THE MEANING OF HISTORY SOURCES OF HISTORICAL DATA

- historia (Greek) (“learning by inquiry”) - object/testimony on which historians depend to create their own depiction
- historyas (Aristotle) (systematic accounting of set of natural phenomena, of past; where historians construct meaning
considering chronological arrangement of the account - dynamic/genetic (the becoming); static (the being)
- historia (Spanish); histoire (French); Kasaysayan (Filipino) - aims to be interpretative (why/how) & descriptive (who, what, where, when)

Artefact- relic/remains; testimonies of witnesses (must be made by HUMANS)

- reveal about socio-cultural interconnections of diff. groups of people
- accounts of phenomena (human affairs) in chronological order - observed in scientific investigation not naturally present but occurs due
to preparative/investigative procedure
Historical Method
Ex: The Spolarium (Juan Luna)
- knowledge is derived through scientific investigation of past events
- process of critically examining & analyzing records & survivals of past Testimony- record (speech, commentary, property exchange)
1. Preliminary Research- visit where events happened Ex: Cory Aquino’s speech in US Congress
2. Hypothesis- assume Written Sources
3. Gather Evidence- prove hypothesis (artefacts, documents) Narrative/Literature- impart message whose motives for composition vary
4. Thesis Statement
Newspaper article- shape opinion
5. Write Historical Account
Ego document/Personal narrative- persuade readers of justice of author’s
- Historical Analysis (historical method element) actions (diary/memoir)
a. Select subject to investigate c. Examine sources (genuineness) Novel/Film- entertain; deliver moral teaching; further religious cause
b. Collect probable sources d. Extract credible particulars Biography/Life Story- praise of subject’s worth & achievements
Panegyric- public speech/published text in praise of someone
Historian- historical researchers to create meaningful rebuilding of past Hagiography- writing of saints’ lives
Historiography
- historical writing/traditional method in doing research Diplomatic/Juridical- record existing legal situation/create new ones
- “purest/best” source (by historians)
- imaginative reconstruction of past from data from historical method
- own style of printing, handwriting, seal
- study/comparison/evaluation of historians & history itself
Ex: Malacanang Library (repository of all presidents’ memorabilia)
- focus on data gathering to form evidence for descriptive/analytical narrative
- nat’l library (books), archive (documents), museum (artefacts) Social Documents- economic, social, political, judicial significance kept by
bureaucracies
 modern historical writing includes document examination & use of

research methods from related areas of study Ex: government reports, municipal accounts, civil registry records, property
registers, parliamentary procedures
 collaborates w/ anthropologist, archaeologist, geographer

Unwritten Sources
Jose Rizal as Historian
Material/Archaeological- most important; tangible (sites, artefacts)
- used history to defend Filipinos from accusations
- “ “ to predict Philippines’ future Ex: church, Hanging Coffins of Sagada
- research studies in British Museum (London) & Bibliotheque Nationale Primary- original/firsthand; during events
(Paris) enriched his historical knowledge - (photograph, maps, speech, interview, memoir)
- his annotations to Morga’s book showed his familiarity w/ historiography Secondary- provide valuable interpretation of historical event
- told Isabelo de los Reyes, “A historian ought to be rigorously imparted…I - analyze/interpret primary sources (made after events)
never assert anything on my own authority. I cite texts & when I do, I - interpret second-hand accounts of event (written by someone who
hav e them before me” used primary sources)
- (literary criticism, theater reviews, biography)
Theories Oral
Factual History- plain & basic info; info is exact (can’t be changed)
- what (event), when/where (time & date), who (people)
Speculative History- goes beyond facts; speculate on event’s cause-effect
- why (reasons why it happened), how (way it happened)

Limitation of Historical Knowledge

- incompleteness of records
- history-as-actuality (whole history of past) can be known to historian
only through history-as-record (surviving records)
- history as subjective process of recreation  from incomplete evidence,
historians strive to restore mankind’s total past
- verisimilitude (truth, authenticity, plausibility)  historians’ aim
 HISTORICAL CRITICISM FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD BY MAGELLAN
- examine earliest texts’ origins to appreciate underlying circumstances/ By Antonio Pigafetta
reasons of how text came to be
ANTONIO PIGAFETTA (1491- 1531) (40 y/o)
2 goals:
- Venetian scholar & explorer
a. To discover text’s original meaning in its primitive/historical context &
- joined expedition to Spice Islands led by Ferdinand Magellan under King
literal sense (sensus literalis historicus)
Charles I of Spain.
 historian can only give meaning if it’s original
- Magellan's assistant; kept accurate journal which later assisted him in
b. To reconstruct historical situation of author & recipients by original text translating Cebuano language.
 historians present event through a period when it happened
- one of 18 men who returned to Spain in 1522 under Juan Sebastián Elcano.
2 types: - his travelogue is an important primary source in studying precolonial Philippin
External/Lower Criticism - “The First Voyage Around the World by Magellan” was published after
- genuineness, form, appearance Pigafetta returned to Italy.
- examine authenticity/form to question authorship & textual circumstance
- look through author’s personality, character, position, credibility About his Travelogue
- taken from chronicles of contemporary voyagers & navigators of 16th century.
Internal/Higher C.
- “The Voyage of Magellan Around the World”
- content’s meaning, trustworthiness, value, worth, reliability
 major referent to events leading to Magellan's arrival in Philippines, his
- may be carried positively/negatively:
encounter w/ local leaders, death by Lapulapu's forces in Battle of Mactan,
 approach of discovering text’s real meaning
& departure of remaining Magellan's fleet from Philippines.
 “ to find reasons for disbelieving content, questioning author’s
 description about people from places they have been
good faith, motive, competence, accuracy, knowledge on subject
Questions: Is there a connection between author & text? Persons Involved
Does content has degree of familiarity to person who’s treated it? FERDINAND MAGELLAN (1480-1521)
Was info original? - Portuguese navigator & explorer sailed under Portugal (1505–13) & Spain
Is it consistent w/ author’s level of intelligence, educ., experience, (1519–21): from Spain he sailed around South America, discovering strait
character? of Magellan & Pacific Ocean (“peaceful sea”).
- though killed in Philippines, one of his ships continued westward to Spain,
 w/o historical investigation, historical criticism will only be done through
accomplishing 1st circumnavigation of earth
to philosophical & theological interpretation
- Captain of the voyage
Methodologies
LAPU- LAPU (1491-1542)
Source Criticism- analyze/evaluate sources used by biblical authors
- ruler of Mactan, Cebu
Form C.
- modern Philippine society regards him as first Filipino hero since he was
- determine originality & historical context by classifying it into literary
the first native to resist Imperial Spanish colonization.
pattern (letter, poem, diary, parable, etc.) & trace its type to its period of
transmission - best known for Battle of Mactan at dawn on April 27, 1521, where they
defeated Ferdinand Magellan
Redaction C.
- regards author as editor of source materials Magellan’s Arrival
- make judgments on authorship, historical trustworthiness, date of writing
- (3/16/1521) fleet arrived in Humunu Island/Homonhon Islands & found what
Tradition C. Pigafetta referred to as "Watering Place of Good Signs."
- trace oral tradition’s developmental stages from historical emergence to - Pigafetta wrote in his account that they found 1st signs of Gold in Island.
literary presentation
- named the island w/ nearby islands as Archipelago of St. Lazarus
- understand how author use oral traditions
- they left the island
- essence of author’s commentary/view on particular historical period
- (3/25/1521) Pigafetta saw 2 ballanghai (balangay) full of people in Mazzava/
Test of Authenticity Mazaua. The leader, who Pigafetta referred to as king of the ballanghai
- distinguish hoax/misinterpretation from genuine text using legal detection (balangay), sent his men to Magellan’s ship.
- identify text’s anachronism (chronological inconsistency/misplacement) - Magellan sent interpreter to king & asked for money for ship needs &
expressed that he came into islands as a friend, not as an enemy.
Content Analysis
- primary source’s systematic evaluation to develop argument based on own- ater a few days, Magellan was introduced to King’s brother. Pigafetta said that
content understanding they saw mines of gold. Gold was abundant that ship parts of the ship & second
king’s house were made of gold.
- identify pertinent info & explain its importance to one’s understanding of
history in Philippine setting - he described Raia Calambu, king of Zuluan & Calagan (Butuan & Caragua),
as most Handsome man he saw in that place.
Contextual A.
- specific on primary source’s time, place, situation, language, penmanship (3/31/1521; Easter Sunday) Magellan ordered chaplain to preside a
-
- author’s background/expertise, subject authority & intent perceptible, Mass by shore. (First Mass in the Philippines)
relevance & meaning to society today - Pigafetta reported that both kings participated in this mass. He wrote:
"...when the offertory of the mass came, the two kings, went to kiss the
cross like us, but they offered nothing, and at the elevation of the body
of our Lord they were kneeling like us, and adored our Lord with joined
hands."
- they went on & fled to search for supplies & provisions.
- learned islands of Ceylon (Leyte), Bohol, & Zzubu (Cebu) & intended to go 12/13: reached Rio de Janeiro on day of St. Lucy; remained until 12/26 (1st
there. Raia Calambu offered to pilot them in going to Cebu (largest & octave of Christmas)
richest of the islands) o
12/26: sailed from Rio & sighted Cape of St. Mary (34 2/3); then coursed
- (4/7/1521) Magellan & his men reached port of Cebu. westnorthwest & got into great river of freshwater (River of St.
Christopher) (34o) & remained until 1520/2/2
POLITICAL:
- kings & Chief/Kapitan; practice of superiority 1520
ECONOMIC: 2/2: navigated along river & went south, reaching Point of St. Anthony (36o)
Mercantilism- trading of goods. - ran southwest in 25 leagues & reached Cape St. Apelonia (36o)
Hunting & Farming- not necessarily nomadic since it’s still present today - navigated westsouthwest & reached Shoals of the Currents (39o)
CULTURAL PRACTICES: - navigated out to sea & lost sight of land in 2-3 days; reached land again & came
Hospitality- when Magellan arrived in PH, they welcomed him wi/ goods to a bay Island of St. Matthew (34o)
Body Ornaments- to look attractive & superior - navigated from said bay until they reached Bay of Labours (37o) where
Drinking Manner- king had unusual way or ritual before he drinks they caught seawolves & birds; here, they’re near losing flagship in storm
Religion- praise wooden idols; Animistic 3/31: arrived at Port of St. Julian (49o 1/3) where they wintered
Sanduguan/ Blood Compact- ritual & contract of friendship, peace &
trust between ruling class of pre-hispanic PH - in this port, a mutiny attempt by Spanish captains Juan de Cartagena, Gaspar
de Quesada, & Luis de Mendoca intended to arrest & take Magalhaes to Castile
DESCRIPTIONS OF WOMEN: - de Mendoca was stabbed & killed by fleet’s chief constable sent by Magalhaes
- Beautiful & Gentle - wore piece of cloth made from tree
- 3 ships were recovered; 5 days later, de Magalhaes ordered de Queixada to be
- tattooed - Long—Black hair
decapitated & quartered
- naked - wear golden jewelries/ornaments
- Magalhaes made Alvaro de Mesquita to be captain
CITIES IN VISAYAS & MINDANAO INVOLVED:
•Leyte (ceylon) 8/24: sailed from Port of St. Julian but remained due to weather for 5 mo
•Bohol 24 days (70o less 10 min to southwards)
•Cebu (zzubu) 8/24: sailed from said port & entered river Santa Cruz (50o) where they
Mactan, Cebu- where Magellan was killed by Lapu Lapu & his comrades collected goods until 9/18; they wintered here & took in the ship 3-
4 savage-like but harmless people they encountered; all died
CHRONOLOGY except for 1 who went to Castile
1521/1/24: Magellan fetches San Pablo Island 10/18: sailed from said river
2/4: “ “ Tiburones Island 10/21: discovered Cape of the Virgins (52o) (since they found it on day of
3/6 (Wed): “ reaches Ladrone Islands 11000 virgins)
3/16 (Sat): “ “ Samar Island of Philippines - from this cape they found a strait where they found 3 channels with 1
3/28 (Thurs): “ Mazzava Island traversing in direction of Maluco
4/7: “ arrives at Sebu Island - de Magalhaes sent 2 ships to navigate these channels: one returned to
4/27 (Sat): Death of Magellan at Mactan Captain-major while other entered south of bay & didn’t return (led
May : Burning of Conception by Alvaro de Mesquita)
5/6: Arrival of San Antonio at Seville - since it didn’t return, de Magalhaes set sail & went to south, took turn
11/8 (Fri): Arrival of Victoria & Trinity at Tidore northwest & southeast, & then quarter west & east. He left letters in
places from which he sailed to inform other ships incase they’ll read it
12/21: Victoria sails from Tidore
- they entered into a channel where they found an outlet where they saw
1522/3/18 (Tue): Victoria discovers Amsterdam Island the great sea on other side
5/18: “ doubles Cape of Good Hope - went from said strait & found 2 islands
7/9 (Wed): “ arrives at Cape Verde Islands
10/21 – 11/26: stayed in said strait (100 leagues in length towards outlet;
9/6 (Sat): “ arrives at San Lucar
outlet & its entrance are 52o latitude)
9/8 (Mon): “ casts anchor at Seville
9/9 (Tue): Thanksgiving at Church of our Lady of Victory

