Seismic risk related programs

This section is written by K. Atakan. Extensive testing of the programs was done
over the years by many users. A.Ojeda, performed testing and prepared input fil
es for the CRISIS99 and CRIATT programs.
Introduction
Currently, the SEISAN package includes a series of stand-alone programs that can
be used in a number of tasks that are needed to perform seismic hazard analysis
. The basic requirements for performing a probabilistic seismic hazard analysis
may be summarized as follows:
Homogenize the earthquake catalogue and assess the completeness
Define the seismic source zones.
Prepare input parameters from the earthquake catalogue for each source zone.
Prepare attenuation relations for the region.
Compute hazard in terms of peak ground acceleration (PGA).
Assess site effects.
Prepare response spectra.
Following is a list of programs that constitutes the part of the SEISAN analysis
package, which deals with seismic hazard and related problems. Most of these pr
ograms are described in more detail in different sections of the SEISAN manual.
SELECT: Select a subset of earthquake data according to given criteria.
STATIS: Statistical information about the database is computed and can be used i
n the analysis.
CATSTAT: Program to compute and plot the yearly, monthly and daily number of eve
nts from a given catalogue.
CAT_AGA: Program to reorder the hypocenter lines in a CAT-file according to hypo
center agency in order to put the prime estimate in the beginning.
CLUSTER: Program that searches for the dependant events in time and distance in
a given earthquake catalogue.
EXFILTER: Identifies the probable explosions, based on the user-defined paramete
rs involving time-of-day distribution and the mining locations. It can be used f
or catalogue clean up and discrimination between the earthquakes and man-made ex
plosions.
MAG: Magnitude regression and conversion program. Prepares also a plot showing t
he scatter data and the best-fitted line. Magnitude conversions are then perform
ed after a user defined priority list.
EPIMAP: Plots coastlines, national boundaries and earthquake epicenters. It can
also contour the produced output map file from hazard programs such as EQRISK, a
nd overlay on the epicenter map. It is also possible to select a subset of earth
quakes from a chosen polygon on the epicenter map.
BVALUE: Prepares magnitude-frequency of occurrence diagrams and computes a- and
b-values with maximum likelihood and least square approximation. In addition, th
e threshold magnitude and the maximum observed magnitude can be obtained.
CODAQ: Computes the Q value from a given set of seismograms. This can be used la
ter in the CRIATT program to create the attenuation table.
CRIATT: Computes attenuation tables for a given set of parameters using the rand
om vibration theory.
CRISIS99: Computes seismic hazard in terms of the probability of exceedance vs e
arthquake intensity measures such as peak ground acceleration (PGA) or any other
spectral ordinate. It can also compute hazard for a given grid of map co-ordina
tes corresponding to user-defined different return periods. (SUN and PC). The Wi
ndows program must be installed separately, look for ZIP file in SUP.
EQRISK: Program to compute seismic hazard in terms of probabilities of exceedanc
es vs earthquake intensity measures such as peak ground acceleration (PGA), for
a given site or a grid of sites for up to eight different return periods. Curren
tly 1975 version is used.
EQRSEI: Converts the output file from the EQRISK program "eqrisk.out", to indivi
dual contour files corresponding to each return period specified. These files ca
n later be used directly as an input to EPIMAP to plot the PGA contour maps.
SPEC: Computes amplitude spectra for a given set of earthquake records and plots
spectral ratios. It can be used to assess local site effects.
Probabilistic earthquake hazard computations can be done, using the two alternat
ive programs CRISIS99 or EQRISK. In addition, the programs listed above and a nu
mber of other programs that manipulates earthquake data within the SEISAN packag
e, are useful tools to assess the parameters that are needed to perform a seismi
c hazard analysis for an area of interest. The two main programs, CRIATT for com
puting the attenuation tables and CRISIS99 (modified version 1999) to compute se
ismic hazard are explained in more detail in the following. Both programs are wr
itten by Mario Ordaz of the Institute of Engineering, UNAM [Ordaz, 1991,1999]. T
he well-known hazard program EQRISK, on the other hand, is written by Robin K. M
cGuire and the original manual is distributed through United States Department o
f the Interior, Geological Survey [McGuire, 1976].
