CHAPTER Soludions Eqotons in a.

Recal: calles Solution, noot, 3e of a

fanction
doubl

And n tripe
f(«) =
(*-P) k(*)
rator
e be t arees Poifive uger for hich t): P)
s
W)
M
called 4a wudhipeicity of
Pis Smpl wo f)--')e
M:2 S double oor ( )= x'()
M
noor
+)
In erad, wt Sau7 oo wR mudtipléty m
We sha assume a r P is
We shale assOme
Simpla oor of t
har p isnigu na,o)
Sopose Ainuusf
3 ¬
)f(6)'s.4.
<o
p (,b) f(p) = o

5isetion Meffod
Tdea Constrock a
Sequn P ). ofopprox. to P a tolloos
Constroc a nested
Sequwca ofsobintrvals
L.6. [a,5] 2la,, b,). 2 [ab ) 2.. 3
f(a)f(b) <o CCrtoard in we ge ab by tias aud eror
Le a ,
midpoin
Cuatk f f(«)f(P) Co, t
PE
fa)f(?) =O b
ta P. s oor don

P¬b) ) AappDximation
TO
In Cases <o ana o We REPEAT
We expecr thar in te end im p»: P
We nou psove

en p-Po<Pan bn-an
No b a b-a) bn On
ba,.)
D3-a (6a)
 bn-an-)
LHS RHS CaucEqual tecmns
bo an b- a,) a

eIp-Pal - am) = -a)

eIp b-a))
im hd for esm
BSanduwich tRaoa im
en

im en 0 Simp-pal o i m Po P

cts on Ca,b, f)f(b) <o, simple nae of f in (ab)

6isection mettod qerato
svch fe
a Seguaua (P of appsDKimations
P 2

3 4- Ps 0sing biseckion efod f)= vx -

Angies in RADIANS
Cosx

f(o)f)(-J[-cost
20

o.S

f(a) f() : f(o)fo.s) (-]No.5 - Cox .S ]

[-1J Lo.4 -0.3] >>o
e
(P b) =
(o.5, ) , be)
2

f(afea)= f(o.s )f(o.1s) [»-o)[oa-co1o.35 )

- o ) (o.s6 - o.*1) ce

p (a,P) (os,o.4S) a,,b5)

Pa tby o.S0.* o .1S
2 2
 rerations would qparatte on opprokimotion ? ofP
How wany
o within

aftr t dacimal
0 6 ees
o
We kow tRar
2

dhoos Such tear

2" lo

n2 alo =6nlo
6 lo =19.93
n iaer

T f uwe champe foing wil dhamge SinCa eindapeuduh of f

only dußendiur an a aud b.

12 Find a
app oxatian or 3 to witin lo osina biseckion me-fod.

3 : .432oSo 8 6 ..Exac ualu

Le f(): * 3 0 based an Re

We Kuow tear
p- <
choose n Soch tRak

n a Anto= 4 Oulo
n t o = |3.28
n 2

4
3 25S o Bisetion Meteod
Let t uürva be (2, 3)

ET
lo3
C,47 n?
L:2 te.r Vo
f(x)x*tx-4
yf)= [141-[«4-4):[-29(4*] <o

,Pa
Choose n Such ar
lo ooo

nAn > n 3000

n 3ooo l1.S5 | n > i2

C-l Pa-Pl < ba pper boundor emor

n bisehon metkod

Tn ofter nunesica metkods, we dou 'f

Stoppinq Critrion assarily have an pper bond for e r b r
When do ue Stop arating ?
Sia

Olp-P. <E Nott No is satisfactor

See ex. I6-
f()I<E
ackual eror ena
ich is miskoodn
e P P
exat approxmate

A6f6) : (x-i) P: P I

n PWe ooo

n loo

Tru
E22
loobo
00 0 *
But en : p-P <lo for nloopo

(ooo
2looo This shoos 42a
stopping oriterion (2s
RAcap o satistattory

44 (Hamou Monic Sequnu

TP. P
Houeder, P . Qim (Harmauic Harmouie Series)