NAVIGATION & VOYAGE OF FERNANDO DE MAGALHAES

FROM SEVILLE TO MALUCO
1519
8/10: sailed from Seville; remained at bar until 9/21
9/29: steered southwest & reached island of Tenefire on day of St. Michael
- made his course to fetch Cape Verde Islands, passed the islands & Cape
w/o sighting either one or other
- shaped course & sighted other coast of Brazil, then steered southeast along
coast as far as Cabo-frio (23o south latitude)
- from Cabo-frio, he steered west in 30 leagues to go to Rio de Janeiro (same
latitude as Cabo-frio)
 1521 (Good Friday): Magellan sent Traprobana (interpreter) to the king to beg
for ship provisions, saying that he came to their country as a friend, not
3/16 (Sat): arrived in Zamal (Samar) (300 leagues from Thieves’Island)
as an enemy.
3/18 (Mon): saw a boat w/9 men who welcomed them (5 remained w/them,
- King sent 7-8 men in a boat & entered ship, embraced Magellan, & gave him
others called for men & all of them came together)
3 china dishes covered w/ leaves full of rice & 2 dorades (large fish).
- seeing locals’ hospitality, Magellan ordered food & drink, giving them red Magellan gave him red & yellow robe in Turkish fashion, fine red cap;
caps, looking glasses, combs, bells, ivory. Due to his politeness, locals knives & mirrors to king’s people.
gave him fish, palm wine (Uraca/Arrak), figs, & 2 cochos (cocoa nuts).
- Magellan told king that he wished to be w/him (cassi, “brothers/intimate
- they had nothing to give him at that time but promised that in 4 days they’d friends”), which king accepted. Magellan showed him his collections. He
bring Umai (rice), cocos, & victuals had 1 soldier armed w/white armor & placed him amidst 3 comrades
- cochi (Areca nut; palm tree fruit); palmito (heart of palm tree) who struck him swords & daggers: a man in white armor is worth 100
- palm tree (like date-palm but not so rugged); 2 trees=10 persons; draw men. He made 2 men play w/swords before the king. He also showed a
wine from 1 tree in 8 days & from the other as long to last for hundred sea chart & ship compass used to find the strait. Magellan asked king if
years his 2 people should go where they lived, to which he agreed.
- palm tree produces cocho: 1st husks is green, 2 fingers thick, its threads - Pigafetta & his companion then went; king raised his hands up & turned to
used for boat cords; under its husk is hard & thicker-than-walnut rind them, took them by hand; & led them to a balanghai (80 ft long,
(which they burn); under its rind is white marrow 1 finger thick (almond resembling a fusta). They sat & were served pig dish & wine (first raise
flavor, eaten fresh w/ meat & fish; made into bread when dried); in their hands to heaven, hold drink vessel in right hand, extend left hand
marrow’s middle is clear sweet & alcoholic water (congeals when rested closed towards people).
& becomes like apple) - They went to king’s palace built like a hay grange & covered w/ fig & palm
- made oil from coco by letting it rotten, corrupt its marrow in water, then boil leaves, situated high above ground. They sat on a cane mat, legs doubled
- made vinegar by spoiling coco water & put under sun, turning like white wine as per custom, & had supper. They used Anime (gum of tree) as candles,
wrapped in palm/fig leaves. They slept on cane mat w/pillows of leafs.
- made milk by scraping its marrow & mixing w/ its water passed through cloth
- made wine by making a hole at tree’s summit as far as its heart where liquor - Before leaving, they kissed each others’hands. This king’s brother, Raia
(white, sweet, bitter) drops down through thick canes fastened around tree Calambu, arrived: he’s tawny & painted, has shoulder-length black hair,
silk cloth on head, 2 gold ring earrings, cotton cloth w/silk on waist. He
- locals dwelt in Zuluam
wore a dagger, storax, & benzoin. His island had gold mines. When they
- Magellan led them to his ship & showed them cloves, cinnamon pepper, visit one another, they come to hunt in this island.
ginger, nutmeg, mace, gold; he made shots w/ his artillery
- island where fleet docked is in Humunu Islands called Watering Place of 3/31 (Easter Sun): Magellan sent a chaplain ashore to conduct a mass, to
Good Signs/Aquade des bons signes (named after finding 2 springs of fresh which King sent 2 dead pigs. Magellan went ashore w/50 men, dressed
water & 1 st signs of gold) w/ swords, & their ships fired 6 cannon shots as sign of peace. Before
mass began, Magellan threw musk rose water on 2 kings. The ships fired
- named it Archipelago of St. Lazarus (since it has many circumjacent islands &
o o all artillery at elevation of Lord’s body.
they stayed there on feast of St. Lazarus) (10 N latitude; 161 longitude)
- after mass, Magellan brought a cross w/ nails & crown which kings revered.
3/22 (Fri): locals returned in midday, bringing 2 boats w/ cochi, oranges, vessel He said these were a sign of the emperor his lord & master who
of palm wine, cock (poultry) commanded him to place it in all places where he might go, particularly
- locals’ leader is old, painted face, gold ring earrings (Schione); others wore on summit of their country’s highest mountain so thunder, lightning, &
bracelts & gold rings on arms & wrapped linen around their heads tempest wouldn’t hurt them.
- Magellan asked the kings if they were Moors or Gentiles; they replied that
- fleet remained in this island for 8 days (captain went there everyday to
they didn’t perform other adoration but only to Aba
refresh his men w/ cocho water)
o 0
- near this isle is another island where lived people Caphre/Gentiles (naked, - they arrived in Mazzava (9 2/3 N latitude, 162 from line of demarcation,
25 leagues distant from Humunu): people were naked, gentle, grat
holes in ears (picquetez), wear cloth from tree barks; some wear cotton
drinkers, chew on areca (palm nut) that gave them red mouths. It was
w/silk at its end). They are tawny, fat, painted, long black hair, anoint
filled w/ animals, millet, wax, & gold mines. They remained here 7 days,
themselves w/oil from coconuts & sesame to preserve the from sun &
took tack of Maestral, passing through midst of 5 isles: Ceylon, Bohol,
wind. They carry small daggers & knives, darts/ harpoons/nets to fish,
Canighan, Baibai, & Satighan (where Barbastigly bird large as eagles is
ornamented w/gold, boats like Magellan’s
found).
3/25 (Mon of Passion week): Feast of Our Lady; Pigafetta slipped & nearly
drowned but was saved by holding a large sail’s sheet w/his left hand
(“assisted not by merits but by mercy & grace of fountain of pity”)
- they coursed west & southwest (pennant et le garbin), passed amidst 4 small
islands: Cenalo, Huinanghar, Ibusson, Abarien