The two alternative hazard programs CRISIS99 and EQRISK have a number of feature
s that are present in both. However, there are some advantages and disadvantages
with both programs. In terms of the computing time and parameter input both pro
grams require the same time. In the case of EQRISK, earthquake source zones are
defined as arbitrary polygons (quadrilaterals). CRISIS99, on the other hand, ope
rate with completely arbitrary polygons for the definition of the source zones a
nd dipping planes may also be defined. In the MS-Windows 95 version, the source
zones and the input parameters can be checked interactively through a user-frien
dly interface. In terms of the attenuation relations, CRISIS99 uses a table crea
ted by a separate program (CRIATT) and is therefore flexible (it also allows dif
ferent attenuation relations for different source zones), whereas the attenuatio
n relation, in the case of EQRISK, is given through a pre-determined mathematica
l formulation. Finally, CRISIS99 is superior to EQRISK, as it takes into account
the uncertainties through the standard deviations introduced on several input p
arameters.
Step by step procedure for seismic hazard analysis
Following is a summary of the steps that have to be completed in order to produc
e a seismic hazard map.
Compile a catalogue for the area of interest from local, regional and global
sources.
Evaluate the preliminary catalogue completeness by plotting histograms showi
ng the distribution of events in time for different magnitude intervals. It may
be necessary to divide your catalogue into two; (i) pre-instrumental and (ii) in
strumental. Programs SELECT and CATSTAT can be used for this purpose.
Convert magnitudes into one uniform magnitude, preferably to moment magnitud
e MW. To do this, regression curves must be prepared for different magnitude sca
les. Program MAG can be used for this purpose.
Clean up the catalogue for dependant events (i.e. induced seismicity, non-ea
rthquakes, foreshocks, aftershocks, earthquake swarms). Here a search has to be
made for clusters of events both in time and space. Plots of histograms for spec
ific sequences of time and space will reveal this. Program CLUSTER can be used f
or this purpose. The probable explosions may be removed by using the program EXF
ILTER.
The evaluation of the catalogue completeness is dependent upon the clean-up
process and the magnitude unification. It is therefore necessary that steps 2-4
be repeated until a reliable catalogue is prepared.
Select the set of earthquakes from your catalogue from the part, which is co
mplete for the chosen threshold magnitude and uniform in magnitude scale. Progra
m SELECT can be used with different criteria for this purpose. Note the catalogu
e time span.
Prepare a seismicity map for the area of interest with the selected data, us
ing EPIMAP. Delineate the earthquake source zones. Here, zooming and the area se
lection procedures of EPIMAP may be used.
Use additional information from geology, geophysics, seismotectonics, paleos
eismology etc. to improve the source zonation.
For each earthquake source zone select the subset of events that fall in the
chosen area. This can be done by using the EPIMAP program, which enables to dra
w polygons interactively on the screen and put the subset of events within this
polygon into a file. Alternatively SELECT program can be used to extract the sub
sets of data corresponding to the defined source zones.
If the hazard is to be computed using CRISIS99 or by EQRISK, note the x, y (
longitude, latitude), co-ordinates for each corner of the polygon.
The seismicity within each source zone is assumed to be uniform following a
Poissonian occurrence. In order to define this, a set of critical parameters has
to be assessed for each source. These are: Number of earthquakes above a thresh
old magnitude: This is the a-value for the lower bound magnitude. Catalogue time
span: This is the time span of your catalogue where it is complete. Beta (bvalu
e * ln (10)) and its standard deviation: The b-value is the slope of the best-fi
tted line to the cumulative curve for the magnitude frequency of occurrence dist
ribution (Gutenberg-Richter relation). Maximum expected magnitude with its stand
ard deviation: This is usually inferred through other available information, suc
h as geology, palaeoseismicity, or subjective judgement of the scientist. It is
usually set to half a magnitude higher than the maximum observed when no informa
tion is available. Maximum observed magnitude: This is the largest magnitude obs
erved within the catalogue time span. Threshold magnitude: The so-called lower b
ound magnitude, which is chosen, based on the engineering considerations. Usuall
y magnitudes less than 4.0 are not considered engineering significant. In order
to obtain each of the above critical parameters, a thorough evaluation of the ea
rthquake catalogue is needed. BVALUE program can be used to obtain some of these
parameters. However, while running the program, choosing the magnitude interval
and the magnitude increment has to be done critically, taking into account the
catalogue completeness and the detection threshold. These parameters will later
be used in the input for the seismic hazard analysis program CRISIS99. Alternati
vely, the same input parameters are also needed for the EQRISK program. For each
source zone, plot the magnitude- frequency of occurrence curves.