Su nuwbero terms ae
diveroesto (iugl test

P.; P P1
 This Shods 4a t stpp Criterion O is dnsatis taoru.
MCO
I n bisection meleod, ?a a t . Shos ak P need nor be
cAoser to ta P
2 True or Folse

P i s s r loserto p

P:a, P

Fixed oint teratiom

Poin Saud t be fired poin of funchisn
a
g )
Pis peaca ere
mees ta
bisecrorgx d:96)
Amark: . A 4c Meed not haue
aftxed poink
2 A fc ma have mohe tAan ow fired
Poin
3)
2) Find fixed poin: gk)--2x
g ) xx -intr sectian
x 2

xx-3zo
ar -3

3 A cot fnding proble f()-o A fired poin proble

f)= g)-x e e g(«) {(*)t*

xis noo off f is a tixed psnt f

Note o wRua
fG)=° k f ) =o (#o) x+ kfG)=* ZG)= *
shere ) = x* kf«)

Thm 2.3 cks on Ca,61

b )
Ca1stela at aot O fined poin Pina,b

i n oddition, exiss in a,bamd F re is o<K<I

for a E(a,s)
Such h a k)| <K
 a(a)a Inpo ss.h

ProofCi ala)a or
b)- b b u a . Notaina to Pbue

Oawise,
Couside a(a g(b) <b
x
a)h(b) =
(2a)- o)(7(6)-b)<0
B UT 3 e (a,b) s. t. P)
ie P)- p.
a(P) =P P: po
) Suppose auotur xed pt of
EC,5) s e)-g(P
Cout radiction
(-
oke-q< le-q1
To opproximats P, we shol stnt wilt
we Se R
initia egpbx P aud teu
ttratim
R. () ond i P.
Conwera
P
Twn

P.P-)

Veriicad to g(x)
Ty boh cokuerge
Horieutal to
Rapur
P
Fixed Poin (Türotion) Tuoum (2.4) s u f f i u e u r conduhons

Supes crs on4,b)

b into itsef ha
maps
a0x¬(a,b) Poin
a

P in
Onipue
a1
fied
Moeover, Sqnnli Conngt toPtor an chei

Cofollary (ia
Ondar hypattesis f FPT (24). teu we have

()e lP-P. K.maxP,- ,b-p.

P'
 Figed bint Ttiratian find Noo
- x - xx x - :0
oo sits in [,2)
se P

f(x) *-x -1 R uni t

natunal doia ) -X Caunor Ose tis 9
Sinu ) 2
How do we Cwoose 3Suc
3Such ar te Suffiieur Conaitdns ae
satisfed7
le start conditi5n 3 Ig()1<k<i

9):x 3 a): nx** Bad dhwl

h a s e arge
sRope
x) x

Raort 9*)=* wfe Swall derwatiwes tor gE):

x:x
x x*
Isolat +a aot Pouwer or x 4R toake hoo
Are e 3 Couditions Safisfied?
Conti oun

(iyg) sincL
Tetm
we a
workna in ,z

O.2 k<
3 V
&
amd 9 (x) > O
Alaaus incran.na
80) : 2 .2S e l1,2
9 2 ) 2):( a * : 3h I.4u e , 2

9 L] into
itsef
3 Condihons ne
satisfied ,
eare fore b FPTT
to t u
Coeng
fired tor Qn choi . é ,2J|

(.t1 2 Roden 1.26

ETC
 P-P. K waxP-a, b-p.} = (o.21.wax {o,

We uaw
o.2
P Pa s(o.21)
Choose SUch ear (o.2 <1o o. ol
n Q lou) < In(o.o)

Copw
Conput yaluso ubr
fpr n
whr is
.

(-.S6) < u.6os)

Posifiue o moatiwe n .6oS .5
1S6
n 3
6 Fixed Poin iutration wt aLmac
Ose P 1
on ,2
x 3xt3 x 3 (3x3)"
Ose
Coutiuor
) ( 3 x 3 ) ° ..6x 33 3x o

EVT Find ax and n Valun for g'(«)

)) o strictly inCtanino

2) : 6" 1.S6$ ¬C,2 Rurdl3

aps ,j ixto tself.

