ ĥ out − ĥ in +
m + g (z out − z in )⎥ = Q net / in + W
&
shaft net / in
⎣ 2 ⎦
83
Example 5.20 Energy – Pump Power 1/2

z A pump delivers water at a steady rate of 300 gal/min as shown in

Figure E5.20. Just upstream of the pump [section(1)] where the pipe
diameter is 3.5 in., the pressure is 18 psi. Just downstream of the
pump [section (2)] where the pipe diameter is 1 in., the pressure is
60 psi. The change in water elevation across the pump is zero. The
rise in internal energy of water, u2-u1, associated with a temperature
rise across the pump is 3000 ft·lb/slug. If the pumping process is
considered to be adiabatic, determine the power (hp) required by the
pump.

84
Example 5.20 Energy – Pump Power 2/2

85
Example 5.20 Solution
One-dimensional energy equation for steady-in-the-mean flow

⎡ ⎛ p ⎞ ⎛ p ⎞ V22 − V12 ⎤
& ⎢ û 2 − û1 + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ +
m + g (z 2 − z1 )⎥
⎣ ⎝ ρ ⎠ 2 ⎝ ρ ⎠1 2 ⎦
=0(Adiabatic flow)
=Q& &
net / in + Wshaft net / in

(1.94slug / ft 3 )(300gal / min)

& = ρQ =
m 3
= 1.30slugs / s
(7.48gal / ft )(60s / min)
Q Q Q Q
V= = V 1 = = ..... = 10.0ft / s V 2 = = ... = 123ft / s
A πD / 42
A1 A2
&
W = (1.30slugs / s)[....] = 32.3hp
shaft net in

86
Example 5.21 Energy – Turbine Power
per Unit Mass of Flow
z Steam enters a turbine with a velocity of 30m/s and enthalpy, h1, of
3348 kJ/kg. The steam leaves the turbine as a mixture of vapor and
liquid having a velocity of 60 m/s and an enthalpy of 2550 kJ/kg. If
the flow through the turbine is adiabatic and changes in elevation
are negligible, determine the work output involved per unit mass of
steam through-flow.

87
Example 5.21 Solution
The energy equation in terms of enthalpy.
=0(Adiabatic flow)
⎡ V22 − V12 ⎤ &
& ⎢ ĥ 2 − ĥ1 +
m + g (z 2 − z1 )⎥ = Q net / in + W
&
shaft net / in
⎣ 2 ⎦
&
W V22 − V12
shaft net in
& shaft net in =
w = ĥ 2 − ĥ1 +
m& 2
w
& shaft net out = −w
& shaft net in
V12 − V22
w
& shaft net out = ĥ1 − ĥ 2 + = ... = 797 kJ / kg
2
88
Example 5.22 Energy – Temperature
Change
z A 500-ft waterfall involves steady flow from one large body of
water to another. Determine the temperature change associated with
this flow.

89
Example 5.22 Solution
The temperature change is related to the change of internal energy of
the water
û 2 − û1
T2 − T1 = (
c
(
where c = 1 Btu /(lbm ⋅ °R ) is the specific heat of water

One-dimensional energy equation for steady-in-the-mean flow

without shaft work V2=V1 =0(Adiabatic flow)
⎡ ⎛ p 2 ⎞ ⎛ p1 ⎞ V22 − V12 ⎤ &
& ⎢û 2 − û1 + ⎜ ⎟⎟ − ⎜ ⎟⎟ +
m + g(z 2 − z1 )⎥ = Q net in
⎣ ⎝ρ⎠ ⎝ρ⎠ 2 ⎦
g ( z 2 − z1 ) (32.2ft / s2 )(500ft )
T2 − T1 = ( = = 0.643°R
c [778ft ⋅ lb /(lbm ⋅ °R )][32.2(lbm ⋅ ft ) /(lb ⋅ s )]
2

90
Energy Equation vs. Bernoulli Equation 1/4
For steady, incompressible flow…One-dimensional energy equation
⎡ ⎛ p out ⎞ ⎛ pin ⎞ Vout
2
− Vin2 ⎤ &
& ⎢û out − û in + ⎜
m ⎟⎟ − ⎜ ⎟⎟ + + g(z out − z in )⎥ = Q net in
⎣ ⎝ ρ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ρ 2 ⎦