Try to assess whether there are characteristic earthquakes in your region. T
his can be done with a careful examination of your catalogue and the active faul
ts in the area. Studying the magnitude-frequency of occurrence through the BVALU
E program will help assessing this.
Try to establish an acceptable attenuation relation for your area. This can
be done through empirical estimations or theoretically based on the random vibra
tion theory (RVT). CRIATT program can be used to create the attenuation table. A
lternatively, if you have an already established attenuation relation, this can
be directly used in the EQRISK program. In this case, you can skip the steps 13-
16, and continue from step 17 and onwards.
Establish a reliable Q factor by using the CODAQ program. This will be used
in the attenuation program CRIATT to create the attenuation tables necessary for
the hazard analysis.
Create the necessary input file for the CRIATT by modifying the sample-input
file `criatt.inp'. or use program CRIPAR.
Run CRIATT to create the attenuation table necessary for the CRISIS99.
Create the input file for the CRISIS99 program by modifying the example-inpu
t file `crisis99.inp'. Make sure that the critical parameters are reliable and t
he geometry of the source zones are correct (see the program description).
Run the CRISIS99 program with the input file you have created and the output
attenuation table from CRIATT. The program will generate the output files with
the probability of exceedance rate vs earthquake intensity (e.g. PGA), for the r
equired return periods. Alternatively, if you have prepared the input for the EQ
RISK program, hazard can be computed by running the EQRISK program, for a given
set of return periods (up to eight), for selected sites or for a grid of sites.
Repeat stages 6 to 17 to refine your model and the corresponding results.
Convert the output hazard "map" file from CRISIS99 for the computed return p
eriods to individual contour files. Alternatively, if you have used EQRISK to co
mpute hazard, the output file "eqrisk.out" can be converted using EQRSEI program
, into individual contour files for previously defined return periods.
Plot the hazard maps for the desired return periods. Contouring option from
EPIMAP can be used for this purpose (only for the EQRISK). Plot also the graphs
for probability of exceedance rates vs PGA for selected critical sites.
Try to assess the local site effects for the critical sites. SPEC program ca
n be used to obtain the amplification factors due to unconsolidated sediments. T
hese factors can be used later to adjust the response spectra.
Many of the programs mentioned above are described individually throughout this
manual at different sections. In the following the programs that are directly re
levant to hazard computations and not described in other sections of the manual
are explained in detail.
CRISIS99:
CRISIS99 is a computer program to compute seismic hazard in extended regions. It
was developed at the Institute of Engineering, UNAM, Mexico, by Mario Ordaz (mo
rs@pumas.iingen.unam.mx), Armando Aguilar and Jorge Arboleda.
Basic input data are: geometry of the sources, seismicity of the sources, and at
tenuation relations. Source geometry can be modeled as: 1) area sources, using a
polygon with at least three vertex; longitude, latitude and depth must be given
for each vertex, so this type of source can be used to model, for instance, dip
ping plates or vertical strike-slip faults; 2) fault sources, using polylines; a
nd 3) point sources, included essentially for academic purposes.
Seismicity of the sources can be modeled either as Poisson or characteristic ear
thquake process. In the first, magnitude frequency relations are smoothly trunca
ted Gutenberg-Richter curves, whereas for the second, the program assumes a Gaus
sian distribution of the magnitudes. Hazard computations can be performed simult
aneously for several intensity measures, for instance, PGA, PGV, and several spe
ctral ordinates. Required attenuation laws are given in the form of tables conta
ining the median values of the intensity measures as a function of magnitude (th
e rows of the table) and focal distance (the columns of the table). Several atte
nuation models can be used in the same run, assigning an attenuation pattern to
each source. Using a recursive triangularization algorithm, spatial integrations
are performed optimizing the number of calculations, so CRISIS99 will integrate
with more points for the nearest sources and less (or none) for distant sources
.
