report about

Engineering material types

And composite material

Under the supervision of Dr : wael hozifa

student's name mohamed ahmed kamel
 Engineering
Material types

introduction:

Material is nothing but a matter of substance used to create a certain

thing. Engineering materials are the materials used to for the
application of engineering works. Based on the mechanical, physical
chemical and manufacturing properties materials are selected
according to the application.
Mechanical properties of the materials : are strength (compressive or tensile), toughness,
stiffness, elasticity, plasticity, ductility, brittleness and hardness. Physical properties of
materials are density, conductivity (thermal or electrical), acoustical (sound transmission or
absorption), optical, combustibility. Chemical properties of materials are composition (oxide or
compound), acidity or alkalinity, weathering corrosion.
Manufacturing properties of materials are castability, machinability rating, machining speeds and feeds
and for dimensioning purpose shape and size.

The selection of material for the required functioning application is based on some of the following
factors:

1-Stresses to which the work piece or component will be subjected.

2-Corrosion resistance.

3-Temperature, wear and tear resistance.

4-Flexibility and rigidity.

5-Easiness of the manufacturing process.

6-Cost effectiveness for the product development.

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 :

*Depending upon the nature of substance materials are classified as:

1-Metals and alloys 2-Ferrous metals
3-Non ferrous metals 4-Non metals
5-Ceramics 6-Polymers
7-Semi conductors
8-Bio material
1-Metals and alloys
Metallic materials are combination of metallic elements.

The most prominent property of metals is electrons are non localized. in atomic arrangement outer
valency electrons do not belong to individual atom rather it belong to whole bulk of material.Non
localized electron is free to carry charge to conduct electricity. Hence they are good conductors for
electrical and thermal charge.

Metals have lustrous appearance. At normal temperature majority of the materials are in solid state, but
some metals like mercury lies in liquid state.

Based upon the presence of iron content metals are named as

Ferrous metals

Non ferrous metals

Ferrous metals:
The primary content of ferrous metals is iron and carbon. Ferrous metals are magnetic and are
vulnerable to rust when exposed to moisture. Wrought iron won’t rust due to purity and stainless steel
due to presence of chromium. Eg : iron, steel, etc.

Due to their magnetic property ferrous metals are used in motor and electrical applications.

Non Ferrous Metals:

Iron is not primary content. Due to the non presence of iron these metals have high resistance to rust
and corrosion and they are non magnetic (copper, brass, aluminium, tungsten, lead, zinc, gold, etc.)

Alloy: is a combination of two or more metals. It is named based on metallic bonding character. It is of
two types’ ferrous metal alloy and non ferrous metal alloy. Cast iron is an alloy made from iron, carbon
and silicon. Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc.

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Applications:
Due to their toughness and ability to sterilize at high temperatures metals are used as needles, surgical
blades.

Due to their strength and ability to withstand heavy weights metals like iron and steel are used in
construction.

Metals like gold, silver, platinum, etc are used in jewellery.

Metals are used in machines and automobiles as they can withstand high temperature, pressure and
workloads.

Aluminium and titanium play important role in light weight category for aircraft alloys.

Tungsten is used in high temperature applications.

2- CERAMICS: A particle or fibrous which are used in terms of making ceramic products. Ceramics
have regular atomic structure and crystal structure. Ceramics are mainly oxides, nitrides and carbides.
They are non conducting materials, due to its insulating property they are used as insulators. They are
very hard and brittle in nature.( alumina, silica, silicon carbide, diamond, bricks, etc.)

Applications:
Due to the compressive strength bricks are used in construction

Because of their good thermal insulation ceramic tiles are used in ovens.

Some ceramics are transparent to radar and other electromagnetic waves are used in radomes and
transmitters.

Glass ceramics have high temperature capabilities so they are used in optical equipment and fiber
insulation. (Alumina, silica, silicon carbide are used in making tools)

Diamond is used in ornaments and cutting tool applications.

3- POLYMERS:
Polymers have chain molecule structure of carbon as back bone atoms. They are mainly made up of
tough organic materials. They are low density materials and also flexible. In some cases polymers are
not flexible.Polymers are not only used as structural materials, they can be used as fiber and resins in
the matrix of composite materials.( polyester as fibers, phenolics and epoxides as resins)

Elastomers are also polymers but they are considered separately due to their specific design for certain
purposes like shock and vibration absorption.