( )
2
pout Vout pin Vin2
÷ m& ρ
+
2
+ gz out =
ρ
+
2
+ gz in − û out − û in − q net in

&
where q net in = Q net in / m
&
For steady, incompressible, frictionless flow…
ρVout
2
ρVin2
p out + + γz out = p in + + γz in Bernoulli equation
2 2
û out − û in − q net in =0 Frictionless flow…
91
Energy Equation & Bernoulli Equation 2/4
For steady, incompressible, frictional flow…

û out − û in − q net in >0 Frictional flow…

p V2
Defining “useful or available energy”… + + gz
ρ 2
Defining “loss of useful or available energy”… û out − û in − q net in = loss
2
p out Vout p in Vin2
+ + gz out = + + gz in − loss
ρ 2 ρ 2

92
Energy Equation & Bernoulli Equation 3/4

For steady, incompressible flow with friction and shaft work…

⎡ ⎛ p out ⎞ ⎛ pin ⎞ Vout
2
− Vin2 ⎤ &
& ⎢û out − û in + ⎜
m ⎟⎟ − ⎜ ⎟⎟ + + g(z out − z in )⎥ = Q &
net in + Wshatf net in
⎣ ⎝ ρ ⎠ ⎝ ρ ⎠ 2 ⎦

÷ m&
2
p out Vout pin Vin2
+ + gzout = + + gzin + w shaft net in − ( û out − û in − q net in )
ρ 2 ρ 2
2
p out Vout pin Vin2
+ + gzout = + + gzin + w shaft net in − loss
ρ 2 ρ 2

÷g +
2
pout Vout
+ z out =
pin Vin2
+ + z in + h s − h L
γ 2g γ 2g
w shaft &
W &
W loss
Head loss hL =
shaft shaft
Shaft head h S = net / in
≡ net / in
= net / in
g m
&g γQ g 93
Energy Equation & Bernoulli Equation 4/4
2 2
pout V pin V
+ + z out =
out
+ + z in + h s − h L
in
γ 2g γ 2g

™ For turbine h s = − h T ( h T > 0 ) hT is turbine head

™ For pump h s = h P hp is pump head
™ The actual head drop across the turbine
h T = −( h s + h L )T
™ The actual head drop across the pump
h p = (hs − h L )p
94
Example 5.23 Energy – Effect of Loss
of Available Energy
z Compare the volume flowrates associated with two
different vent configurations, a cylindrical hole in the
wall having a diameter of 120 mm and the same
diameter cylindrical hole in the wall but with a well-
rounded entrance (see Figure E5.23a). The room
pressure is held constant at 0.1 kPa above
atmospheric pressure. Both vents exhaust into the
atmosphere. As discussed in Section 8.4.2. the loss in
available energy associated with flow through the
cylindrical bent from the room to the vent exit is
0.5V22/2 where V2 is the uniformly distributed exit
velocity of air. The loss in available energy associated
with flow through the rounded entrance vent from the
room to the vent exit is 0.05V22/2, where V2 is the
uniformly distributed exit velocity of air.
95
Example 5.23 Solution
For steady, incompressible flow with friction, the energy equation
V1=0 No elevation change
p 2 V22 p1 V12
+ + gz 2 = + + gz1 −1 loss 2
ρ 2 ρ 2
⎡⎛ p1 − p 2 ⎞ ⎤ V2
2
V2 = 2 ⎢⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ −1 loss 2 ⎥ 1 loss 2 = K L
⎣⎝ ρ ⎠ ⎦ 2
p1 − p 2
V2 =
ρ[1 + K L / 2 ]
2
πD 2 p1 − p 2
Q = A 2 V2 =
4 ρ[1 + K L / 2 ] 96
Example 5.24 Energy – Fan Work and
Efficiency
z An axial-flow ventilating fan driven by a motor that delivers 0.4 kW
of power to the fan blades produces a 0.6-m-diameter axial stream
of air having a speed of 12 m/s. The flow upstream of the fan
involves negligible speed. Determine how much of the work to the
air actually produces a useful effects, that is, a rise in available
energy and estimate the fluid mechanical efficiency of this fan.