3/28 (Thurs): anchored at an island, a small boat (Boloto) w/8 men

approached. Magellan’s slave, Traprobana (from Sumatra) spoke to them
in Malay. They were initially afraid, so Magellan gave them red caps, which
they took joyously & returned to advised their king
- 2 hours later, 2 long Ballanghai full of men arrived; their king in the largest
boat. Traprobana spoke to king, who then sent men to go to Magellan’s
ship. They were entertained & given gifts. King wanted to give Magellan
large bar of solid gold, which he rejected.
 COMONER/ALIPING NAMAMAHAY
- can’t be sold/transferred to other barangay unless by inheritance (provided they
stay in same village); lords of their property & gold
live independently; married; children can inherit & can’t be made slaves
serve master w/half of cultivated land; rowed & accompanied datu
CUSTOMS OF TAGALOGS
SLAVE/ALIPING SA GUIGUILIR
- by Juan de Plasencia in 1589 during Spanish colonial period
- serve master in his house/cultivated land; can be granted w/master’s harvest
- part of monograph written by Spanish expedition chronicles to Philippines during - those born in master’s house are rarely sold
16th & 17th centuries. - those to whom a dept was owed were sold; don’t own their own life
- provide exoticize description of Tagalogs, clearly fed by politics & propaganda - those enslaved by war who possess gold can ransom himself & become namamahay
- operated w/ Western-outsider's gaze that would be appealing to them (commoner) (ransom price: < 5 taels; paying >5 taels were set free)
- promote understanding of Spanish language among natives; local languages - after dividing trinkets slave possessed, if he maintained own house, they divided
among missionaries to facilitate spreading Christianity pots & jars— if there’s remaining, they broke it; aif a piece of cloth were left, they
- provided first form of Civil Code, used by local governors to administer justice parted it in middle
- Opus number on prayer & contemplation inTagalog language so natives can WITCH- killed w/ their children & accomplices became chief’s slaves
engage in spiritual exercises of their teachers.
Punishment Methods
JUAN DE PLASENCIA - half cultivated lands & products belonged to master. 
- born early 16th cent, Plasencia, Extremadura named as Juan Portocerrero - master will provide culprit w/ food & clothing, enslaving him & his children.
- author of 1st printed in Philippines (Doctrina Cristiana) - master will possess children if ever payment couldn’t be met by their father
- son of Pedro; grew up in Siglo de Oro (period when art & lit flourished)
Inheritances
- Spanish Friar of Franciscan Order among 1st group of Franciscan Missionaries.
- legitimate children of father & mother inherited equally, except where parents
- spent most of missionary life in Philippines where he founded many town in Luzon
showed a slight partiality by gifts as 2 or 3 gold taels
- authorized religious & linguistic books;most notably Doctrina Cristiana
- written works: Relacion de las Costumbres de Los Tagalos; La Santina Dowry
- died 1590 in Liliw, Laguna - greater than sum given to other sons
- if woman’s parents are alive, they can enjoy dowry
Life in Philippines
- “ “ “ died w/o spending dowry, it’s divided equally among children
- arrived in 7/2/1578; joined forces w/ another missionary Fray Diego de Oropesa
- if wife has no parents/grandparents, she enjoys dowry
- both preached in Laguna de Bay & Tayabas, Quezon, Quezon Province
- divorce before birth of child due to wife marrying another, all her dowry goes to
- found towns in provinces of Bulacan, Laguna & Rizal (Tayabas, Caliraya, Lucban, husband; if she left him but didn’t remarry, dowry is returned
Mahjayjay, Nagcarlan, Lilio(Liliw), Pila, Santa Cruz, Lumban, Pangil, Siniloan,
- if man left wife, he lost half of dowry & other half is returned to him
Morong, Antipolo, Taytay, Meycauayan)
- if he had children during divorce, whole dowry goes to children
- defender of native population: looked after poor, ill, neglected; standing up for
- if one had children by 2 or more legitimate wives, each child received inheritance &
their rights ; very keen on creating primary schools
dowry of his mother
- requested official sanction for educational centers where "Filipinos couldn’t only
- if man had child w/slave, legitimate children are can free mother & give him
learn Christian doctrine, but also reading, writing, arts & crafts, so they would
tael/slave (if father is a chief)
become good Christians & useful citizens; approved by Domingo de Salazar, 1st
Bishop of See of Manila (1512–1594) - His children (other than his legitimate children) w/ free unmarried woman to whom
a dowry was given but not considered as real wife are “natural children” that only
have 1/3 inheritance than legitimate ones
Governing System lead by Datos
- if no children by legitimate wife, child by unmarried woman (inaasava) inherited all
DATU- barangay leader/chief (of < 30 people); most intelligent; captain in war
- barangay (tribal gathering): when they came to this land, head of barangay - child by slave woman received his share as above stated
(boat) became a dato (origin: family of parents, children, relations, slave) - no legitimate/natural child/child by an inaasava, whether there’s son of slave
woman or not, inheritance went only to father/grandparents, brothers, or nearest
NOBLES/MAHARLICA relatives of deceased, who gave to slave-child as above state
- free-born/noble people; don’t pay tax/tribute to dato but must accompany in war - adopted child inherit double of what’s paid for adoption
- land they inhabit is divided among whole barangay esp irrigated land (land in
tingues/mountain ridges aren’t divided but owned in common) Relation of Worship of Tagalogs, Gods, Burials, Superstitions
- can’t transfer village after marriage w/o paying gold; failure to pay leads to war SIMBAHAN - place of adoration (PANDOT/WORSHIP) in a large house of chief.
- upon rice harvest, any person from other barangay, although he may have come SIBI- shelter w/ sheds on side & roof; SORIHILE- small lamp centered in house
from,if he commences to clear any land may sow it & no one can compel him to
NAGAANITOS-barangay/family united to worship inside house (temple)
abandon it
BADHALA- "all powerful"/"maker of all things“
- some villages where nobles paid annually hundred gantas of rice
TALA- morning star; PLEIADES- 7little goats
- remain nobles if they’re maharlicas on parent side; become slaves by marriage: MAPULON- change of seasons; BALATIC- Greater Bear
- If man married from another village, children are divided equally between 2 LIC-HA- images w/diff shapes 
barangays DIAN MASALANTA- patron of lovers & generations. 
- If maharlica & slave marries, children are divided (odd: father; even:mother) LACAPATI & INDIANALE- patron of cultivation of land & husbandry.
Free father/mother=free children BUAYA- water-lizards/crocodile where they revere from fear of being harmed
- no moving from village to another w/o complying: TIGMAMANUGUIN- singing bird sings from tree (bad/good omen)
- Fine & gold ( depend in barangay) SUN-TIME & WATER-TIME- distinguish summer & winter
- banquet to entire barangay - their time is determined by soil cultivation & moons
- If they marry from other barangay, children is divided CATOLONAN –male/female officiating priest who sung & praise poetic songs
- sentences are passed by datu
DEVIL-can enter  Catolonan’s body (flaming eyes, standing hair, arrogance)
- condemn a man at low caste who disrespect his daughter/wife of datu.
- Goat, fowls, swine (objects of sacrifice)
- children of accomplices are turned to slave
 Reason for Offering Sacrifice & Adoration - inspired by how Filipinos were treated before by Spaniards. They were forced to
- recovery of sick - prosperous voyage of those on seaentertain Roman oppressors & Spaniards & sacrifice themselves for Roman's
- propitious results in war - successful childbirth & Spaniard's honor
- good harvest in sowed land - happy married life - garnered recognition since it surpass beyond expectations of Spanish & Italian
painting experts during his time
- menstruating young girls are blindfolded for 4 days & 4 nights. At end of period,
Catolonan took them to water for fortune of finding husband
Distinctions Among Priest & Devil
CATOLONAN –honorable office - Political Thuggeryescalates members of Council running for re-election mobiliz
MANGAGAUAY – wishes who deceived by pretending to heal sick. city's gangsters to coerce voters
PARISIAN LIFE (1892)
MANYISALAT – apply remedies to lovers to be abandoned & despise own wife.
- aka Interior d’Un Café ("Inside a Café”)/”The Maid" & "Un Coquette” (someone 1
MANCOCOLAM – emit fire from himself at night step lower than prostitute)
HOCLOBON – kill by saluting/raising hand
- won silver medal at World Fair’s Saint Louis Exposition in US, 1904
SILAGAN – if they saw anyone in white, they’ll tear out its liver & eat it
- bought back by GSIS through an auction for 46M (Present Value: $8,000/200 M)
MAGTATANGAL – show herself at night w/o his hear/entrails.
- Lady’s body complexion has "geographical likeness" to Philippine map
OSUANG – sorcerer; fly; murdered men & ate their flesh.
MANGAGAYOMA – made charms for lovers out of herbs, stones,  wood to infuse - knees resemble how we pray & map of Cebu, where Roman Catholicism started
heart w/love. - navel connotating birth is similar to Kawit, Cavite map where Philippine
SONAT – preacher; help one to die when he predicted soul salvation/condemnation Independence was first declared
PANGATAHOJAN – soothsayer, predicted future - left arm closely signifies Islands of Palawan
BAYOGUIN – cotquean; man whose nature inclined toward that of woman. - head reveals she’s strangled, because Philippines was colonized by Spaniards

Manner of Burial Fernando Amorsolo

- buried beside his house; placed beneath a little house of porch (if a chief) - portraitist &painter of rural landscapes; known for use of light in his paintings
- if warrior, living slave was tied beneath his body until it is wretched way he died.  - loved to show scenes of different conditions of light just like what Realists do
- Aetas or Negrillos (Negritos): dug a deep perpendicular hole & placed dead - born 5/30/1892 in Paco, Manila
upright w/ head unburied on top where they put half-coconut for protection
- enrolled in Liceo de Manila in 1909, went to UP of Fine Arts graduating in 1914
MACA-“Paradise”/ “Village of rest”.
- studied 7 mos in Escuela de San Fernando in Madrid (experimented light & color)
CASAANAN - place of punishment, grief; “place of anguish”
- influenced by Postwar impressionists & cubists when he travelled to New York;
- place for wicked & sitan (demons
transformed him into int’lfigure
Supersitions - created over 10,000 artworks before death; heart failure
VIBIT- ghosts ; TIGBALANG- phantoms
ANTIPOLO FIESTA (1947)
PATIANAC- dead mother in childbirth & child are punished
- 51x76 inches; oil painting on canvas
- depicts rural scene where people celebrate a fiesta in Antipolo.
- main focus is on pair of dancers (same pose of Amorsolo’s tinikling-related
ARTWORKS OF JUAN LUNA & FERNANDO AMORSOLO painting; yet there’s no bamboo-handlers & dancers don’t perform tinikling)
Juan Luna de San Pedro y Novicio Ancheta surrounded by young & old revelers
- painter, sculptor, political activist of Philippine Revolution in late 19th cent - abundant food in basketf of fruits on benches & ground, lechon prepared by 2 men
- used prostitutes as models in painting sessions as they're paid cheap - Nearby is house w/huge windows from where dwellers watch revelers.
- educated: Ateneo Municipal de Manila Academia de Dibujo y Pintura (Phil) - at background is a huge church, a symbolic town structure.
Academia de San Fernando (Madrid, Spain) - vast number of townsmen completes essence of a fiesta
Philippine Merchant Marine Academy
PALAY MAIDEN (1920)
- works: The Death of Cleopatra, 1881 The Parisian Life, 1892
- oil paint on 60.3 x 85.5 canvas made in Manila
El pacto de sangre, 1884 The River, 1885
La batalla de Lepanto, 1887 Despues del Baile - known for its masterpiece of encoded messages
- “conception of an ideal Filipina beauty is one w/ rounded face, not of oval type.
Revolutionary contribution
Eyes should be exceptionally lively, nose should be blunt form but firm & strongly
- member of Paris delegation for diplomatic recognition of Philippine Republic marked. Ideal Filipino beauty should have ensuous mouth not white-complexioned,
- “ “ Washington delegation for recognition of Philippine government nor of dark brown color, but of the clear skin, which we often witness when we
- known for allegorical works in Philippine revolution through his arts meet a blushing girl.”
- Filipino beauty is important symbol of national identity
SPOLIARIUM (1884)
- featured in Ayala Museum
- Roman Empire; bloodied bodies of gladiators, drawn as slaves, are dragged
mercilessly away by men from wide & powerful arena towards an unknown
darkness, other tragically killed gladiators are brought
- cheering crowd screaming for blood (left); woman crouched & in sorrow (right) PHILIPPINE CARTOONS
- started July 1883, completed March 1884 in Rome, Italy (24 y/o) - political caricature of American Era (1900-1941)
- first shown at Palazzi della Esposione at Via Nazionale in Rome. ALFRED W. McCOY
- exhibited at National Exposition of Fine Arts of Madrid in 1884 & won First of - born 6/8/1945; History prof at Univ of Wisconsin Madison (focused on SE Asia)
Three Gold Medals - testified before Congress on, Philippine political history, opium trafficking in
- donated to Nat’l Museum of Philippines Golden Triangle, underworld crime syndicates, & international political surveillance.
- currently hangs in main gallery at 1st floor of National Museum of Fine Arts in - after Ph.D. in Southeast Asian history at Yale, his writing on this region focused on:
Manila; 1st work of art that greets visitors upon entry into museum Philippine political history & global opium trafficking.
Philippines remains (major focus of his research)
- Marcos’ “fake medals” investigation published on page 1 of New York Times ( 1/23/1986)
 - Closer Than Brothers (New Haven, 1999) documents corrosive impactMunicipal
of tortureHygiene
upon Philippine military - to make Manila a model metropolis, Americans imposed strict sanitation
regulations that angeredManileños (Spaniards didn’t give Manila sewers/water
Manila: Corruption of a City
supply)
- Free press denounces proliferation of illegal taxis (COLORUMS) due to increased
- hints at more subtle criticism of American colonialism.
automobiles crowded into narrow streets & police failing to control traffic
- unlike Caucasian monstrosities of 1908; friendly, cherubic Sailor Jack of 1930s is
- Manila suffered corruption, vice, & mismanagement.
welcome (pages 78-79) in a city that learned to profit from his presence