3)"(2-?)
so-o x2
ea a)= a=0.394
-0.3911
M 4L'maxlp-a,bBz0jt8
(k=0.to3
o.to8'<*n>5l}} h247/145
in , so xFt/21)/2 ene e reel
Giugnn is guadrahe 2
routsakxE t3tD/2 ; at=13t2).ckary JP-R000210.
 8- Fction; g( ): a
cafoltar42.
Ose FPT find p in [ . ia lo acuna

aG)o
na
Contimo w y : na e

G) g)- () *(): - Dna (

Stricte dacmasn@

na

nto ks

) deredaing

o 55: k
FPT
ho a
xed Poin P in
OP-P. I K . wmax a,
b-e.
K
OSin . 2
PPT Th isoution P a P ) C o v g p to p for a P.¬G
P t
o . F 0 + - .-
P
0.S5
e, lP-P. -o.55
.40o.S
o.S: o.46 (o55
Cwose Suuh

m2ad it a is decreasina
nPrv wmd hypstlasy
PoO.64u18Si
CamyBuceleulehos,ehe re
- noPEo%}|2052524."
.6+018SI`
l R-To.cvoo634olo < lot
g cearn
hAmerieranena .aciee thus ouuwaq 1 6
noudr ied
Find 3 wit acno
ans w e to tx (2 Se ction 2.
Ose FPTT
(Biscetim)
3

x, Ose ) = *wb 9():"J3

a): 3 . C,2
'(*) . o strctlu increaanG

8) : "*3 44 e [.,t) 7 L,27 ito

. &|

x)stricty dacreaAina

FPT has a u s fixed Poin

cmvn to p for
Ond t iration P

P 3p

e.p P. s o.4x
axP.a,-e.
o.S

(o.u)o <io" : 2
(oodo

Consusk unchin +Rat So.tisfien none of t h4po theois

oFPT, e ha nite fixed Poinr

FPT: G) c
mapsa,b) into ts ha a omqe fxeá
()
K< sufiieu a
Osndit.6h

s fuito doemt satsty a

of Covd t oM, 4e
fired oin
 Newfon's Tan .3
f):o
lonpeuk Metkod
a Seerricad Appvach ( #s/P. Ho)
O choose P ose euouph
dauw taup + cur ve
find ta epuatitm of tRa tougg
Equution
m-
t(e) sRope
3 Find (x
P i i r secin of T, amd
X-akis
T . 0 x-axis
o- f(.) f(e.)(P. - e)
PP
f(P) P P. - ff')f(a)
PP le 4O7
9en
Rapeat
f ) #07)
ixed Point Approadh Newton as a
fixed Poia
Nota
A ( ) wk9&): x
f')
>P P. fa)
f' (e.)
Newton is speial fixed point prbl whue

)x-

Ho to ge t f)o s(x)= *

F() -o fad odlyf |f«)=o

f(*)
Rf&)eo
No nal toulas error even touph its a txed poin
poble hecn

ousader, COn
d Simp ewouh 4 find it extrewO

tRa t
OR UseCoene
of stoppn
to
eria Pbuidad SepunC P
P
4f()
: *-6 P 1 Find P Osing Newtba's

g:x6
f ' ) 2x

P. P- 6

P. : 3.5 P 3St6 8
33.5
Not 2.44 94
acuna of lo"
Ho mauaratiow would uaatu

2x 2

) -3 Inirved

Tw. Sposef e cla,b] {tuaice ctslu diff. f: la,b)-Rf

_Aists crs
f(P)-o,f'(¢)40
Th,3S >o Sud t a r Neston's weuod P. P (2)_
fP.)
Onao a Seuu for a
Initio proaiuoton

P cose
ou t
6-N
6 Neaten's
e 9+ aa ces x 6- 6 : O
cesx 1 2

f(x): e 2coix - 6 Ne Use PCI<lo

kich is onsatsfactory
Sppose If. <&. H b en -e.?