CRISIS99 considers two different kinds of earthquake occurrence processes: Poiss
on process and characteristic earthquake process. CRISIS99 is oriented to comput
ing hazard in extended regions. Hazard estimations are made for points in a grid
that is not necessarily rectangular. The program can run under SunSOLARIS, SunO
S and on PC (Windows95 or higher). Sun versions are to be used as a stand-alone
program. The Windows version, on the other hand, also contains a windows interfa
ce for visual inspection of the input data as well as the results. Data validati
on options are available (only for the Windows version) and parameters can be gi
ven in a user-friendly graphic environment. CRISIS99 contains also a post-proces
sing module that can be used to visualize the results, given in terms of maps of
intensity measures for an arbitrary return period or exceedance rate curves for
a selected site, not necessarily a point in the original grid of sites. Also, i
f several intensity measures are included in the computations, uniform-hazard sp
ectra can be produced. The main results of a run are also written to ASCII files
, so the user can use his/her own post-processing techniques/software.
For the Windows version, a separate compressed file `crisis99.zip' is included w
ith sample-input data in SUP. Instructions on how to install the Windows version
are included in the file `crisis99.txt' in the INF directory. The Sun UNIX vers
ions, are part of the standard SEISAN distribution and need not be installed spe
cifically.
Detailed description of the input and output files is given in the pages below.
Input files for the CRISIS99
There are basically two input files that are required. First is an attenuation t
able (or several tables), and second is the major input parameter file where the
file name for the attenuation table is also given. The input file can be prepar
ed based on the format descriptions given below or modifying the example input f
ile. An example-input file is included in the DAT directory with the file name "
crisis99.inp".
There are some limitations in the input parameters. Following is a summary of th
e maximum values set in the program:
Attenuation Models : 5
Intensity levels*: 20
Structural periods: 15
Number of regions: 200
Magnitudes in attenuation model: 10
Distances in attenuation model: 21
Number of sub-sources per region: 4000
(* the term 'intensity' here should not be mixed with macroseismic intensity. In
this context 'intensity' is meant as any chosen ground motion measure, such as
PGA, PGV or any other spectral ordinate).
In the following the input file is described in more detail (by Mario Ordaz).
I. GENERAL DATA FILE
Format is free unless indicated otherwise.
General title of the run. 1 line
TITGEN (A80)
Global parameters of the run. 1 line.
NREG, NMOD, NT, NA
NREG: Total number of regions (sources) in which the seismogenic area is div
ided.
NMOD: Number of different attenuation models.
NT: Number of spectral ordinates (or, in general, measures of intensity) for
which seismic hazard is to be computed.
NA: Number of levels of intensity for which seismic hazard will be computed.
Parameters for each spectral ordinate. NT lines. Free format
T(I), AO(I), AU(I)
T(I): Structural period of i-th spectral ordinate. It is used only for ident
ification purposes, so in the cases in which structural period has no meaning, i
t can be just a sequential number.
AO(I): Lower limit of intensity level for i-th spectral ordinate.
AU(I): Upper limit of intensity level for i-th spectral ordinate. Exceedance
rates for the i-th intensity will be computed at NA values, logarithmically spa
ced between AO(I) and AU(I)
More Global parameters
 RMAX, TR1, TR2, TR3, TR4, TR5
RMAX: Parameter controlling the spatial integration process. Sources at dist
ances greater than RMAX kilometers from a site will be ignored.
TR1,...,TR5: CRISIS-99 will generate a file containing intensity levels for
fixed return periods TR1,...,TR5. See below for the description of this output f
ile. Five values must be always given.
Parameters defining the basic grid of points in which hazard is to be comput
ed. 1 line
LOI, LAI, DLO, DLA, NLO, NLA LOI,
LAI: Longitude and latitude, respectively, of the origin of the grid.
DLO, DLA: Longitude and latitude increments
NLO, NLA: Number of lines of the grid in the longitude and latitude directio
ns, respectively.
Results will be given for points (LO(I ),LA(I)), where
LO(I) = LOI + (J-I)*DLO , J=1, NLO
LA(I) = LAI + (I-1)*DLA, I=1, NLA
Number of polygons to be used to reduce the initial rectangular grid. 1 line
.
NPOLGRID
Introducing one or more boundary polygons can reduce the initial rectangular
grid of points. If polygons are given (NPOLGRID>0) the computation of hazard wi
ll be performed only for those points of the grid, which are inside one of the p
olygons. If NPOLGRID=0 computations will be made for all points in the rectangul
ar grid. NPOLGRID<=10. If NPOLGRID>0 then the following lines must be given for
each polygon:
Definition of the k-th boundary polygon.