- if Nationalism: ideology of Manila Press, then city was its reality

- editors, artists, writers all lived & worked in Manila, expressed their frustrations TRINIDAD HERMENEGILDO JOSÉ MARÍA JUAN FRANCISCO PARDO DE TAVERA Y
on discomforts & decadence in some of angriest cartoons of American period GORRICHO
- (1637) Crown officer Juan Grau y Monfalcon reported that Manila was already a - 4/13/1857 – 3/26/1925
modern metropolis worthy of "equal rank w/ greatest & most celebrated cities in - Filipino physician, historian, politician of Spanish & Portuguese descent.
world", influenced by grandeur of Mexico City's unique grid of ceremonial
- member of executive Philippine Commission; leading critic of Us sanitation problems
boulevards & plazas
- (1571) Miguel de Legazpi (Manila's founder) selected site at Pasig River & made WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT
similar grid w/ single grand plaza for Cathedral & government buildings. Located
- 9/15/1857 – 3/8/1930
at Pasig River's mouth, most of Manila was just above sea level & interlaced w/
- 27th US president (1909-1913); 10th Chief Justice of US (1921-1930)
swamps & streams.
- only person to hold both offices; Secretary of War (January 1904)
- (1898) Army landed, its command was revolted by Manila's poor health &
sanitation
The Distant Provinces
- (1910) Manila had sewage system, new water supply w/ 125x capacity of
- editors, writers, cartoonists lived in Manila & made press chronicle urban life.
Spanish reservoir, & modern public hospital for 80,000 outpatients in its free
- cartoons are remarkably detailed & precise record of city’s changing face.
clinic. These sum cut Manila's death rate from 43/ 1,000 populations in 1899 to
- Manila is reality, provinces became fantasy since coverage of provincial dev’t was
23 in 1914
infrequent & uneven
- Taft awarded Daniel Burnham for commission for planning Manila's urban
renewal & construction of summer capital. Burnham is leading figure in City -(1907) Assembly elections, Manila press ignored routine of provincial politics &
Beautiful Movement & senior architect for Chicago World's Fair & Washington portrayed only ridiculous (excluding plight of peasantry)
Mall - Philippine Free Press (1908): weekly English language news magazine is Philippines’
- After 6-week visit to Philippines in 1904- 05, Burnham planned Manila oldest weekly English language periodical currently still in print
renovation w/enthusiastic response from colonial government. While 16th - The Independent: Vicente Sotto’s radical newspaper about Rural social conditions
century Spanish conquistador Legazpi had built Manila as symbol of Spain's - Lipag Kalabaw: cartoons usually restricted to vice & politics
power, 20th-century Burnham rebuild it as testimony to American technology - (1922) Sotto’s newspaper condemned wholesale landgrabbing in Nueva Ecija &
- he planned to make grand concourse that arced inland walls of Intramuros from reported money lenders’ abuse of pacto de retroventa lending system to
Pasig River to Luneta’s end at Manila Bay confiscate peasant lands
- To park’s north is Manila Hotel; its south is Army navy (fleet admiral’s residence - Free press took moderate position on peasant issues; this paper ignored rural
& quarters for U.S. Army commander); he proposed diagonal arteries overlaid conditions until 1930s when radical peasant unions lenged landlords in Central Luzon
across Manila’s old square grid to resolve city’s growing transport problems w/ strikes & political protest
- regardless of ideological differences, both papers shared a common urban bias
WILLIAM E. PARSONS - 1940 cartoon drew Socialist leader Pedro Abad Santos as rabid
- 6/19/1872 – 12/17/1939 - 1915 Cartoon in Sotto’s “Independent” hailed president of Agricultural Assembly
- architect & city planner ; consulting architect to US government from 1905-1914 - Free Press cartoon blamed Filipino politics for parlous state of Agriculture
- chief architect for all Philippine government construction - Free Press ran cartoons in early 1920s demanding that Philippine Nat’l Bank increase
- worked closely w/Cameron Forbes (1905-13); designed Manila’s major buildings its financing for sugar industry.
- Manila from 220,000 (1903) to 623,000 (1938) cracks appear in imperial façade. - 1924 cartoon in The Independent showed export sugar industry bloated at groaning
- failed promise of America’s “Pearl of the Orient” drew cartoonist savage satire. banquet table as a retinue of waiters (legislators, banker, treasurer, executive) fatten
- (1908) Lipag Kalabaw cartoon showed growing poverty as wry street encounter him w/even more credit
 - Americans failed to provide Manila w/ local government to solve own problem
Cartoons:
- (1905) Meralco’s electric trams opened, charged prohibitive fares & serviced
only lucrative boulevards Convinient Blindness: satirical comment on provincial’s pre occupation w/ gambling
- Manila’s narrow streets became an urban jungle between transport species Sack Race in Cavite: satirical commentary on victory of Nacionalista Party candidate
by 1,893 votes to 446
- (1/1908) Prostitution boomed under liberal American regime, city officials &
police soon learned to profit from selective tolerance. Regattas in Batangas: sweeping victory of nationalist candidates in 1907 Assembly
elections in Batangas Province
- American influence brought subtle social changes: increase in schools & colleges
made youth a distinct social class. A New Wrinkle in Art of Thieving: city capitalist using Torrens title process, which
required relinquishment of customary claims to issue clear
- (1941) Manila was a changed city
titles, to grab lands of Nueva Ecija & Central Luzon provinces
- Manileños found sudden American presence disruptive. American soldiers &
sailors strutted about Manila’s streets Law & Orderb: Democracy’s Greatest Bulwark
- Pampanga peasants waving communist flag while assaulting that bulwark w/ torch &
machine gun
Memories of the Visit
- (11/1908) American soldiers poured into Manila off US Asiatic fleet, crowding Brothers Under the Skin (1938): landlord & tenant battling each other whip & scythe,
into brothels, a stream of shoeshine boys & calesa drivers following in their wake figure of Filipinas counsels a corporatist unity in
Rizal hovers in saint-like nimbus behind
- Filipino objection: Social & economic consequences. Living off Filipina wife &
engaging in drunken brawls.
- Philippine commission passed a law at weeding out vagrant veterans
 therein, to commemorate his arrival & celebration of First Mass on this site on
8th of April 1521. Erected in 1872, under District Governor Jose Ma. Carvallo
1953) petition was sent to Nat’l Historical Committee (created in 1933; Luis
Montilla was current chairman) asking for Butuan monument be rehabilitated &
re-erected. Petition was referred to Secretary of the Committee, Mr. O.D.
Opiana, for study & comment. Opiana made conclusions & recommendations
in a memorandum addressed to Montilla on 9/30/1953. Committee didn’t
accept this but accepted De Veyra’s & Pardo de Tavera’s opinion.
12/11/1953) They passed resolution agreeing to comply to rehabilitate & re-
erect Butuan monument, but marble slab w/ inscription be
removed “for revision purposes.” Despite resolution of 1953,
Historical Committee did nothing to rehabilitate Butuan monument
CORAZON AQUINO: SPEECH BEFORE US CONGRESS
(1978) municipal authorities constructed concrete pedestal, shaped like ship’s prow
MA. CORAZON SUMULONG COJUANGCO AQUINO to mount monument. Monument should be preserved. In its own right, it’s a
- 6/25/1933, Tarlac; widow of Benigno Aquino historic artifact. But historical error in 1872 inscription is a historical error
- “Mother of Asian Democracy”; president (2/25/1986 – 6/2/1992)
Fr. FRANCISCO COLIN S.J. (1592-1660)
Speech before US Congress (9/18/1986) - Jesuit historian
- talk about Filipino freedom from Marcos regime to mark new beginning for - Labor evangelica published in Madrid in 1663 (reissued 240 years later in 3-volume
Filipinos & its government, & to appeal for financial assistance by informing edition annotated by Fr Pablo Pastells S.J. in Madrid in 1903)
Americans about Philippines’ state
Key points of Colin’s account on Magellan’s arrival & first Mass:
- 7 mos after EDSA Rev (Feb. 25, 1986) 3 years after Benigno’s assassination
a. Magellan & comrades traveled 15o N latitude where they came upon 2 islands
- SITUATION: Philippines is 7 months free from martial law era for 14 years
named Las Velas [the Sails] & 12o N they came upon Ladrones Islands.
- Democratic government Economic State of Philippines (GDP)
b. They first arrived at Humunu, a small uninhabited island near Guiuan Point. They
Suffering of Benigno Aquino also found island of Ibabao [Samar] in this Archipelago.
“The Filipino is worth fighting for.” (Benigno Aquino) c. Buenas Senas (Good Omens)- name Magellan gave to islets they came upon.
San Lazaro- name for entire Archipelago
“Government sought to break him by indignities & terror. They locked him up in
d. Colin represented first Mass & solemn planting of cross & formal taking possession
a tiny, nearly airless cell in a military camp in north. They stripped him naked &
ofcislands after Crown of Castile, as it took place at Butuan on Easter Sunday 1521
held threat of sudden midnight execution over his head. Ninoy held up
manfully–all of it. I barely did as well. For 43 days, authorities wouldn’t tell me
what happened to him. This was first time my children & I felt we had lost him.”
Fr. FRANCISCO COMBES S.J (1620-1665)
- Jesuit writer
“But his death was my country's resurrection & courage & faith by which alone - Historia de Mindanao y Jolo printed in Madrid in 1667 (reissued 230 years later
they could be free again.” edited by Wenceslao Retana w/Father Pastells.
Cory Aquino’s Candidacy Key points of Combés’ account on Magellan’s voyage:
“Archibald Macleish had said that Democracy must be defended by arms when it a. Admiral Alonso de Magallanes followed new & difficult route [across Pacific],
is attacked by arms & by truth when it is attacked by lies.” entering by Strait of Siargao, formed by that island & of Leyte, landing at Limasaua
- 1 million signatures; assassination of Benigno Aquino. which is at Strait’s entrance
- slavery of Marco's Administration for 14 years; Threats & corruption; Democracy Chieftain’s rep who ruled River of Butuan was maintained enough to entice Magellan
b.
“l will not betray the cause of peace by which I came to power” c. They reverred to cross on hillock as sign to future generations of their alliance.
- $ 26,000,000,000 Foregn Debt Solemnity w/cross was erected & deep piety by Spaniards, by natives following
Spaniards’ example, engendered great respect for cross
Alliance & Relationship: d. Magellan went back to Limasaua to seek advice in planning their future route.
“Join us, America, as we build new home for democracy, another haven for e. Prince of Limasaua told 3 most powerful nations among Pintados (Visayans):
oppressed, so it may stand as a shining testament of 2 nation’s commitment to Caraga, Samar, Zebu. Magellan was attracted by nearness of Zebu, facilities of its
freedom.” port & more developed social structure (monarchial).
Gratitude of Cory Aquino to US f. Passing between Bool & Leyte & close to Camotes Islands, they guided by chief of
Limasaua, entered harbor of Cebu by Mandawe entrance on April 7, 1521.
“Thank you, America, for haven from oppression, & home you gave Ninoy, myself
and our children, and for the three happiest years of our lives together.” g. Combés didn’t mention first Mass, but only events that occurred on same day as
1st Mass: planting of cross & formal claiming of Archipelago on behalf of Castilian
Crown. These events, according to Combés, took place at Butuan.

