COLLEGE OF CRIMINOOGY

(A.Y. 2021-2022)

I. Course Code: CDI-4 TMAAIWD

II. Course Unit: 3 Units
III. Course: Traffic Management and Accident Investigation with Driving

IV. Course The course deals with the need for traffic operation and management, the
Description: method of traffics control and the application of traffic accident
investigation. It also discusses the specific responsibilities in traffic
operation and management and the back ground of traffic law
enforcement.
V. Module No. 1

A. Title: Historical Background of Land Transportation

Roads and Vehicles History

B. Topic: 1. History of Transportation,

a. Manpower
b. Animal power
c. Wind power

2. Roads and Vehicles History

C. Time Frame: 20 minutes discussion intended for a week

D. Introduction: This lesson contains in the historical background of Land Transportation

and the development of roads and vehicle history to mass production of
motor vehicle from The Era and Present time.

E. Intended At the end of the activities, the future criminologist students shall be able
Learning to learn the following:
Outcome/ILO: 1. To discuss the historical development of the transportation used
by early people and management of roads.
2. Appreciate the significance of transportation.
3. Draw or create a video of transportation in your locality that
includes Man Power and Animal power.

F. PRE-TEST: Name:_____________________________Year :____________Level:___________________

Section:____________

1. Give your own understanding about the history of transportation

2. Compare and contrast the term traffic and transportation

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G. Learning (PLEASE READ THE LESSONS)
Activities: Content: (Students must refer to the given module by the college
instructor. The source of lessons was from the book of Darlito Bernardo
G. Delizo in titled Traffic Management and Accident Investigation, 2009
revised edition, if you have a kind of this book. Please refer to page 7, 9,
10,11,12,13, and 14.)

Lesson 1.1 Manpower, Animal Power and Wind power

Transportation is the movement or conveying of persons and goods

from one location to another.
Man’s need to travel dates back as early as the creation of human being.
Biblical passages alleged that when Adam and Eve ate the fruit of the
forbidden tree, they were sent out by the God from Paradise of Eden.
‘’Therefore, the lord sent him forth from the garden of Eden, to till the
ground from whence he was taken’’
Other Biblical passages mentioned that Moses was chose by the God to
speak to the Pharaoh, king of Egypt to let his children out of Egypt. So, the
children of Israel were gloriously brought out from Egypt to serve God.
Soon, others became nomadic. They constantly migrate from one place
to another according to their own detailed knowledge of exploitable
resources.
The term Nomad, from the Greek means ‘’to pasture’’ originally used to
pastoralist which means a group of migrates to established pattern to
find pasture lands for their domestic livestock. The most significant
numerically and historically, comprises the pastoral nomads who move
with their families, belongings, and herds of cattle, camel, sheep, or goats
through an annual cycle of pastures whose availability is determined by
the alternation of hot and cold or wet and dry seasons.
It is believed that early human being traveled to places by foot, carrying
their loads on their backs or on their heads, while others pulled crude
sleds. They used every means to make their transportation with the least
time and effort.

VARIOUS ANCIENT MODES OF TRANSPORTATION

A. MANPOWER. Early man, who had no domesticated animals,
carried his own burdens. More so today, manpower is important
in transportation in many parts of the word.

1. Carrying Pole- In China and other parts of the far east, the
carrying pole, balanced, on one shoulder is popular carrying
device. On islands of pacific, the ends of pole are supported by
two men, with goods suspended from the pole in between.

2. Back Load and Tumpline- In Many parts of the world, goods

are carried on the back. In Subtemala, pots are carried on a
wooden framework supported by tumpline across the
forehead.

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 3. Sledge on rollers- The moving of heavy burdens was to place
them on sledge which rested on a series of rollers

4. Sledge on runners- a simple sledge, probably man-drawn,

was in the use at the end of the old stone age in northern
Europe, as evidenced by fragment of wooden runners which
survived.

5. Travois- this travois, as the pole arrangement called, serves as

a platform om which the burdens are place.

B. Animal Power- the domestication of animals greatly increased

the potential power available for transportation pack animals
were introduced as conveyances mainly to save labor.

1. Ox- Cattle, which were first domesticated in Mesopotamia, were

used as draft animals to draw war chariots. Oxen are still used as
draft animals in many regions of the world. In some parts of Africa,
they are used as pack animals and for ridings.