97
Example 5.24 Solution
For steady, incompressible flow with friction and shaft work…
⎛ p 2 V22 ⎞ ⎛ p1 V12 ⎞
w shaft net in − loss = ⎜⎜ + + gz 2 ⎟⎟ − ⎜⎜ + + gz1 ⎟⎟
⎝ρ 2 ⎠ ⎝ρ 2 ⎠
p1=p2=atmospheric pressure, V1=0, no elevation change
2
V2
w shaft net in − loss = = 72 .0 N ⋅ m / kg
2
w shaft net in − loss
Efficiency η =
w shaft net in
&
W &
W
shaft net in shaft net in
w shaft net in = = = 95 .8 N ⋅ m / kg
m
& ρAV 98
Example 5.25 Energy – Head Loss
and Power Loss
z The pump shown in Figure E5.25 adds 10 horsepower to the water
as it pumps water from the lower lake to the upper lake. The
elevation difference between the lake surfaces is 30 ft and the head
loss is 15 ft. Determine the flowrate and power loss associated with
this flow.

99
Example 5.25 Solution
The energy equation
p A VA2 p B VB2
+ + zA = + + z B + hs − h L
γ 2g γ 2g
pA = pB = 0 VA = VB = 0
The pump head
&
W shaft net / in
hs = h L + z A − z B = = 88.1 / Q
γQ
& = γQh = ...
Power loss Wloss L

100
Application of Energy Equation to
Nonuniform Flows 1/2
If the velocity profile at any section where flow crosses the
control surface is not uniform…
V2 r r ????
∫ C.S. ρV ⋅ ndA
2
For one stream of fluid entering and leaving the control volume….
~2
⎛ α out V ~2
⎞
V2 r r α V
∫ CS &⎜
ρV ⋅ ndA = m out ⎟
− in in
2 ⎜ 2 2⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎛ V2 ⎞ r r
⎜ ⎟ρ V ⋅ ndA
Where α is the kinetic energy ⎜ 2 ⎟
coefficient and V is the α=∫A ⎝ ⎠ ≥1
⎛V ⎞2
average velocity m&⎜ ⎟
⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ 101
Application of Energy Equation to
Nonuniform Flows 2/2

For nonuniform velocity profile…….

pout αout Vout
2
pin αin Vin2
+ + gz out = + + gz in + w shaft net in − loss
ρ 2 ρ 2
×ρ
ραout Vout
2
ραin Vin2
pout + + γz out = pin + + γz in + ρw shaft net in − ρ(loss)
2 2
÷g
pout αout Vout
2
pin αin Vin2 w shaft net in
+ + z out = + + z in + − hL
γ 2g γ 2g g 102
Example 5.26 Energy – Effect of
Nonuniform Velocity Profile 1/2
z The small fan shown in Figure E5.26 moves air at a mass flowrate
of 0.1 kh/min. Upstream of the fan, the pipe diameter is 60 mm, the
flow is laminar, the velocity distribution is parabolic, and the kinetic
energy coefficient, α1, is equal to 2.0. Downstream of the fan, the
pipe diameter is 30 mm, the flow is turbulent, the velocity profile is
quite uniform, and the kinetic energy coefficient, α2 , is equal to
1.08. If the rise in static pressure across the fan is 0.1 kPa and the
fan motor draws 0.14 W, compare the value of loss calculated: (a)
assuming uniform velocity distributions, (2) considering actual
velocity distribution.

103
Example 5.26 Energy – Effect of
Nonuniform Velocity Profile 2/2

104
Example 5.26 Solution1/2
The energy equation for nonuniform velocity profile…….
p2 α2 V22 p1 α1V12
+ + gz 2 = + + gz1 + w shaft net / in − loss
ρ 2 ρ 2
⎛ p 2 − p1 ⎞ α1V12 α 2 V22
loss = w shaft net in − ⎜ ⎟⎟ + −
⎝ ρ ⎠ 2 2
power to fan motor
w shaft net / in =
m&
(0.14W )[(1N ⋅ m / s) / W ]
= (60s / min) = 84.0 N ⋅ m / kg
0.1kg / min
m& m
&
V1 = = ... = 0.479m / s V2 = = ... = 1.92m / s
ρ A1 ρA2 105
Example 5.26 Solution1/2
⎛ p2 − p1 ⎞ α1V12 α2 V22
loss = w shaft net / in − ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + −
⎝ ρ ⎠ 2 2
= 0.975N ⋅ m / kg(α1 = α2 = 1)