SITE OF 1ST MASS: BUTUAN OR LIMASAWA Colin & Combes Comparison

BUTUAN TRADITION - both wrote that Magellan visited both Butuan & Limasawa.
1872 - “ agreed that it was from Limasawa & w/help from Limasawa’s chieftain that
I. Monument was erected near mouth of Agusan River at a spot within Butuan’s Magellan expedition went to Cebu.
municipal boundaries (now belongs to separate municipality of Magallanes). - “ agreed that Magellan arrived in Cebu on 7th of April 1521.
II. Monument was erected at instigation of Butuan’s parish priest who was a - “ were to exercise a strong influence over subsequent writers.
Spanish friar of Order of Augustinian Recollects.
III. Datr for first Mass (8 April 1521) may be error/ anachronistic attempt to GIOVANNI FRANCESCO GEMELLI CARERI
translate original date in terms of Gregorian calendar - Calabrian (native of Calabria, Italy)
- Giro del Mondo (A Voyage Around the World) issued in press in Naples in 1698
Butuan Monument
“On Whit Sunday the first Mass was said on Butuan, a cross erected & possession
- brick pillar where marble slab contained inscription which translated as:
after Charles V. The lord of Oimasaua, kinsman of king of Butuan & to him of Cebu,
“To Immortal Magellan: People of Butuan w/Parish Priest & Spanish residents
was assisting to Magellan, for he brought the ships into that port on the 7 th of April.
 Before Mass was said on Whit Sunday, the lord and the king of Cebu were
EMMAbaptized,
BLAIR & JAMES ALEXANDER ROBERTSON
and by their means, many men of note and others to the number of 500,55-volume
and after documents on Philippine Islands published in Cleveland (1903-1909)
dinner the queen with 300 more contribute to shift in opinion; blamed by defenders of Butuan tradition
Keypoints:
PABLO PASTELLS SJ
- he confused 2 distinct events (First Mass & Baptism of Rajah of Cebu)
- dates were not certain; misspelled Limasawa - born in Figueras,Gerona, Spain; Spanish Jesuit scholar
- Careri & Colin used same source 15 y/o, he entered Condliar Seminary in Barcelona
- his English translator was mistaken in translating Easter as Whit Sunday20 y/o when he entered Jesuit novitiate in Spain
1871) ordained as priest; (1875) came to Philippines
Island of Mindanao: A Description - assigned as a missionary in Mindanao after stay in Manila
- described Mindanao as “largest in size & best in qualities among Philippine Archip” coast (Bislig, Caraga, Cateel)
- served Pacific
1884) involved in expedition that explored Agusan River to its sources.
a. Mindanao takes its name from principal Province or Kingdom in it. 1887) transferred to northern coast of Mindanao at Jasaan, Misamis Oriental
b. “ known for lakes: (danao); Maguindanao is place & dwellers of lakes 1888-1893) appointed Superior of entire Jesuit Mission in Philippines for 6 yrs
c. 1st Province that faces sea from across New Spain [Mexico] is Caraga,
beginning at Cape of San Agustin & extends westward to Butuan river, Works: Colin (Madrid 1903)
noteworthy in their history than of gold, as it was one of first places where History of Jesuit Missions in Philippines in 19th Cent (Barcelona 1916-’17)
Hemando de Magallanes (The Discoverer) landed & accorded good treatment History of Jesuits in Paraguay (Madrid 1912)
Keypoints - (1897) collaborated w/ Retana in latter’s edition of Combés
- Colin didn’t say that Magellan first sighted Cape of San Agustin
- shift in opinion from Butuan to Limasawa was due to rediscovery & 2 primary
- he said that Magellan entered Philippines waters farther north near Samar, sources: Pigafetta’s account & Albo’s log.
landing first at Homonhon
- Retana & Pastells didnt change opinion, accepted Butuan tradition (Combez, 1897)
- Magellan must have come by southern route as later explorers did. This mistake
- Pastell reevaluate & restudy Pigafetta & Albo, realized Butuan tradition is wrong
became widespread in 18th-19th centuries
Pastells footnote:
JUAN DE LA CONCEPCION (1724-1787) Magellan did not go to Butuan. Rather, from the island of Limasawa he proceeded
- Augustinian friar directly to Cebu. In that island he had dealings with Rajah Siagu, chieftain of
Butuan; and this would explain the author’s [i.e. Colin’s] error. See the “Voyage” of
- History of the Philippines published in Manila after his death.
Pigafetta and the diary of Albo, both of whom were eyewitnesses
Keypoints about Magellan’s arrival & first Mass:
a. Magellan left las Velas Latinas/ Archipelago of San Lazaro JAMES A. ROBERTSON
b. Sailed 300 leagues westward & discovered many islands w/abundant supplies. - reproduced Pigafetta’s account w/English translation
c. Amongst his troupe was a native Indian who understood their language. - Pastell’s footnote on Colin’s statement & inclusion of Pigafetta account in Blair &
d. They first saw Cape San Agustin at southern tip of Mindanao. They sailed along Robertson series: main reasons for shift on site of first Mass.
Caraga coast, entered strait of Siargao (formed by Banajao Point & Leyte)
e. Landed at Limasawa (entrance of strait), accorded w/good reception by natives TRINIDAD PARDO DE TAVERA & JAYME DE VEYRA
f. They went to mouth of Butuan River where he met chieftain. - early 20th century Philippine scholars who rejected Butuan Tradition for Limasawa
g. They shared their intentions that they were vassals of King of Castile; that they
sought peace & free trade; that they desired to buy food supplies at a fair price. EVIDENCE OF LIMASAWA
h. Magellan ordered shelter construction & for his men to disembark to hear FRANCISCO ALBO
Keypoints - joined Magellan expedition as pilot (contra maestre) in flagship Trinidad
- one of 18 survivors returned w/Sebastian Elcano on Victoria after circumnavigation
- certain phrases were reminiscent of Colin & Combés.
- he misinterpreted las Velas, Marianas Islands, &Archipelago of San Lazaro as Albo’s account of entry into Philippine waters (archipelago of San Lazaro):
one a. (3/16/1521) they sailed from Ladrones, they saw land towards northwest (Yunagan)
- mis-construed Magellan’s route, depicting him as sighting southeastern tip of b. went instead southwards to Suluan & anchored. There they saw canoes but fled. This
Mindanao & sailing northwards along Pacific coast of island, entering by Siargao island was at 9 2/3 o N latitude.
Strait into Limasawa. c. sailed westward to uninhabited island of Gada & took wood & water. Sea around
- (late 18th-19th cent) writers repeated de la Concepcion’s error that Archipelago this was free from shallows. (Aquada/Homonhon, at 100 N latitude)
of San Lazaro was another name for Marianas Islands. Often d. Sailed westwards, towards Seilani inhabited & have gold. (Seilani/Ceylon/Leyte)
repeated error was Father Juan’s reconstruction of Magellan’s route
e. Sailing southwards along Seilani coast, turned southwest to Mazava. (9 2/3 o N
- (end of 18th, beginning of 19th Cent) Joaquin Martinez de Zuniga (1760-1818) latitude) (fits location of Limasawa: 9˚ 54’ N, south of Leyte)
who published “Historia de Filipinas” in Sampaloc accepted Butuan
f. Mazava people were good. Spaniards planted cross upon a mountain-top &
tradition, his work remained until Renata brought it in 1893.
shown 3 islands to west & southwest w/gold (fits southern end of Limasawa; not
- (19th Century) Butuan tradition was copied w/its essence & erroneous details.
coast of Butuan where no island is south/southwest, but towards north)
Its essence was accepted by scholars at end of 19th & early 20th cent.
h. Sailed northwards again towards Seilani & found 3 small islands
- Retana accepted Butuan tradition in his edition de Zuniga’s “Estadismo” in
1893. He supplied ff info: i. Sailed westwards 10 leagues & saw three islet. They sailed southwest 12 leagues,
latitude of 10 1/3o There entered a channel between “Matan” & “Subu”
- Butuan tradition was already entrenched. In 1872, provincial &
municipal authorities w/Spanish Augustinian Recollect missionaries of j. Sailed down that channel, turned westward anchored at town la villa of Subu,
Butuan erected monument, which is witness of Butuan tradition & entered into a peace-pact w/ local king.
evidence for tradition’s veracity. Passage accepts Butuan tradition & k. Subu was on east-west direction w/ Suluan & Mazava
testimony of Butuan monument about site of first Mass on Philippine
soil ANTONIO PIGAFETTA
- Primo viaggio intomo al mondo (1st Voyage Around the World) (translated by
SHIFT IN OPINION James Robertson in Italian & Skelton in French)
 - events from 3/16/1521 to 4/7/1521 (expedition was 3 weeks)
IMPORTANCE OF BUTUAN
Keypoints:
- important trading port for interisland & foreign commerce.
A. Testimony about route taken by expedition from Pacific Ocean to Cebu
(refer to previous lesson)place in Mindanao where Christian mission was established; served first by
B. Evidence of Pigafetta’s map Jesuits & later Augustinian Recollects. Thus, its importance isn’t dependent
1. (Blair and Robertson, Vol. 33) Samar (Zzmal) w/ Suluan, Abarien, Hiunangan
upon its&claim to have been site of first Mass
Humunu (Homonhon) described as “Aguada ly boni segnaly
- deserves an honorable place in atudy of culture & history.
2. (BR 33) double map:
1st showed Mindanao/Maguindanao (Mamgdanao) (West- Cippit; Extreme east-
Butuan, Calagan, &Benasan (Butuam, Calagam, Benasam)
2nd showed southern tip of Zamboanga, Basilan, & Sulu archipelago.
3. (BR 33) showed Mazaua (Mazzana) in relation to “Ceilon” & “Baibai” (i.e. Leyte)
& to those of Bohol, Gatighan & Camotes Group (Polon, Pozon, Ticobon
C. Presence of 2 native kings
- there’s evidence in presence of 2 native rajahs at Mazaua druing Magellan visit:
King of Mazaua (guided Magellan expedition to Cebu) (Siani) CAVITE MUTINY
King of Butuan (brother) (Calambu)
2 major events in 1872: Cavite Mutiny, GOMBURZA Executiong
inferences can be justified:
1. Mazaua (Mazzana) is small island lying southwestern tip of Ceilon (Southern CAVITY MUTINY (1/20/1872)
Leyte) & is east of Bohol. It lies near passage between Bohol & “Ceilon” (Leyte). - uprising of 200 Filipinos at Cavite arsenal; led to Philippine Revolution in 1896