2. Dog- the dog, the first animal domesticated, is too slight to carry
heavy loads. The plain Indians sometimes packed light loads on
dog backs, and piled goods on travois which the dog dragged.

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 3. Donkey- the donkey or ass first domesticated in the Middle East.
Donkey carry goods between the cities of southwest Asia and
Egypt.

4. Elephant- elephants were formerly used in war and are still

employed to some extent for ceremonial processions and big
game hunting.

5. Horse- around 2,000 B.C. horse drawn chariots appeared in

southwest Asia and 1,000 years later, the persians arrived with
cavalry which gave mobility and power to the German tribes who
invaded Europe and to the Central Asian conqueror Genghis Khan.
In Europe, horses were used to draw wheeled vehicles and for
riding for sometimes until the introduction of mechanized
vehicles.

6. Camel- there are two types of camel, the two-humped Bactrian

camel of Central Asia and the one-humped dromedary of Arabia
have long been used for transportation. The Bactrian camel has
plodded along the caravan routes between China and Iran for at
least 2,000 years. Camel is also used to draw carts. The
dromedary, which has less endurance but it is fleeter and special
fast-paced riding camel, is breed by the Arab nomads.

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 7. Yak- A long-haired type of cattle that lives at high altitudes on the
Tibetan plateau and in the neighboring Mountain Regions is
ridden and used as a pack animal at heights were horse and
ordinary animal could not survive.

C. WIND POWER- Man realized the energy from mass of moving air
and learned to utilize such powers to lift rather than to drag. This
paved way to invention of air lifted transportation vessels.

1. Ancient Chinese Kite- kites have been flown as a popular past

time in the Far East since the beginning of the history.based on a
Korean tradition, the kite was first used for transport when a
Korean general employed one in bridge building. By means of kite,
a cord was conveyed across the river where heavier ropes were
fastened and finally the bridge cable.

2. Montgolfier Balloon- the Montgolfier brothers of France Joseph

Michael and Jacques Etienne have successfully released several
balloons when they proposed to use two condemned prisoners for
the first ascent with passengers. The balloon constructed of linen
and inflated with hot air traveled 9,000 yards and remained in the
air for 20 minutes.

3. Wright Brothers Flying Machine-Inspired by Lilienthal’s glider

experiments, Orville and Wilbur Wright began studying the problems of
heavier-than-air flight. They built biplane kite then over 200 different
wing types which they tested in a wind tunnel of their own invention,
before they conducted their first man-carrying powered machine.

LESSON 1.2 ROADS AND VEHICLES HISTORY

The following are some of the inventions and innovations and important
events that lead to modern land transportation.
A. WHEEL- was invented probably in western Asia- such invention was a
milestone and a great step forward in transportation. The wheel was one of
man’s great invention. It enabled him to transport burdens beyond the
power of man or animals to carry or drag, and permitted much greater
facility of movements than the simple sledge on rollers which had to
continually picked up and moved by hands as the sledge is advanced.

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 The following were some of earliest types of wheel Carts:

1. Solid wheels on fixed axle- this ancient cart represent an early step in
evolution of wheeled vehicles. Its solid wheels, which were made of a
single piece of wood, rotated on single axle.

2. Sumerian chariot with flank wheels- this chariot, of about 2400 BC,
had solid wheels built up of three pieces, and so was more durable
than the one-piece wheel.

3. Greek quadrica with spoked wheels- drawn by four horses, was a

light and elegant vehicle for gentlemen about 250 B.C. it had spoked
wheels and axles of irons or bronze, handles for aid in mounting, and
seat formed by a board placed across the handles

4. Roman Carpentum- a closed, two-wheeled cart, was the favored

vehicle when Roman women journeyed outside the city.

5. Italian cocchio, 1288- a traveling wagon in which the passengers were

protected by a covering of leather or cloth fixed over a wooden
framework.

B. WHEELED VEHICLES could not use the narrow paths and trails used by
pack animals, and early roads were soon built.

C. THE ROMANS were the major road builders in ancient world. The Romans
Road network reached a total of about 50,000 miles (80,000kms), with
FEEDER roads branching out from the main highways, it was costly because
its deep foundation, formed by layer after heavy stones, was necessary to
make roads that would carry heavy traffic for many years.