⎛ p2 − p1 ⎞ α1V2
α2 V 2
loss = w shaft net / in − ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ +1
− 2

⎝ ρ ⎠ 2 2
= 0.940 N ⋅ m / kg(α1 = 2, α2 = 1.08)

106
Example 5.28 Energy – Fan
Performance
z For the fan of Example 5.19, show that only some of the shaft power
into the air is converted into a useful effect. Develop a meaningful
efficiency equation and a practical means for estimating lost shaft
energy.

107
Example 5.28 Solution1/2
p 2 V22 p1 V12
+ + gz 2 = + + gz1 + w shaft net in − loss (1)
ρ 2 ρ 2
useful effect = w shaft net / in − loss
⎛ p2 V22 ⎞ ⎛ p1 V12 ⎞
= ⎜⎜ + + gz 2 ⎟⎟ − ⎜⎜ + + gz1 ⎟⎟ (2)

⎝ρ 2 ⎠ ⎝ρ 2 ⎠

w shaft net in − loss

Efficiency η= (3)
w shaft net in

w shaft net in = + U 2 Vθ2 (4)

108
Example 5.28 Solution2/2
(2)+(3)+(4)
2 2
η = {[( p2 / ρ) + ( V2 / 2) + gz 2 ] − [( p1 / ρ) + ( V1 / 2) + gz1 ]} / U 2 Vθ 2

(2)+(4)
2 2
η = U 2 Vθ 2 − [( p2 / ρ + V2 / 2 + gz 2 ) − ( p1 / ρ + V1 / 2 + gz1 )]

109
First Law of Thermodynamics – For
Semi-infinitesimal CV 1/3
™ The second law of thermodynamics affords us with a
means to formalize the inequality
û out − û in − q net in ≥0

™ Applying the one-dimensional, steady flow energy

equation to the content of a semi-infinitesimal control
volume

110
 First Law of Thermodynamics – For
Semi-infinitesimal CV 2/3
⎡ ⎛ p out ⎞ ⎛ p in 2
⎞ Vout − Vin2 ⎤
m ⎢ û out − û in + ⎜⎜
& ⎟⎟ − ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + + g(z out − z in )⎥ = Q
&
net in
⎢⎣ ⎝ ρ ⎠ ⎝ ρ ⎠ 2 ⎥⎦

⎡ ⎛ p ⎞ ⎛ V2 ⎞ ⎤
& ⎢dû + d⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + d⎜⎜
m ⎟⎟ + g(dz )⎥ = δQ
&
net in
⎣ ρ
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎦
semi-infinitesimal control volume

( ⎛1⎞ For all pure substances including common

⊕ Tds = du + pd ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ engineering working fluids, such as air, water,
⎝ρ⎠ oil, and gasoline

⎡ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ p ⎞ ⎛ V2 ⎞ ⎤
& ⎢Tds − pd⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + d⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + d⎜⎜
m ⎟⎟ + g(dz )⎥ = δQ
&
net in
⎣ ⎝ρ⎠ ⎝ρ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎦ 111
First Law of Thermodynamics – For
Semi-infinitesimal CV 3/3
Semi-infinitesimal control volume statement of
the energy equation

dp ⎛V 2
⎞
+ d⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + gdz = −(Tds − δq net in )
ρ ⎝ 2 ⎠

112
Second Law of Thermodynamics –
Irreversible Flow 1/3
™ A general statement of the second law of thermodynamics
The time rate of increase of Sum of the ratio of net heat transfer rate into
the entropy of a system ≥ system to absolute temperature for each
⎡ & ⎤ particle of mass in the system receiving heat
D δQ
∫ sys sρdV ≥ ∑ ⎢
net in
⎥ from surroundings
Dt ⎢⎣ T ⎥⎦ sys