2. Mazaua in Pig.’s map lies roughly equivalent to actual position of Limasawa.
2 perspectives:
3. In no way Mazaua be identified w/Butuan, which is situated in another & larger
FILIPNO: Dr. Trinidad Hermenigildo Pardo De Tavera (scholar & researcher)
island (Mindanao), where Calagan, Cippit, & Mamgdanao are located
- event was caused by dissatisfaction of Filipino workers & laborers
D. Events in 7 days at “Mazaua” - blames Gov. Izquierdo’s cold blooded policies.
(3/28 – 3/31: refer to previous lesson) - abolition of privileges: non-payment of tributes
(4/1, Mon): Magellan sent men to help w/harvest but no work was done since 2 : exception from force of labor
kings were sleeping off drinking bout yesterday) - prohibition of founding school of arts & trades for Filipinos.
(4/2, Tue & 4/3, Wed): Work on harvest during next 2 days - Spanish friars & Izquierdo used event as lever to magnify conspiracy (involved native
army, native clergy, & residents of Cavite & Manila)
(4/4, Thurs) Left Mazzaua to Cebu
- Madrid central gov. intended to deprive friars all powers of intervention in civil
 Easter Sunday mass was in Mazaua, not Butuan) government & direction & management of educational institutions (friars feared
E. Argument from omission their influence in Philippines would disappear)
- If Mazaua were Butuan, there’s omission in Pigafetta’s account. Butuan is riverine - Madrid govbelieved reports w/o investigations.
settlement situated on Agusan River, in its delta is Masao beach - Educated men in mutiny were sentenced to life imprisonment.
- members of native clergy headed by GOMBURZA were executed by garrote.
- if expedition & mass is celebrated there, there’s no mention of river
- 200 men (soldiers, laborers , Cavite residents) headed by Sergeant Lamadrid rose in
(In Pigafetta’s acc, Mazaua is surrounded by sea, not river delta)
arms & assassinated commanding officer & Spanish officers on sight
Summary of Albo & Pigafetta Evidence - news on mutiny reached Manila.
1. Magellan’s expedition entered Philippines south of Samra & anchored in - Izquierdo ordered reinforcement of Spanish troops in Cavite.
Homonhon where they stayed for a week. They sailed W to Leyte & S of - expected reinforcements from Manila never came.
Panaon. They anchored on eastern shore of Mazzaua, stayed for a week - mutiny was subdued after 2 days
2. Mazzaua lies 9 2/3 o N. Its position corresponds to Limasawa
SPANISH: Jose Montero Y Vidal & Gov. Gen. Rafael Izquierdo
3. They sailed N of Canigao channel between Bohol & Leyte; N of Leyte, then W of
Camotes Group, then SW of Cebu - mutiny was an attempt to overthrow Spanish government
- causes:
4. They didn’t go to Butuan; survivors went to Mindanao after Magellan’s death
abolishment of privileges
LEGAZPI EXPEDITION Spanish revolution overtook secular throne
Dirty propagandas spread by unrestrained press
- sailed into Phippines 1565, 44 years after Magellan Democratic, liberal, & republican books reaching Philippines.
- asked about Mazaua from Camotuan (natives of Cabalian at SE end of Leyte) Native clergy involved in conspiracy & supported rebels & enemies of Spain.
- ships rounded “Panae” (Panaon) separated from Leyte by narrow strait &
- Izquierdo reported to King of Spain that rebels aimed to overthrow Spanish
anchored off Mazaua
government & install a new “hari” & others were enticed by native clergy through
- went to Camiguing ( “visible” from Mazaua), then intended to go to Butuan on promise of rewards & victory.
“Vindanao” but were driven instead by contrary winds to Bohol
- event was planned earlier & is a conspiracy among educated leaders, mestizos,
 Mazaua is near Leyte & Panaon; Butuan was on Mindanao native lawyers, residents of manila & Cavite, native clergy
- Insinuated plans to liquidate high ranking Spanish officers after friar massacre
GEOGRAPHY OF MAZZAUA
- Cavite conspirators mistook fireworks as sign of attack
- Magellan was coasting on Leyte (Albo’s “Seilani”; Pigafetta’s “Ceylon”)
- 200 men headed by sergeant Lamadrid launched attack on spanish officers.
w/Hibuson Island on his left. This took him down to the southern tip of Panaon
- major instigators like Lamadrid were killed; GOMBURZA sentenced to death
- when his ships rounded Panaon, wind was blowing westward from Pacific.
- Patriots/abogadocillos were suspended by Audencia from law, arrested, & received
Sailing w/wind, his vessels would go west/southwest (toward Limasawa)
life imprisonment in Marianas Island
- Limasawa people called east wind as Dumagsa
- Limasawa is tadpole-shapedrunning N & S: Basic Facts that Remained to be Unvarying
northern part is hills w/slopes dropped steeply to sea, leaving narrow coastal a. Central Government in Spain deprived friars of power to intervene in government
strip; southern part is almost all level land w/ few hills affairs & school direction/ management
 b. Rigid structures & strict policies by Izquierdo caused Filipinos to oppose
1962)
Spanish
Teodoro
gov Agoncillo & UP Student Council placed marker at Pugad Lawin
c. Central Government relied on reports instead of investigation. 6/30/1983) Quezon City Mayor Adelina S. Rodriguez created Pugad Lawin
d. There’s dissatisfaction in arsenal workers & native army members Historical Committee to know location of Juan Ramos’s 1896 residence at
Pugad
e. Filipino clergy participated in secularization movement to allow Filipino Lawin.
priests to
take hold of parishes - NHI disregarded its own 1964 report that Philippine Historical Committee
f. Filipinos were active participants & responded to injustice determined in 1940 that Pugad Lawin residence was Tandang Sora’s & not Juan
Ramos’ & specific site of Pugad Lawin was Gulod in Banlat
g. GOMBURZA execution inspired Filipino patriots for reforms & independence
Determining Dates & Cartographic Changes
- official stand of National Historical Institute is cry happened August 23, 1896 in
Balintawak
- Date & location are DEBATABLE
Valenzuela points to Juan Ramos house in Pugad Lawin, while Magsangkay
refers to Apolonio Samson’s house in Kangkong (located in Caloocan)
- Conflicting Accounts is why date & loc of Cry for Nationwide Revolution is
debatable
CRY OF BALINTAWAK
EL GRITO DE REBELLION (Cry of Rebellion) Was there Pugad Lawin in map?
- uprising against wide-range Spanish colonization in different countries - gov maps issued in 1956, 1987, & 1990: no Pugad Lawin on map
- “City of Ypiranga” in Brazil (1822); “Cry of Dolores” in Mexico (1810); - Pugad Lawin was never officially recognized as place name in map before WWII
“Cry of Matanza” in Cuba (1895) - Pugad Lawin from appeared only from 1928, 32 years after event took place
Raging Controversy - Revolution was always traditionally held to occur in Balintawak
Cry- shouting of nationalist slogans in mass assemblies
Turning Point
(ex: Cry of Montalban in Pamitinan Caves (April 1895)
- CRY OF BALINTAWAK: August 26, 1896 (major turning point in history by NHI)
- Manuel Sityar (Spanish Civil Guard defected to Aguinaldo’s army 1898)
- turning point when Filipinos refused Spanish colonial dominion over Phil)
- from exile in HongKong, Emilio Aguinaldo authorized “Himno de Balintawak”to
- people w/tears pulled out their cedullas & tore them into pieces.
praise renewed fighting despite failed peace of Pact of Biak na Bato.
- (August 1896) 300-500 Katipuneros belonging to Katipunan
Leaders: Emilio Aguinaldo – President Baldomero Aguinaldo - Treasurer
Mariano Trias - Vice President Emilio Riego de Dios Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan 1964 (Aguinaldo’s Memoirs)
Antonio Montenegro – Secretary - 2 letters received from Andres Bonifacio in Aug 22 & 24 1896
- (9/3/1911) monument to Heroes of 1896 was built, found at intersection of
EDSA avenue & Andres Bonifacio Drive-North Diversion Road Katipunan’s Revolutionary Name
- Cry of Balintawak was officially celebrated every August 26. - Kataas-taasang, Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan” (K.K.K.)
- though battle happened at Sitio Banlat, North of Pasong Tamo - secret revolutionary society found by anti-Spanish Filipinos, Manila, 1892
- eyewitness & historians still disagreed on site & date of cry - led by Andres Bonifacio (Supremo ng Katipunan)
- (1970) historian Pedro A. Gagelonia called out that “Cry of Pugad Lawin” can’t
Cedulas personales- community tax certificates
be accepted as historically accurate. - tearing of tax receipt symbolizes revolt against Spanish
- testimony of only 1 eyewitness (Dr. Pio Valenzuela) is not enough to colonial government & oppression of Filipinos
authenticate & verify a controversial issue in history
introduction to original Tagalog text of Biyak ng Bato constitution states:
Conflicting Accounts “Philippines separation from Spanish Monarch, constituting independent state
PIO VALENZUELA w/proper sovereign government, named Republic of Philippines, was end pursued
- (9/1896) Katipunan meetings took place from Aug 23-25 at Balintawak by revolution thru present hostilities, initiated on 24 Aug 1896.”
- (1911) Katipunan began meeting on 22 Aug while Cry took place on Aug 23 at - these line in legal documents are persuasive proof
Apolonio Samoson’s house in Balintawak. - written 1 ½ years after event & signed by 50 Katipunan members, among including
- (1928-1940) Cry happened on 24 Aug at house of Tandang Sora. A pic of Emilio Aguinaldo, Artemio Ricarte, & Valentin Diaz
Bonifacio’s widow & Katipunan members was captioned at Tandang Sora’s house
at Pasong Tamo Road.
- (1935) cry of revolution didn’t happen in Balintawak but in Pugad Lawin
- (1963) President ordered that Cry be celebrated on 23 August.
- he testified that when Katipunan consulted Jose Rizal on whether time had
come to revolt, Rizal was vehemently against revolution. Later, in Agoncillo’s
Revolt of masses, Valenzuela retracted & claimed that Rizal was actually for
uprising ifprerequisites were met. Agoncillo reasoned that Valenzuela had lied to
save Rizal