D. JOHN L. MACADAM did not abandon the theory of feeder road building and
perfected the macadamized road in England about 1815.

E. AFTER THE FALL OF THE ROMANS in the 5th century, land haulage
generally declined because highways suffered from inadequate
maintenance. Such improvements however, as the horse collar in 10th
Century), the addition of spring to coaches, new methods of road
construction, and the introduction of toll roads in 18th century all continued
to ease and speed land travel.

F. SIGNIFICANT IMPROVEMENT OF ROAD VEHICLE began with the

adaption of COACH SPRING about 1650.

G. IN THE MID-18 CENTURY, ENGLISH ROADS were so bad that the coaches
could average only about 4mph(6.4km/h) and the mail was usually carried
by boys on horses.

H. JOHN PALMER introduced his first fast mail coach in March of 1787 and by
1800, the English coach system was in full swing.

I. THE INVENTION OF BICYCLE in the early 19th century served as a nursery

of automobile builders. One of the modern ancestors of the modern bicycle
was HOBBY HORSE, or dan horse. The wheels were made of wood, with
tires of iron, and the riders pushed themselves along their feet on the
ground.

J. PNEUMATIC TIRES (inflated by air) by Scot, John Boyd Dunlop appeared

in late 19th century (about 1888)

K. MOTOR VIHICLE- the first mode of transportation to challenge railroads.

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 1. Frenchman Enteinne Lenoir – made possible the introduction of
motorized carriage by his invention in 1860’s and 70’s of the Internal
Combustion engine.
2. Nicolaus Otto and Gottlieb Daimler - pioneered the manufacture of
gas engines, and later Daimler became a successful automobile
manufacture.
3. Rudolf Diesel, a Greman enginner, developed and internal
combustion engine which is similar with the gasoline engine but
requires no electrical ignition system or carburetor and uses other form
of liquid fuel, the diesel fuel.
4. The Automobile found its greatest popularity in the U.S., where the
first HORSELESS CARRIAGE appeared in the 1890’s.
5. In 1908, HENRY FORD introduced the MODEL T, which was proved so
popular that by 1914, ford had adopted MASS PRODUCTION methods
to meet the demand.
6. In 1956, FELIX WANKEL, a German mathematician, developed an
advanced-type of engine, named after him, that operates very
differently from gas and diesel engines. It is started by a moving
crankshaft.

From Ford Era, the demand of vehicles became great for the
transportation of goods, products, communications and people. Hence, man
started manufacturing large cargo trucks and buses for mass transportation.

Presently, the introduction of the light Trail Transit (LRT), the Metro Rail
Transit (MRT), flyovers, pedestrian and vehicle culverts, rock sheds and other
modern traffic ways contributed to the expeditious movement of traffic users.

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 H. Review Concepts: (please review)
1. History of Transportation,

The term Nomad, from the Greek means ‘’to pasture’’ originally used to pastoralist which
means a group of migrates to established pattern to find pasture lands for their domestic
livestock.

VARIOUS ANCIENT MODES OF TRANSPORTATION

a. Manpower
b. Animal power
c. Wind power

Carrying Pole
Back load
Sledge on rollers
Sledge on runners Ancient Chinese’s Kite
Ox Montgolfier Balloon
travois
Reindeer Wright Brothers Flying Machine
Dog
Donkey
Llama
Elephant
Horse
Camel
Yak

2. ROADS AND VEHICLES HISTORY-

The following are some of the inventions and innovations and important events that lead to
modern land transportation.
Earliest types of wheel Carts:
A. WHEEL-
Solid Wheels on Fixed
Sumerian Chariot with flank wheels
Greek quadrica with spoked wheels
Roman carpentum
Italian cocchio

3. WHEELED VEHICLES
were the major road builders in ancient world. The
Romans Road network reached a total of about
50,000 miles (80,000kms), with FEEDER roads
branching out from the main highways, it was
costly because its deep foundation, formed by layer
after heavy stones, was necessary to make roads
that would carry heavy traffic for many years.

Were the major road builders in ancient world. The

Romans Road network reached a total of about
50,000 miles (80,000kms), with FEEDER roads
branching out from the main highways, it was
costly because its deep foundation, formed by layer
after heavy stones, was necessary to make roads
4. THE ROMANS
that would carry heavy traffic for many years.

