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Solid Liquid Gas: Matter

This document defines and classifies matter, describes its states and properties, and discusses various separation techniques. It first defines matter as anything that has mass and occupies space, made up of atoms. Matter exists in solid, liquid, or gas states depending on how close or far apart the atoms are. The document then discusses various matter properties and classifications, including pure substances, mixtures, and solutions. It concludes by explaining several common separation techniques like filtration, distillation, chromatography, and their various applications.

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81 views3 pages

Solid Liquid Gas: Matter

This document defines and classifies matter, describes its states and properties, and discusses various separation techniques. It first defines matter as anything that has mass and occupies space, made up of atoms. Matter exists in solid, liquid, or gas states depending on how close or far apart the atoms are. The document then discusses various matter properties and classifications, including pure substances, mixtures, and solutions. It concludes by explaining several common separation techniques like filtration, distillation, chromatography, and their various applications.

Uploaded by

Shyen
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MATTER

Matter- mass & volume; occupies space; atom (basic building blocks)
States: Solid- compact particles w/fixed shape & volume, rigid, can’t be squashed
Liquid- quite distant particles fixed volume, no fixed shape, not rigid, can’t be squashed
Gas- very distant particles, no fixed shape & volume, not rigid, can be squashed
Properties:
Physical- measured w/o changing its composition (changes of state, mixture separation, physical deformation)
Chemical- bonds are broken/formed; observed through chemical reaction; reactants become products
Intensive- don’t depend on amount of matter; doesn’t change when amount changes (constant)
Extensive- depend on amount of matter; changes when object size changes; easily determined
Classification:
Pure Substance- 1 type of atom
 Element –can’t be broken down to simpler substances (indivisible) (metal, metalloid, nonmetal)
 Compound- 2 or more elements in fixed definite proportions (chemically bonded) (covalent, ionic, metallic bonds)

Mixture- 2 or more substances physically mixed but not combined chemically; individual identities are retained
- alloys, solutions, colloids, suspensions (most matter exist in this form)
- not chemically bonded, unfixed proportions, properties are “average” of substances’ properties it’s made from
 Homogeneous- uniform composition
 Heterogeneous- varied composition

 Solution- 1 substance dissolves & mixes fully with other; solvent (one that dissolves), solute (being dissolved)
- can be made by dissolving gas into solvent (O2 to H2O; liquid into liquid (alcohol in wine), solid into solid (alloys)
 Supersaturated Solution- solute stays in solution until ‘seed’ crystal is added, then it will crystallise out of solution very quickly,
giving heat energy (used in heat packs)
 Solubility- amount of a solute that can dissolve at a given temperature
- increases as temp increase (most substances); decreases as temp increase (gas)

Separation Techniques:
Magnetic Separation- magnetically-susceptible material is extracted using magnetic force
Evaporation- liquids change to vapor/gas; drives off liquid components (solvent) from solids (solute) through heating
- for solvent that’s soluble & doesn’t decompose while heating
Sedimentation- heavier insoluble materials (sediment) settle at the bottom w/o disturbing for a long time
Decantation- removes liquid layer free of precipitate to obtain decantate (liquid free from particulates)/ recover precipitate
- for immiscible liquid (don’t mix together); inefficient, unsuitable for fine & light solids
Filtration- pour mixture onto a membrane (filter paper) that allows passage of liquid (filtrate) to collect solids (residue)
- separates finer impurities from decantate
Distillation- purification  components are vaporized (heated), condensed (gas cools into liquid), & isolated (collected)
- for mixture w/ 2 or more pure liquid w/ diff. boiling points; distillate (vapor condensed to liquid)
Centrifugation- spin fine insoluble materials; heavier particles settle at bottom; based on size, density, shape, viscosity, rotation speed
- blood into serum (liquid remains after clotting) & plasma (liquid remains when clotting’s prevented w/anticoagulant)
Chromatography- “color-writing”; separate coloured/noncolored substance soluble in same solvent
Uses: Counterfeiting- detect forgeries by matching inks from forged money w/ ink from suspect’s printing machine
DNA Fingerprinting- identify unique genetic makeup through electrophoresis (separate DNA fragments according to size)
Forensics- separate compounds in mixture (drugs from blood, pollutants from water)
Drug Testing- use gas chromatography machines to identify chemical make-up of unknown substances
- different amounts of different molecules will ‘stick’ to column so it can be used to find masses (chemical structure
& identity) of compounds.
Significant Figures- number of important single digits (0 - 9), coefficient of an expression in scientific notation, indicate precision of a number
Measured Numbers- use measuring tool, quantity
Exact Numbers- counting, defined relationship (constant equivalents/conversion), no measuring tool

RULES OF SIGNIFICANT FIGURES


SIGNIFICANT INSIGNIFICANT
 All non-zero digits (1-9) Zeros at beginning of number

 Zeros between non-zero digits Leading zeros (0 before nonzero number)

 Trailing zeros (0s after nonzero numbers) in numbers w/ decimal points Trailing zeros in numbers w/o decimal points

 All numbers in scientific notation


Scientific Notation- expressing numbers that are too big/small to be conveniently
written in decimal form

RULES IN ROUNDING OFF SIGNIFICANT FIGURES


 If digit to be dropped is >5, add “1” to last digit to be retained & drop all digits

 If digit to be dropped is <5, drop it w/o adding any number to last digit

 If digit to be dropped is =5: Even & 0 (drop “5”) Odd (add “1” to 5)

UNCERTAINTY IN MEASUREMENT
Precision- “reproducibility”; how close measurements in a series are to each other
Accuracy- how close measurement is to actual value

- each line (scale) represents 1 ml increments.


- accurate to ones place, estimated digit should be in tenth
place.
- For scaled instruments ,estimated digit must be determined by
YOU.
- Liquid volume is 43.0 ml not 43 ml. Zero in tenth place is
estimated digit.

Systematic Error- produce values that are all higher/lower than actual error; part of experimental system due to faulty measuring device/consistent
mistake in taking reading. (poor accuracy, definite causes, reproducible)
Random Error- in absence of systematic error, produces values that are higher & lower than actual value
- always occurs, size depends on measurer’s skill & instruments precision (poor precision, nonspecific causes, not reproducible)
Percent Error- used to gauge how close measured value is to a true value
Percent Error = Accepted – Experimental x100
Accepted

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