Pugad Lawin Marker

- where they proceeded upon leaving Samson’s place in afternoon of 22nd,
>1,000 members of Katipunan met w/Juan A. Ramos
- discussion arose whether revolt against Spanish gov should start on 29th. Only 1
protested but was overruled in his stand.
- Agoncillo influenced & campaigned for a change in recognized site to Pugad
Lawin & date 23 Aug 1896. Consequently, Macapagal ordered that Cry of
Balintawak be called “Cry of Pugad Lawin,” & be celebrated on 23 August instead
of 26th
 ANG SALIGANG BATAS ratified 1/17/1973, provide shift from presidential form of
gov’t to parliamentary system
President as symbolic head of state; Prime Minister used executive powers/function
- legislative power vested in unicameral Nat’l Assembly

1986 PROVISIONAL CONSTITUTION/FREEDOM CONSTITUTION

Cory Aquino on 3/25/1986 after People Power Revolution
executive & legislative powers by President & shall contitnue to do so until legislature
is elected & convened under New Constitution

3 Branches of PH Government
EXECUTIVE- Pres (1 term of 6 yrs w/o reelection) VP (2 consecutive terms, 6 yrs/term)
LEGISLAGTIVE- Senate (2 consec terms, 6 yrs/term)
District & Partylist Reprs (3 consec terms, 3 yrs/term)
JUDICIAL- no term limit but mandated to hold office during good behavior until 70
y/o/incapacitated to discharge duties of their office

Principle of Separation of Powers/Co-equal & Coordinate

- in 3 branches; officers entrusted w/powers aren’t permitted to encroach upon
CONSTITUTION powers confided to others
- body of rules acc to which powers of sovereignity is exercised - if a dep’t goes beyond its limits, its acts are null & void
Purposes: - motivated by belief that arbitrary rule would result if same person/body were to exercise
all powers of gov’t
- fundamental law of land (paramount law where all other laws are based on)
- framerowrk of gov since executive, legislative, judicial branches are defined theirein
Principle of Checks & Balances (each dep’t is given powers to check others)
- structure of organization
- methods of person selection to fill positions in structure are specified CHECKS BY PRESIDENT- veto/disapprove bills by Congress (Sec 27:1)
- bill of rights included in state & national constitutions - through pardoning power, he can modify/set aside court judgments (Art 7, Sec 19)
“ BY CONGRESS- override veto of Pres (2/3 of actual voice) (Sec 27:1)
Acc to Forum
- reject appointments of Pres (Art 7, Sec 16)
WRITTEN- given definite written form at particular time
- revoke proclamation of martial law/suspension of writ of habeas corpus by
UNWRITTEN- product of political evolution consist of customs, usages, judicial Pres (Art 7, Sec 18)
decisions, statutory enactments
- amend/revoke Court decision by enactment of new law/amendment of old
- impeach Pres & members of Supreme Court
MALOLOS CONSTITUTION / LA CONSTITUCION POLITICA DE MALOLOS
- 1st republican constitution in Asia; declares that people have exclusive sovereignity “ BY JUDICIARY- Supreme Court as final arbiter may declare legislative measures/executive
acts unconstitutional (Art 8, Sec 4:2)
- basic civil rights, separation of church & state, creation of Assembly of
Representatives to act as legislative body - determin2e if there’s grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack/excess of
jurisdiction on Congress/Pres (Art 8, Sec 2:2)
- calls for Presidential form of gov’t w/president elected for 4 yrs by majority
- approved by Aguinaldo on 1/21/1899 as Constitution of 1st Philippine Republic
- established Spanish as official language of Philippines

1935 CONSTITUTION HUMAN RIGHTS

rd
- written in 1934; adopted by Commonwealth of Phil 1935-1946; used by 3 Republic - inherent to all humans; all is entitled to these rights w/o discrimination
of Phil 1946-1972 Art III: BILL OF RIGHTS
- meet approval of US gov’t; to ensure that US would do its promise to grant - declaration & enumeration of rights & privileges which Constitution designed to protect
independence & not have premise to hold its possession that it was too politically against violation by gov’t/person
immature & unready for full, real independence
- charter of liberties & limitation upon Power of State
- provides Unicameral Legislature & single 6-year term for President
- amended in 1940 to have bicameral Congress composed of Senate & House of Classes: NATURAL- poseesed w/o granted by State; God-given
Representatives & creaton of independent Commission on Elections CONSTITUTIONAL- conferred & protected by Constitution
- limited President to 4-year term w/max of 2 consecutive terms Political- participate in establishment/administration of gov’t
Social & Economic- insure wellbeing & economic security
1943 CONSTITUTION Rights of Accused- protection from crime accusation
- strong executive powers; legislature w/ Nat’lUS stands for election though most STATUTORY- provided by law, promulgated & abolished by law-making body
legislators were appointed than elected
- Hidoki Tojohad promised Filipinos “honor of independence” (commission would be SEC I: RIGHT TO LIFE, LIBERTY, PROPERTY; RIGHT TO DUE PROCESS OF THE LAW
supplanted by formal republic) - no person shall be deprived of these rights/none must be denied equal law protection
- drafted to be formed under Japanese Occupation but it’s limited in duration due to SEC II: RIGHT AGAINST UNREASONABLE SEARCHES/SEIZURES; AGAINST UNLAWFUL ARREST
indirect legislative elections & stronger executive branch
- to be secure against unreasonable searches/no search warrant/warrant of arrest
- ratified in 1943 by appointed assembly of provincial reps of KALIBAPI (org by - must be by judge after examination under oath/affirmatiob of complainant & witnesses
Japanese to supplant/replace all previous political parties)
SEC III: RIGHT TO PRIVACY & COMMUNICATION
- 2nd Republic was formally complained 1943-1945; Laurel appointed by Nat’l Assembly
- inviolable except on lawful order/public safety requires otherwise as prescribed by law
- Laurel highly regarded by Japanese for criticizing US for how they ran Philippines &
having degree from Tokyo Int’l University SEC IV: RIGHT OF SPEECH, EXPRESSION, PRESS; RIGHT TO PETITION
- no law to abridge these rights to assemble & petition gov’t for redress of grievances
- remained in force in Japanese-controlled areas, but never recognized as legitimate by
US gov’t & Commonwealth of Philippines & guerilla orgs SEC V: RIGHT TO RELIGION
- no law made respecting establishment of religion/prohibit free exercise of religion
1973 CONSTITUTION - no religious test is required for exercise of civil/political rights
SEC VI: RIGHT OF ABODE & TRAVEL
 - none has right to travel be impaired except by nat’l security, public safety, public
Argentine
healthMuseum of Natural Sciences in Buenos Aires (1812)
SEC VII: RIGHT TO INFORMATION ON MATTERS OF PUBLIC CONCERN Rio de Janeiro (Brazil’s national Museum, 1818, by king of Portugal)
National
- access to official records; research data for basis for policy dev’t unless limited by lawMuseum in Bogotá, Colombia (1824)
National museums of natural history in Santiago, Chile (1830)
SEC VIII: RIGHT TO FORM UNIONS/ASSOCIATIONS
Montevideo, Uruguay (1837)
SEC IX: RIGHT TO JUST COMPENSATION ZOOLOGICAL COLLECTION
- private property must not be taken for public use w/o just compensation
PICTOU ACADEMY (1816)- Nova Scotia, Canada, opened to public by 1822
SEC X: RIGHT TO OBLIGATIONS OF CONTRACT ANDREW COLLECTION (1825), South Africa; by Alexander Macleay
SEC XI: RIGHT TO ACCESS TO COURTS & QUASI-JUDICIAL BODIES & ADEQUATE LEGAL
ASSISTANCE Museums & National Identity
th
century, public access to private collections became common
NAT’L ASSEMBLY OF HUNGARY (1807)- by Count Ferenc Szechenyi
NATURAL HISTORY OF COLLECTION OF STENBERG (1823)
- Prague; promote national identity
MORAVIAN MUSEUM (1817)
GERMANISHES NAT’L MUSEUM- by Hans von Aufsess

Museums of Antique
1806-1826: museuns in Russia in Black Sea: Feodosiya, Kerch, Nikolayev, Odessa