™ For the system and the contents of the coincident control

volume that is fixed and nondeforming -- Reynolds
Transport Theorem leads to
D ∂ r r
∫ sys sρdV = ∫ sρdV + ∫ C.S. sρV ⋅ ndA
Dt ∂t CV
113
Second Law of Thermodynamics –
Irreversible Flow 2/3
™ For the system and control volume at the instant when
system and control volume are coincident
&
⎡ δQ ⎤ &
⎡ δQ ⎤
∑⎢ T ⎥ = ∑⎢ T ⎥
net in net in

⎢⎣ ⎥⎦sys ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ cv

™ The control volume formula for the second law of

thermodynamics
r ⎛ δQ& ⎞
∂ r
∫ ∫ ∑ ⎜ ⎟
net in
sρ dV + sρ V ⋅ n dA ≥
∂t
CV CS
⎜ T ⎟
⎝ ⎠CV 114
Second Law of Thermodynamics –
Irreversible Flow 3/3
For one stream of fluid entering and leaving the control
volume….
&
δQ
& (s out − sin ) ≥ ∑
net in
m Steady flow
T
&
δQ
& ds ≥ ∑
net in
Semi-infinitesimal thin CV m
T

Uniform temperature Tds − δq net in ≥ 0

115
First and Second Law of
Thermodynamics 1/4
Semi-infinitesimal control volume statement of the
energy equation
dp ⎛ V2 ⎞
+ d⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + gdz = −(Tds − δq net in )
ρ ⎝ 2 ⎠
Semi-infinitesimal CV of the second law of
thermodynamics
Tds − δq net in ≥ 0
⎡ dp ⎛V ⎞
2
⎤
− ⎢ + d⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + gdz ⎥ ≥ 0
⎣ρ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎦ 116
First and Second Law of
Thermodynamics 2/4
⎡ dp ⎛ V2 ⎞ ⎤
− ⎢ + d⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + gdz⎥ = δ(loss) = (Tds − δq net in )
⎣ρ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎦

For steady frictionless flow

⎡ dp ⎛ V2 ⎞ ⎤
− ⎢ + d⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + gdz ⎥ = 0
⎣ρ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎦
The shaft work is involved

⎡ dp ⎛ V2 ⎞ ⎤
− ⎢ + d⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + gdz ⎥ = δ(loss) − δw shaft net in
⎣ρ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎦ 117
First and Second Law of
Thermodynamics 3/4
⎡ dp ⎛ V2 ⎞ ⎤
− ⎢ + d⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + gdz⎥ = δ(loss) = (Tds − δq net in )
⎣ρ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎦
( ⎛1⎞
⊕ Tds = du + pd ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ρ⎠
( ⎛1⎞
du + pd ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − δq net in = δ(loss)
⎝ρ⎠
(
For incompressible flow du − δq net in = δ(loss)
118
First and Second Law of
Thermodynamics 4/4

When control volume is finite

( ( out ⎛1⎞
u out − u in + ∫ pd ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − q net in = loss
in
⎝ρ⎠
( (
For incompressible flow u out − u in − q net in = loss

119
Application of the Loss Form1/2
⎡ dp ⎛ V2 ⎞ ⎤
− ⎢ + d⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + gdz⎥ = δ(loss) − δw shaft net in
⎣ρ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎦
Frictionless, loss=0, no shaft work, incompressible
p 2 V22 p1 V12
Integrating
Integrating + + gz 2 = + + gz1 Bernoulli equation
ρ 2 ρ 2
Frictionless, loss=0, no shaft work, compressible

2 dp V22 V12
Integrating
Integrating
∫1 ρ
+
2
+ gz 2 =
2
+ gz1

120
Application of the Loss Form2/2
For adiabatic flow of an ideal gas
p
= cons tan t
ρ k

2 dp k ⎛ p 2 p1 ⎞
Integrating
Integrating ∫1
= ⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟
ρ k − 1 ⎝ ρ 2 ρ1 ⎠

2 2
k p 2 V2 k p1 V1
+ + gz 2 = + + gz1
k − 1 ρ2 2 k − 1 ρ1 2

121