Natural polymers ( wool, silk, DNA, cellulose, proteins, etc.)

Synthetic polymers:

Thermo plastics -Thermosetting plastics ( nylon, polyethylene, polyester, Teflon, epoxy, Bakelite, etc.)

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Applications:
Polyethylene is used for making carry bags.

Polypropylene is used for making high temperature resistance products like feeding bottle.

Polyether ether ketone and polyethylene ketone are used in mineral water bottle concept.

Poly carbonate is used to make high performance polymers like transparent polymers

Polyaniline is a conducting polymer.

Bakelite used for making insulating materials.

4-SEMICONDUCTORS:
Semiconductor is an intermediate conducting material. Their conductivity is not high as like metals and
low as like insulating ceramic materials. In these materials resistance decreases as their temperature
increases.The unique atomic structure allows to control the conductivity.( silicon, germanium, gallium
arsenide, selenium)

Applications:
Gallium arsenide is widely used in low noise, high gain and weak signal amplifying devices. A semi
conductor device can perform the function of a vacuum tube having hundreds of times its volume.

5. BIO MATERIALS:
Bio materials are non-viable materials .( alumina, zirconia, titanium, tantalum, niobium, carbon)

Applications:
Metals are used in medicine to cure any micronutrient metal deficiency diseases in humans and animals,
like iron is a part of haemoglobin a bio molecule which can be used as ferrous sulphate to cure some
forms of anemia.

Implants in the body to repair or replace the damaged tissue.

NOTE: In composite materials the name itself indicates as composite => composition, it is the
composition of two or more materials.

In semiconductors the name itself indicates as semi (half) and conductor (conducting)

The difference between an alloy and composite is that the composite is a reinforcement of other
material. Whereas alloy is a combination (mixture) of both or required number of materials in the
required quantity as per the necessary product.

Both semiconductors and bio materials are substitutes in metals, ceramics and polymers in the required
places.

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 COMPOSITE MATERIALS:
A composite material is a combination of two materials with different physical and chemical properties. When
they are combined they create a material which is specialised to do a certain job, for instance to become stronger,
lighter or resistant to electricity. They can also improve strength and stiffness. The reason for their use over
traditional materials is because they improve the properties of their base materials and are applicable in many
situations.

why we use the composite materials :

Weight saving is one of the main reasons for using composite materials rather than conventional materials for
components. While composites are lighter they can also be stronger than other materials, for example, reinforced
carbon-fibre can be up to five times stronger than 1020 grade steel and only one fifth of the weight, making it
perfect for structural purposes.

Another advantage of using a composite over a conventional type of material is the thermal and chemical
resistance as well as the electrical insulation properties. Unlike conventional materials, composites can have
multiple properties not often found in a single material.

Fibre reinforced composites, such as fibre reinforced plastic (FRP composites), are finding increasing use in the
design and manufacture of final products for commercialisation.

the different type of composite materials:

1- Ceramic matrix composite: Ceramic spread out in a ceramic matrix. These are better than normal ceramics as
they are thermal shock and fracture resistant
2- Metal matrix composite: A metal spread throughout a matrix
3- Reinforced concrete: Concrete strengthened by a material with high tensile strength such as steel reinforcing
bars
4- Glass fibre reinforced concrete: Concrete which is poured into a glass fibre structure with high zirconia content
5- Translucent concrete: Concrete which encases optic fibres
6- Engineered wood: Manufactured wood combined with other cheap materials. One example would be particle
board. A speciality material like veneer can also be found in this composite
7- Plywood: Engineered wood by gluing many thin layers of wood together at different angles
8- Wood-plastic composite: Either wood fibre or flour cast in plastic
9- Cement-bonded wood fibre: Mineralised wood pieces cast in cement. This composite has insulating and
acoustic properties
10-Fibreglass: Glass fibre combined with a plastic which is relatively inexpensive and flexible
the advantages of composite materials:
1-Low costs compared to metals
2- Design flexibility
3-Resistance to a wide range of chemical agents
4-Low weight
5-Durability
6-Electric insulation
7-High Impact strength