En

e eo + E
e e, t£

en eo tnE

Eror Analysis For Iürative Mettcds

(a.4)
andur of Cowuenge
P Suppose
Le
fostar eror
T +* Constas exisk s.

im r
Which is teaia?
Hous to weana Speed/ P-Pl
at/ondar of con. Than , wt Se Con
aoototic error Conshamr A
P. P Liay
d 2
P P Quadratcall
3
PaP Ciica
ETC Wik onder a

Coucusio T bigger t « , t Couentuc .

Find t Odsr of Condenpen ad te asuptotic eccbr

Cons Fau tor
a)P b)
A h -
3^ 3 3--

() 3M)
V3
2-1)-I
oX

C Ys
Lincanky
 Wite ordar k:

(b) a -
(2
im

AWhat F Ao
A A P. P
e
ene O

xlaylor eries

feC()
a ¬T
for ET , ad (a,x )
for eack n, are exists e E

Tager fG) : fa), f a (x-a) + f(a(x - a - a(x-a)

+ (x-a)
nt)!
ce(a,r, n) [funetim n o Polguoid
R (a) R.() : )(-a" Ramaander Eror
(n+)
m R() : o . te
no

fo): fla) a(-a) fa) (-a). fal

n
(a-a)"
(nwr)
(a-o) n
TayeorSeis f fat
aulinad at a)

For Who x is R.(): o? Dsing Rat io Tes ar n* nos b

-
we Co find fea selutis
X
Smap x al <ë< Sad
SmaC
(n+)

f 1*""(xs M Bodud)V safe

Sinx

Tayhor's amposinq funeisn

Macdourun's Xx-a 0, we ay assuma
a :0
 (x-o n

e' -a
x

e e e

Malaunin Tayor at O*SinKx G

(nt)!
Sinx uan
Sin ((x -a) * a )

n'
(n+!

R o f«) P.(«)

no f&) - f{a)+ f(e)( - a) Dotunaa bu MUT

f f(a) i
Hozea i
-Fa) )-a) fCa)
(Qaas to b.g emors)

n: f) fa) fa)(r-a) f ) (K-a)

tan ia a o

n2 f fo)t iel -a) £(a ( ) , f a - a

3

0:Tayor:
h

sip si no uh nfo at a

Jamc
Pjettl We Co
find f(arh)
 Wite order k:

- 5 * S"(-5)
(b) e n
en a(a-s)
(2")
im
nd
O

NhaF A=o?
Cn+ en PP
2 ofdar j

ayle Series
fec)
t o r x E T , and for eack 4ure exsts cberaeen a andX

onsla
f ) = ) , {(-a)
A
(x-a)- x-a)
n
betueen c)G-a)
c e a,x, n) [functien n not a

RCax) R ) "C-a)" Poligoic

Ramainder/Eror
(n+)
m R () : o , t
n

fo): fla) a-a). f@-a) fTal

n
(a-a)"
f ( (A.aJ TaylorSeries of t,at a
n e i d at a)

(?) For Wha X S

R():o? we Coum
Osing Ratio Tes
find te
ar
sattim.
n nos br

Sa x x-al< E<< Snal

SmalP

1 ( x ) | s M CBondud)Vsafe
SInX

ecoposing functien ntosuns o owers oF X-a

Malawrun'sXx-a 0
Lwe o assua a0
(utd ot )
 f n
(x-o)
K-a

e e e.e e

Makain =Tayor at o_ Sinv

(nt)
Sinx nLn a
Sin ((x-a)+a )

fo) fa) fal (r-a) a l (r-a

n
0 (x-a"
n)!
P.) R.(x)
T R)-^o, f«)* P.()
n:Of¢) -f(a) Dotina bu MUT
u e

f()s f(a)
Horuzuta Qiu
f(a)- f)-) fCa)
(Ln to .9 co)

n a in a o

n:2 f fla) t iel(x-o) f(a) (*-), f(e-a

3

Plvabofla

f(a«h) = 4a). flal h, a li-,TaA"+ "

h

h ato at a
We COv
ind f(au)
 fo)= x sin m3
xsink: x x - * x IfG): sa' Godfewn
-t

m':4
ust Meoe
n

Kecale: P: hoot wif utipliát m >2 of fl)

