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Lim Lim Lim: F (X) G (X) F (X) G (X)

The document discusses several topics related to calculus including: 1) Limits which deal with evaluating the limits of functions as they approach a number or infinity using theorems and definitions of continuity. 2) Differentiation which outlines rules for taking derivatives of functions including the chain rule, derivatives of inverse functions, and time rates. 3) Types of functions classified as algebraic, which include polynomials, rational fractions, and irrational functions formed from rational functions, or transcendental functions like trigonometric, exponential, and logarithmic functions.

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Precious Viterbo
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37 views2 pages

Lim Lim Lim: F (X) G (X) F (X) G (X)

The document discusses several topics related to calculus including: 1) Limits which deal with evaluating the limits of functions as they approach a number or infinity using theorems and definitions of continuity. 2) Differentiation which outlines rules for taking derivatives of functions including the chain rule, derivatives of inverse functions, and time rates. 3) Types of functions classified as algebraic, which include polynomials, rational fractions, and irrational functions formed from rational functions, or transcendental functions like trigonometric, exponential, and logarithmic functions.

Uploaded by

Precious Viterbo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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 All functions are classified as either lim f ( x )❑

f ( x ) x→ a
algebraic or transcendental. (6) lim ❑ =
 The algebraic functions are rational integral x→ a g(x ) lim g( x )
x →a
functions, or polynomials; rational fractions,  Limits at Infinity
or quotients of polynomials; and irrational Bear in mind that ∞ is not a number which
functions, of which the simplest are those results from division by zero. Recall that in
formed from rational functions by the the real number system, division by zero is
extraction of roots. not permissible. In fact, it can be argued
 The elementary transcendental functions that s not an equation at all since ∞ does
are trigonometric and inverse trigonometric not represent a number. It is merely used as
functions; exponential functions, in which a symbol to imply that the value of f(x)
the variable occurs as an exponent; and increases numerically without bound as x
logarithms approaches a
 Limits deals with several theorems by  Continuity
means of which we shall be able to evaluate The function f is said to be continuous at
the limits of functions rapidly and the number if and only if the following
efficiently. To evaluate or to find three conditions are satisfied:
lim ❑(𝑥) = A (i) f(a) exists;
×→ α
Means that we are to find the number L (ii) lim
x→ a
❑ (𝑥) exists;
that f(x) is near, whenever x is near a but
(iii) lim
x→ a
❑(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑎)
not equal to a. Of course, when x = a, the
value of the function is f(a). It may be that  Delta Notation
f(a0 is also the limit, i.e., L = F(a). Thus to Let f be a function and as usual we let x
evaluate stand for any argument of f, and we let y be
lim ❑ (4 − 𝑥 2) the corresponding value of f. Thus, y = f(x).
×→ 1 Consider any number x0 in the domain of f.
Means to find a number of which 4 – x 2 is Let Δx (read “delta x”) represent a small
near whenever x is near the number 1. We change in the value of x, from x0 to x0 + Δx,
know that and then let Δy (read “delta y”) denote the
lim ❑(4 − 𝑥 2) = 3 corresponding change in the value of y. So,
×→ 1
Since by choosing x sufficiently close to 1, 4 Δy = f (x0 + Δx) − f (x0).
– x 2 can be made to come as close to 3  Rules for differentiation
 Theorems on Limits In the following formulas, it is assumed that
lim ❑ 𝑐 = c u, v, and w are functions that are
(1) ×→ α differentiable at x; c and m are assumed to
lim ❑𝑥 = α
(2) ×→ be constants.
α
 The Chain Rule
lim ❑𝑐 (𝑥) = 𝑐 lim ❑ 𝑓(𝑥)
(3) ×→ α ×→ α If y is a differentiable function of u given by
lim ❑ [(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)] = lim ❑ 𝑓(𝑥) +
(4) ×→ y = f (u) and if u is a differentiable function
α ×→ α
of x given by u = g(x), then y is a
lim ❑ 𝑔(𝑥)
×→ α differentiable function of x and
lim ❑ [(𝑥) ∙ 𝑔(𝑥)] = lim ❑𝑓(𝑥) ∙ lim ❑
(5) ×→  Differentiation of Inverse Function
α ×→ α ×→ α
Considering again the function defined by
𝑔(𝑥)
the equation y = f’(x), this equation may be
solved for x, giving x = g(y) the functions f
and g are said to be inverse functions. To
distinguish between f and g, we shall call f
the direct function and g the inverse
function.
 Time Rates
In solving “time rate” problems, it is
important to observe that all quantities
which change with respect to the time must
be denoted by letters. Do not substitute the
numerical values of such variable until after
differentiation with respect to the time t is
done.

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