NVERGRID (K)
$\textstyle \parbox{.33\linewidth}{LONG (K, 1), LAT (K, 1) \\ \\ LONG (K, 1)
, LAT (K, 1)}$ $ \Bigg\}$ NVERGRID(K) lines
NVERGIRD(K): Number of vertex of polygon k. NVERGRID(K)$ <=3$ 0.
LONG (K, I), LAT (K,I), I=1,...,NVERGRID(K): Co-ordinates of the polygon's v
ertex. The polygon must be described counter clockwise.
Files of attenuation tables. NMOD lines MODELO (I) (A20)
MODELO (I): Name of the file containing the i-th attenuation table (includin
g path). The format of attenuation tables is explained below.
Data defining seismicity in each region. NREG blocks.
TITULO (N) (A80)
IC(N), IE(N), IMO(N)
NV(N)
$\textstyle \parbox{.33\linewidth}{LONG(1),LAT(1),PROF(I) \\ \ldots}$ $ \big
g\}$ NV lines
LONG(NV), LAT(NV), PROF(NV)
Poisson model: (IC(N)=1)
LAMBDA0(N), EB(N), CB(N), EMU(N), SMU(N), MMAX(N),M0(N)
Characteristic model: (IC(N)=2)
EMT(N), T00(N), D(N), F(N), SMT(N), M0(N), MU(N)
TITULO(N): Identification name for source N
IC(N): Flag defining the type of occurrence model assumed for N-th source. I
C(N)=1 for Poisson model, IC(N)=2 for characteristic-earthquake model.
IE(N): Defines type of source. IE(N)=0 for area source, IE(N)=1 for line sou
rce and IE(N)=2 for point source.
IMO(N): Number of the attenuation model that will be used with this source.
Must be between 1 and NMOD.
 NV(N): Number of vertex defining source N.
LONG(I), LAT(I), PROF(I), I=1,...,NV(N): Co-ordinates of vertex I of source
N. LONG(I) and LAT(I) are geographical coordinates of point i, whereas PROF(I) i
s the depth of the point, in km, which must be positive.Sources can be of three
types: areas (polygons), polylines or points. Polylines and points can be given
in any order. In general, in the case of an area source, CRISIS99 will divide th
e polygon into triangles. It first checks if triangulation can be made in the XY
plane. Numbering of the vertex of the polygon must be done counter-clockwise in
this plane when looked from above the surface of the Earth. If there are vertic
al planes, CRISIS99 will try to triangulate the area in the XZ plane, so numberi
ng of vertex must be done counter-clockwise in this plane. Finally, CRISIS99 wil
l try to triangulate in the YZ plane. There are some bizarre source geometries t
hat cannot be well resolved by CRISIS-99, for instance, an L-shaped vertical pla
ne. In these cases, an error will be reported.
Poisson model:
LAMBDA0(N): Exceedance rate of magnitude M0(N). The units are earthquakes/ye
ar.
EB(N), CB(N): Expectation and coefficient of variation, respectively, of the
"b-value" for the source, given in terms of the natural logarithm.
EMU(N), SMU(N): Expected value and standard deviation, respectively, of the
maximum magnitude for the source.
MMAX(N): Maximum observed magnitude in this source.
M0(N): Threshold magnitude for source N. The catalogue of earthquakes is ass
umed to be complete for M$ >$ M0. Earthquakes with M$ <$ M0 are absolutely ignor
ed.
Characteristic model:
EMT(N): Median value of the times between characteristic earthquakes with M$
>$ M0. This is the inverse of the exceedance rate for M$ >$ M0.
T00(N): Time elapsed since the last occurrence of a characteristic earthquak
e.
D(N), F(N): Parameters defining the expected magnitude as a function of time
, as in the slippredictable model. It is assumed that
E(M$ \vert$ t)=max(M0(N),D(N)+F(N)*LN(t))
Of course, if F(N) is set to zero, then D(N) becomes the expected time-indep
endent magnitude of the characteristic earthquake.
SMT(N): Standard deviation of the magnitude of the characteristic earthquake
. It is assumed independent of time.
M0(N): Minimum possible magnitude of a characteristic earthquake. Earthquake
s with M<M0 are absolutely ignored
MU(N): Maximum magnitude of the characteristic earthquake to be used in the
integration process.