Osel.
Prove hak: P IS a hoot wt multipkiatyy m m2)

f(p) -f'(e)= .-=

f*(): O ad f(p)to
sfo )
h(3) (3-) (3 5) : 28 + lbiplihy 4.
Thinfona 3 isa hook of
Sane
San
for f o ) : 1 ) ho) he hl)= -3) (x*s)
O.
ex f(x) x sinx Find mplicity of t oot

Cx-o) h«) hlx) I

ho)1 o m:2
e's Cnpu f(x) xsinx flo):o
Method 2 =

F(x ): SInx + x Cosx f'(o) o

) : Cos Cosx *sinx f(o)- 2 #o
Thnoru S a hoo
wihultipliiky m: 2

ex2 =x1sinx wh nlliphaly m= /.

haf=o is a rot t f
pDua
 Imatiue Mettods
Bau t Eror Analysis of
Fnd pt P:fixed pt of
for a
AF whidh order

Racallim

We hawe
Taylor
Snl

ke tran p p

(P.
Cse =P
Sim P n P

m PasP radraticol

uhi Call

etc.
5ack to Newton s f ) o , P noot ie t(p)-o
fik oink
g)= x-f)
f ) '? tired 2oin
HW P Sim o t t(e): o, f(p) #o
rove a PP )

3)fe)f%). p)iéfol o
Hw )*
 x 3 x >0

What 's the nyup totic Emr,Cowtg ?

uad.

m22
No P is audtpke oot of , oite mufipla.c.ty
f) ( ()
eston's : P P -1 apove
f'Ce aculerai comu.
Tue was to

7 $-p

Nwton's

F - m a
P Shmpl hook
oF E): £)
f)
Duadah cly
6Two way to acwleati Cnuenpea
melesd
Ose modfred Neston 's

i) pis a
simpe wok of x)= Oud
feappleieNeton's
d to
f(a)

Stin
a)
- P
PP

P . P P - P - FMe

-(P.-P) ( P (p.)« (2.-p)*(P.)

(P.-P m(P.) +(2-P)*CR)-

P.P
: I-
.(2-) ()
PPT h(P
 b):) We kaue P P. m

- M

PPP P
(P. P) -
m.P)h)
P .)»(p. -pl"4{)
whea)
(P)-
(Pa P.)
P (P.-P)
P.) e.-P) (e.)
uud hpo
P.-P atla kip)=o
) P)f. ( r ) H)
f(x)

H() = h(a)_
hr)(-p) (*)
AND
H(P)
PSimple "eot of )
nadrat c l
Aewton' s natkod P. P -

(R) P
(P.)
CP)
f()
P P
f.-4(P.f(e)
fe
c) Which eteasin(6)precicol ?

Modfed Nwtoas s PCactcal biowot wedot

vaue mapu
P
6-a) .
6P. A

an +Ve iger K e I,2,3,.- Se. P.

n * k
n

od

a ) P. lo

-2

lo - 2)
(lo d cfder 3
-onstrud SeR P
-3
ns lo
ordur k
Ans

1 P oo of t fipiity
. -P) (x}
Thuo . P Simp oeh of f f(®) o, f(p)40
Modify 2 . 0 t o shw Haf wutiphet
40):(e h()M) eo li(o)-f(o) A
fmP)E0
(E) Taykor fa): f{e). -p) -*+1d m.

fa) 6-h) Son c hetween

kuu ()= ( c o )
C:c()
(P) ( )
x

())
+0 Gien)
8-6) P. lo doesn't Convenp& adratica
upndes of K sige k

2 lol.(J*