MUSEUM: IMPORTANCE OF LOCAL HISTORY IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY Museum of Northern Antiquities (1819)
- Copenhagen; Christian Jürgensen Thomsen, 3-part system of classifying prehistory into
Museum- preserv e & interpret primary tangible evidence of humankind & env
Stone, Bronze, Iron ages)
History- from innate desire to collect & interpet discernible origins in collections
- merged w/3 others (of ethnography, antiquities, numismatics) in 1892 to form National
Etymology: Mouseion  Museum (17th cent, by Europe to describe collection of Museum of Denmark.
curiosities)
Museumof Nat’l Antiquities (18th century)
Museology & Museography- body of theory & study of museums
- France; nat’l archaeological repository of recovered materials from 17 th century
Precursors of Museums Nat’l Archeological Museum (1829)- Aeginia, Greece
Evidence from Antiquity- preservation & interpretation (basis of museum), human
propensity to acquire & inquire First Museum Boom
Classical Collecting- art abounded in public Rome but no museum EUROPE: 19th cent; due to civic pride & free education movement
Asia & Africa- Asia: veneration of past; Africa: religious ceremonies SOUTH AMERICA:
by universities: Geological Museum in Lima, Peru (1891)
Medieval Europe- Christendom relics ; princely houses & church
Geographical & Geological Museum at São Paulo, Brazil (1895).
Renaissance Italy- by Cosimo de’ Medici in Florence in 15th century.
by provincial bodies: Regional museums at Córdoba (1887)
Royal Collections- Francis I of France invited French & Italian craftsmen/artists,
Gualeguaychu (1898), Argentina & Ouro Prêto, Brazil (1876)
including Leonardo da Vinci, to rebuild & embellish his château at
Hualpen Museum in Chile (1882)
Fontainebleau
Municipal Museum and Library at Guayaquil, Ecuador (1862)
Specialized Personal Collection- Imperato of Naples, Bernard Paludanus of
ASIA: Japan- encourage industry & development of natural resources in 1872
Amsterdam, Ole Worm of Copenhagen
- Tokyo National Museum & National Science Museum
- (1565) Samuel van Quicheberg published on nature of collections,
advocating that they represent systematic classification of materials China- Nantong Museum in Jiangsu province, (1905)
Nat’l Museum of Chinese History in Beijing; Beijiang Museum in Tianjin
Collections of Learned Societies- Society of Antiquaries of London
Thailand- Grand Palace at Bangkok (1874) became Bangkok National Museum
Modern Museum Sri Lanka- National museum (1877); Srawak Museum (1891)
Private to Public Exhibition- Renaissance collections are symbols of social prestige AFRICA: Salisbury 1901; Uganda Museum 1908; Nat’ Museum of Kenya 1909; Uganda
Public Collections- (1694) St. Vincent de Besancon in France bequeathed his collection Natural History Society 1909; Alvaro de castro Natural History Museum 1913
of paintings & medallions to abbey to form public collection : North Africa- Egyptian Museum in Cairo (1835) transferred to 2 institutions:
- Ole Worm’s collection’s ;ack of interest resulted to transfer in 1655 to Museum of Islamic Art (1903) & Coptic Museum (1908)
royal cabiney in Copenhagen
(CONTINUE IN PPT)
1ST Public Museums- Ashmolean, British Museum, Louvre, Museum in Rome & Vatican

European Collection
PRADO MUSEUM IN MADRID (1785)- Charles III; museum of natural science LUMAD IN MINDANAO
FREDERICK WILLIAM III IN PRUSSIA- picture gallery in Berlin opened to public in 1830
- Museuminsel (nat’l collection) LUMAD- Bisaya, “native”/”indigenous”; 18 ethnic groups; used in Cory’s term
- in 1986, 15/18 groups adopted this term to separate from other Mindanaons
ALTE PINAKOTH (1836)- Wittelsbach’s paint collection; designed by Leo von Klenze
- used in Art. XIII sec. 8 (2) to distinguish them from Bangsamoro
ROYAL MUSEUM IN BRUSSELS- by royal warrant in 1835 in historical study & arts
- Indigenous Cultural Communities (ICC) takes up 10% of national population
NAT’L GALLERY IN LONDON- John Julius Angerstein, opened Angerstein’s house 1824
- non Muslim/nonChristian; acc to Landa Jocano: orientation of their cultural dev’t is
- 1838 it moved to purpose-built premises on Trafalgar Square
toward Muslim groups
CHARLESTON LIBRARY SOCIETY OF SOUTH CAROLINA (1773) - Language is only factor distinguishing ethnic cultures
- promote better understanding of agriculture & herbal medicine
PEALE MUSEUM (1785)- in Philadelphia by Charles Wilson Peale Location
BATAVIA SOCIETY OF ARTS & SCIENCE (1778)- 15 Groups: Subanen, B’laan, Mandaya, Higaonon, Banwaon, Talandig, Ubo, Manobo,
- Jakarta; Central Museum of Indonesion Culture T’boli, Tiruray, Bagobo, Tagakolo, Dibabawon, Manguangan, Mansaka
Cities: Cotabato, Tandag, Dipolo, Kidapawan, Marbel, Tagum, CDO, Davao, Malaybalay,
Spread of European Model
Pagadian, Butuan, Surigao, Ozamis, Ipil, Digos, Mati, Dipolog
th
SOUTH AMERICA NAT’L MUSEUM (19 century)
Pigafetta mentioned 5 Mindanao groups:
 Caragans- Misamis Orienta;, Agusan, Bukidnon Types of Museum
Mandanaos- Central Mindanao GENERAL/MULTIDISCIPLINARY/INTERDISCIPLINARY
Lutaos- Zamboanga del Sur, Basilan
- serve region/locality
Subanos & Dapitan- Zamboanga del sur & del norte
NATURAL HISTORY & NATURAL SCIENCE
ICC- doesn’t have money/private property; hard to integrate to mainstream society;
natural world; specimens of living beings
struggle to protect ancestral domain & cultural identity
- built by Europeans during Renaissance & Enlightenment
History SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
- called Infieles in Spanish regime; Lumad subjugation was as important as Muslims
- dev’t & application of scientific ideas & instrumentation
- Jesuit missions established infieles: Tiguray (Cotabato), Subanos (Dapitan),- during
ManuvusEnlightenment
Caragans (Misamis & Surigao), B’laans (Mindanao)
HISTORY
- Spanish colonial strategy colonized along coast tfor trade & political consolidation
chronological perspective; national, provincial, local levels; general history are rare at
- 1896 Revolution: Lumad joined deportados & boluntarios who mutinied in Marawilevel
national
- roamed Misamis Oriental, harassing Chinese & Spanish-owned business
- led by Suba; joined rebels on Agusan who left to join Katipuneros of Luzom /ART GALLERY- object as means of unaided communication w/visitors
- Lumad in Mindanao resisted against American colonization - paintings, sculpture, decorative arts; include industrial arts
- 1906: Bolton of Davao murdered by Bagobos VIRTUAL- digitally recorded; doesn’t house actual objects
- 1906-1908: Tungad Movement of Lumad in Davao spreas to Agusan & Bukidnon
- 1926-1927: Subanon uprising against Americans
- 1918-1935: Japanes in Davao resisted by Bagobos
- Mindanao & Dulu integrated systematic policy during American period Structure & Operation
- Lumads & Muslims grouped in tribal system: BUILDING DESIGN & FUNCTION
6 (Ata, Guiangga, Mandaya, Manobo, Tagakaolo) - match quality & distinction of its exhibits; provide open space w/high security
18 (Cotabato) 9 (Sulu) 56 (subdistricts)
13 (Lanao) 5 (Zamboanga) Organization
District Governor- headed wards; had deputy/Lumad Datu ADMINISTRATION- private/public; level of state control varies
- Lumad landscape changed after Americans & during Commonwealth - lack of pattern reflects diversity of collection & ambivalence in
- Tupi & Polomolok; B’laan gave way to Dole pineapple plantations understanding role of museums in society
- Higaonons & Talaandig (neighbors to Del Monte plantations) MANAGEMENT- general policy & controls resources to deliver it; specialists
- 3000 ha of Lumad lands in Bukidnon-Davao City - by director of museum for policy formulation & implementation
INFO SCIENTISTS- documentation of collections & scientific info
Lumads in Contemporary Times
CONSERVATORS- scientific examination & treatment to prevent deterioration
- focused on developmental projects threatening to displace them from homeland
(Hydroelectric project of PNOC in Mt Apo) FUNDING
- Congress Senate Bill 1728: Legislation for protection of ancestral land by Juan Flavier Public & Private Source- local/natý gov’t; compete for funds against traditional public
- Indigenous People’s Rights Act f 1997: Recognize, protect, promote rights of expenditures (education, defense, law & order)
indigenous communities & appropriate funds for purpose Entrance Fee- admission fees, voluntary donations
Commercial Activity- separate trading companies as publishers/mail-order business
Practice, Norms, Culture SUPPORT ORG- “friends of museum” as host to organizations for activities
- Swidden agriculture: communal resource sharing - nat’l coordinating body for advice & assistance; World Federation of Friends
- Mandaya: Bagani/warrior; Bagobo, Manuvu, Lumad: Datu (Datu’s subjects: sacop) of Museums (1975) to encourage worldwide cooperation
- ICC lived in Bukidnon (“mountain people”) but rather called themselves Higaonon
MUSEUM ORG- 1st organized cooperation of museums at int’l level through League of
(“mountain dwellers”): mountains & ravins separated them from neighbors
Nations’Committee of Intellectual Cooperation
- Subanen: ethnolinguistic groups in Zamboanga; slash & burn farmers
- (1946) International Council of Museums (ICOM) provides world forum for
- Lumad- swidden farmers & practice little trade museums professionals through regular meetings & continuous
Bagobo- tuled by magani/bagani; elaborate dress & personal adornment communication over internet.
T’boli & Teduray- basket, trinkets, bracelet, earrings; T’nalak (fabric inspired by - recognized adviser on museum matters to Social and Economic Council of the
women weavers’ dreams) United Nations & United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural
Mandaya, Agusan Manobo, Ata- slash & burn farming & trade; warriors Organization (UNESCO)

Lumad Desires Museum Activities

- return of lands taken through deceit, harassment, illegal manipulation COLLECTION
- gov’t to cancel permits of logging, mining, pasture, etc in Lumad places Acquisition Policy- goal of forming collection; receive an existing collection.
- control migration of settlers into ancestral domain - nat’l codes of practice
- learn, respect, teach their culture in DepEd curriculum Legality- whether state has enacted its own legislation/ratified international
- stop gov’t militarization in their places; Lumad recruit to paramilitary units, improper conventions, museum staffs are expected to conform to recognize
use of Lumad pangayaw professional codes of ethics.
- stop gov’t in recognizing fake Lumad orgs & Datu that became standard practice Protection of Cultural Property- acceptance (permanence not associated
w/acceptance of other properties)
Heroes of Bagong Lumad - disposal (items no longer serve useful scholarly/interpretative purpose
Mara Daul- researched history of Lumad warriors by interview
CONSERVATION- item acquisition brings it to new & alien env which can cause changes
Datu Balingan- defended Mansaka & Mandaya in Davo Oriental from Spaniards
DOCUMENTATION- record of info, to help interpretative
Datu Bago- Bagobo tribe fought Uyanguren in Davao City
RESEARCH- promote understanding of discipline; related to museums’objectives
Putaw Tumanggong- Manobo chieftain; Daul’s grandfather
EXHIBITION- specialist/designer/sociologist/curator/interpreters for communication
- due to interest in historic & natural env globally
EDUCATIONAL SERVICE- meet school’s needs; lecture, course, demos, field trips
* MUSEUMS CONTINUATION* INFORMATION “ – act as info center of community; awareness of local discoveries
- publications that are educational, cultural, popular market
-