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 Did not abandon the theory
5. JOHN L. MACADAM of feeder road building and
perfected the macadamized
road in England about 1815.

in the 5th century, land

haulage generally declined
6. AFTER THE FALL OF THE ROMANS because highways suffered
from inadequate
maintenance. Such
improvements however, as
the horse collar in 10th
Century), the addition of
spring to coaches, new
methods of road
construction, and the
introduction of toll roads in
18th century all continued to
7. SIGNIFICANT IMPROVEMENT OF ROAD VEHICLE began with the ease and speed land travel.
adaption of COACH SPRING about 1650.

8. IN THE MID-18 CENTURY, ENGLISH ROADS were so bad that the coaches could average
only about 4mph(6.4km/h) and the mail was usually carried by boys on horses.

9. JOHN PALMER introduced in the early 19th

his first fast century served as a
mail coach in nursery of automobile
March of builders. One of the
1787 and by modern ancestors of
1800, the the modern bicycle
English coach was HOBBY HORSE,
system was or dan horse. The
in full swing. wheels were made of
wood, with tires of
iron, and the riders
THE INVENTION OF BICYCLE pushed themselves
along their feet on the
ground.

10. PNEUMATIC TIRES John Boyd Dunlop

appeared in late
19th century (about
1888)

11. MOTOR VIHICLE- the first mode of transportation to challenge railroads.

a. Frenchman Enteinne Lenoir –

Made possible the
introduction of
motorized carriage by his
invention in 1860’s and
70’s of the Internal
Combustion engine.

b. Nicolaus Otto and Gottlieb Daimler –

Pioneered the manufacture of gas
engines, and later Daimler
became a successful automobile
manufacture.

.
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 c. Rudolf Diesel, a Greman engineer,

Developed and internal

combustion engine which is
similar with the gasoline engine
but requires no electrical ignition
system or carburetor and uses
other form of liquid fuel, the
diesel fuel.

d. The Automobile found its greatest popularity in the U.S., where the first HORSELESS
CARRIAGE appeared in the 1890’s.

e. In 1908, HENRY FORD introduced the MODEL T, which was proved so popular that by 1914,
ford had adopted MASS PRODUCTION methods to meet the demand.

f. In 1956, FELIX WANKEL, a German mathematician, developed an advanced-type of engine,

named after him, that operates very differently from gas and diesel engines. It is started by a
moving crankshaft.

Reference (The source of lessons was from the book of Darlito Bernardo G. Delizo in titled
Traffic Management and Accident Investigation, 2009 revised edition, if you have a kind of
this book. Please refer to page 7, 9, 10,11,12,13, and 14.)

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Post Test: Name:_____________________________Year :____________Level:___________________
Section:__________Test-1. Match column A with Column B by writing the corresponding
capital of your answer.

Column A Column B

1. A carrying device which is use by A. Carrying pole

Balance on one shoulder
B. Ox

2. First domesticated in Mesopotamia C. Yak

Used as draft animals

3. A long-haired type of cattle that lives D. elephant

In high altitudes on the Tibetan plateau
4. Used by Carthaginians in their wars E. reindeer
Against Rome

5. It was first domesticated in the Middle east F. Donkey

Test 2- Multiple choice choose the correct answer.

1. Who introduced the mass production of motor vehicle?

a. John MAcAdam
b. Etienne Lenoir
c. John Boyd Dunlop
d. Henry Ford
2. The Frenchman who is attributed for the invention of the internal combustion engine
is?
a. Nicolaus Otto
b. Henry Ford
c. John Boyd Dunlop
d. Etienne Leonoir
3. Who among the following invented the pneumatic tire?
a. John MacAdam
b. Henry Ford
c. Rudolf Diesel
d. John Boyd Dunlop
4. Who among the following developed the internal combustion engine which does not
operate on carburetor but by means of a fuel injection pump which spray the fuel to
the cylinder?
a. Rudolf Diesel
b. Karl Von Drais
c. Gottlieb Daimler
d. Felix Wankel
5. The German Mathematician who developed the advanced-type of engine, name after
him, which operate very different and it starts by a moving crankshaft?
a. Felix Wankel
b. Gottlieb Daimer
c. Rudolf Diesel
d. John Boyd Dunlop

Test-3 Essay type: Aside from the modern traffic innovations and inventions, list or
enumerate at least five modern traffic facilities that you see around you.

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