Related Literature and Studies

Learning Objectives:
1. Know the guidelines in locating your sources for review.
2. Decide when to paraphrase, quote, and summarize.
Difference?
Technical Background – Applied Research
Theoretical Background – Pure research, new theories and principles, security, psyciological traits
Related Literature and Studies
Related literature is composed of discussion of facts and principles to which present study is related. The materials
are usually printed and found in books, encyclopedias, professional journals, magazines, newspapers, and other
publications.
Related studies are studies, inquiries, or investigations already conducted to which the present proposed study is
related to or has some bearing or similarity.
These materials are classified as:
1. Local, if printed in the Philippines; and
2. Foreign, if printed in other lands.
Importance, Purposes, and Functions
1. It guides the researcher in searching for or selecting a better research problem or topic.
2. It helps the investigator to understand his topic for research better.
3. They ensure that there will be no duplication of other studies.
4. It helps and guides the researcher in locating more sources of information.
5. It helps and guide the researcher in making his research design.
6. It helps and guides the researcher in making comparison between the findings of other researchers on similar
studies.
Characteristics of RLS
1. The surveyed materials must be as recent as possible.
2. Materials reviewed must be objective and unbiased.
3. Materials surveyed must be relevant to the study.
4. Surveyed materials must have been based upon genuinely original and true facts or data to make them valid
and reliable.
5. Reviewed materials must not be too few nor too many.
6. After the reading, the readers should gain adequate understanding on the technical topics involved in the
capstone project.
Sources of RLS
▪ Books, encyclopedias, almanacs,
and other similar references.
 ▪ Articles published in professional journals, magazines, periodicals, newspaper, and other publications.
▪ Manuscripts, monograph, memoirs, speeches, and letters
▪ Unpublished thesis and dissertations
▪ The Constitution, and laws and statutes of the land.
▪ Bulletins, circulars, and orders emanating from government offices and departments
▪ Records of schools especially reports of their activities
▪ Reports from seminars, educational activities
▪ Official reports from the government
Citations
The different ways of citing literature and studies
Citing Sources In-Text
1. Whenever you quote paraphrase, summarize, or otherwise refer to the work of another, you are required to
cite its source by way of parenthetical documentation.
2. The authors recommend the American Psychological
Association (APA) guidelines and the Chicago Manual of Style.
3. To cite a specific part of a source, indicate the page, chapter, figure, table, or equation at the appropriate
point in text.
Examples:
(Malicsi & Dimatulac, 2018, p. 184)
(Salvador, 1989, chap. 3)
Introductory Phase =
Authority’s surname + (year of publication) + verb
Example: Ballesteros (1998) believes that poverty is a compelling reason for child labor.

Some verbs that you might consider using:

asserts that concludes that contends that agrees that

strongly argues that says that proposes that claims that

suggests that takes the view that maintains that

Citation
Single author named in a signal phrase
Social historian Richard Sennet (1980) names the tendency to come with difficult experiences a “purification
process” whereby “threatening or painful dissonances are warded off to preserve intact a clear and articulated
image of oneself and one’s place in the world” (p. 11).
Single authors named in parentheses
The tendency to come with difficult experiences a “purification process” whereby “threatening or painful
dissonances are warded off to preserve intact a clear and articulated image of oneself and one’s place in the world”
(Sennett, 1980, p.11).
Two authors
Goody and Watt (1963) have gone so far as to declare that “the most significant elements of human culture are
undoubtedly channeled through words, and reside in the particular range of meanings and attitudes which members
of any society attach to the verbal symbols” (p. 323).
“The most significant elements of human culture are undoubtedly channeled through words, and reside in the
particular range of meanings and attitudes which members of any society attach to the verbal symbols” (Goody &
Watt, 1963, p. 323).
Three to Five Authors
Kintgen, Kroll, and Rose (1988) maintain that “just as singles definition of literacy is insufficient, so is scrutiny
from within the confines of a single academic discipline” (p. xv).
In assessing the educational quality of our schools, it is important to remember that, as Kintgen et al. (1988)
explain: “the contemporary asymmetry between reading and writing can be related to use in a particular
socioeconomic context” (p. xvii).
Six or more authors
As Williams et al. (1999) demonstrated, the internet holds the potential to open consumer markets in new and
unexpected ways.
Corporate Author (organization, association, etc.)
First Citation: (Cavite State University [CvSU], 2020)
Second Citation: (CvSU, 2020)
Works with no author/s
Several critics of the concept of the transparent society ask if a large society would be able to handle the complete
loss of privacy (“Surveillance Society,” 1998, p.115).
Bible Passage
Unfortunately, the president could not recall the truism found in Prov. 20-22 that “Wisdom is a fountain to one who
has it, but folly is the punishment of fools” (New Oxford Annotated Bible).
Email Message
Robinson’s argument has since been dismissed by scholars
of American history (Virginia Baker, personal communication,
October 28, 2002).
Web Page
(Myers, 2000, P5)
(Beutler, 2000, Conclusion section, para. 1)
The cabin at the Lincoln Birthplace National Historic Site is designed to be “symbolic of the one in which Lincoln
was born” (National Park Service, 2003, para. 1).
Citing Secondary Sources
Seidenberg and McClellands’s study (as cited in Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller, 1993) provided glimpse into
the world.
Reference Format
Secondary Sources
Coltheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P., & Haller, M. (1993). Models of reading aloud: Dual route and parallel-
distributed processing approaches. Psychological Review, 100, 589-608.
When to Quote, when to paraphrase?
This is the real art to research writing
Quotation is a reproduction of the author’s exact words including
spelling, grammar, or punctuation.
When to quote?
- The exact words of the source are important for the point the researcher is trying to make
- The researcher wants to highlight his agreement with the author’s words
- The author wants to highlight his disagreement with the author’s words.
Examples
- “We need clearly understand the basic concepts of communicative competence regardless of whether we
are secondary or tertiary level teachers for these concepts occur in all naturalistic situations” (Valdez, 2004,
p. 6).
- “We need clearly understand the basic concepts of communicative competence…for these concepts occur
in all naturalistic situations” (Valdez, 2004, p. 6).
- “Language cannot be divorced from culture since it is the nor, of society which dictates the norm if
interaction, the by-product of which is language use” (Gabriel, 2002, p. 1).
- “Language cannot be divorced from culture since it is the nor, of society which dictates the norm if
interaction…” (Gabriel, 2002, p. 1).
- “Chomsky, Ellis, and Celce-Murcia consider focusing on the development of linguistic awareness as
significant in second language teaching” (Sy, 2006, p. 3).
- “[Linguists] consider focusing on the development of linguistic awareness as significant in second language
teaching” (Sy, 2006, p. 3).
- “Most of the kids are good in [sic] reading comprehension” (Ramos, 2006, p. 2).
- “Teacher training must always be made available to teachers particularly on lesson design and program
evaluation. [Italics mine]. This is to be able to conform to the changes language, being a dynamic medium,
undertakes” (Ramos, 2006, p. 21).
- “acquisition of a native-like accent in child’s second language development is evident/from age five to ten
followed by fossilization and plateauing phenomena” (Ramos, 2000, 137-138).
Paraphrase is restating an author’s idea in your own words to make
ideas suitable to your style of writing.
When to paraphrase?
- There is no good reason to use a quote to refer to the evidence.
- Trying to explain a particular piece of evidence in order to explain or interpret it in more detail
- A need to balance a direct quote in writing.
Examples
1. Quotation: “the 1960s and 1970s sparked attempts to relate birth order to differences in attitudes and opinions,
creativity, job election, personality, sex-role identity, socialization, and psychiatric problems” (Claxton, 1994, p.
476).
Paraphrase: According to Claxton (1994), research in the 1960s and 1970s tried to find a relationship between
ordinal positions of birth with a number of personality traits.

2. Quotation: Denying it is promoting sex before marriage, the education department says it is merely seeking to
provide adolescents with information to help them understand their sexuality and protect them from unwanted
pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases (Ramirez, 2006).
Paraphrased: DepEd contends that its only aim is to promote awareness among students regarding the
consequences of premarital sex and that it cannot be changed otherwise (Ramirez, 2006).
Plagiarism and Copyright Infringement
Beware of these!
Plagiarism
According to Supreme Court Justice Isagani Cruz, “Plagiarism is passing off
as your own somebody else’s ideas or words.”
- Word for word plagiarism
- Patchwork plagiarism
- Lifting out of phrases plagiarism
- Paraphrasing without citation
What is its difference with copyright infringement?
Copyright infringement is within the area of legal aspect while plagiarism is within the area of ethical aspect.