Name of the map file. 1 line
File name (including path) containing the base map to be used in post-proces
sing with CRISIS99 for windows. This name does not have any influence in the haz
ard computations. However, CRISIS99 expects a line here.
Name of the file of cities. 1 line
File name (including path) containing the co-ordinates of cities, to be used
in post-processing with CRISIS99 for windows. This name does not have any influ
ence in the hazard computations. However, CRISIS99 expects a line here.
ATTENUATION TABLES
NMOD attenuation tables must be given each one in a different file.
The tables give to CRISIS99 the relations between magnitude, focal distance and
median intensities. CRISIS99 expects the following parameters in the i-th attenu
ation file, I=1,...,NMOD:
 Parameters defining the magnitude limits. 1 line
MINF(I), MSUP(I), NMAG(I)
MINF(I): Lower limit of magnitude given in the table.
MINF(I): Upper limit of magnitude given in the table.
NMAG(I): Number of magnitudes for which intensity is given.
CRISIS99 assumes than intensities are given for magnitudes M(K), where M(K)=
MINF(I)+(K-1)*DMAG, where DMAG=(MSUP(I)-MINF(I))/(NMAG(I)-1).
Parameters defining the distance limits. 1 line
RINF(I): Lower limit of distance given in the table.
RINF(I): Upper limit of distance given in the table.
NRAD(I): Number of distances for which intensity is given.
CRISIS-99 assumes than intensities are given for distances R(K), where log(R
(K))=log(RINF(I))+(K-1)*DLRAD, where DLRAD=(log(RSUP(I))-log(RINF(I)))/(NRAD(I)-
1). That is, distances are supposed to be logarithmically spaced.
For each of the NT different intensity measures, the following block of line
s:
T(I,J), SLA(I,J), AMAX(I,J)
SA(I,1,1,1), SA(I,1,1,2),..., SA(I,J,K,L),....,SA(I,NT,NMAG(I),NRAD(I)
T(I,J): Structural period of j-th spectral ordinate. It is used only for ide
ntification purposes, so in the cases in which structural period has no meaning,
it can be just a sequential number. SLA(I,J): Standard deviation of the natural
logarithm of the j-th measure of intensity in the i-th model.
AMAX(I,J): Maximum possible value of the j-th intensity in model I. The inte
gration process will be truncated, regarding as impossible (zero probability) va
lues larger than AMAX(I,J). If AMAX(I,J) is set to zero, then integration with r
espect to possible values of intensity will be performed from 0 to $ \infty$ .
SA(I,J,K,M): Median value of the intensity in model I, for the J-th spectral
ordinate, the K-th magnitude and the L-th distance.
For each attenuation model, given in a separate file, CRISIS99 reads the abo
ve mentioned parameters in the following form:
D0 J=1,NT
READ(8,*) T(I,J),SLA(I,J),AMAX(I,J)
DO K=1,NMAG(I)
READ(8,*) (SA(I,J,K,L),L=1,NRAD(I))
ENDDO
ENDDO
Output files from CRISIS99
CRISIS99 generates several output files, whose names begin with the base name re
quested at the beginning of the run. The output files are:
Main results file. This file with - .res -extension contains a printout of t
he name of the run, the values assigned to the variables, characteristics of the
attenuation models, geometrical and seismicity description of the sources, the
data defining the computation grid, etc. It also gives the final results, that i
s, exceedance rates for each site and type of intensity. It also gives a brief
summary of the computations for each site, indicating which sources are of i
nterest to the site and which sources were skipped.
Graphics file. The principal graphics file with - .gra - extension contains
a brief identification header, and the exceedance rates for the type and levels
of intensity requested. This file can be used as input file to plot intensity ve
rsus exceedance rate curves. CRISIS99 generates also a binary file with the exce
edance rates for each structural period, so CRISIS99 will generate NT binary fil
es. These binary files will be used only in the Windows System version of CRISIS
99 to make hazard maps. The names of these files are base_name.b1, base_name.b2,
..., base_name.bNT.
Map file. This file with - .map - extension contains intensity levels for fi
xed return periods (TR1,...,TR5) for each type of intensity and site. It also gi
ves the co-ordinates of each site. This file can be used to generate contour or
3d maps of intensity levels associated to constant exceedance rates.
Example output files are included in the DAT directory (crisis99.res, crisis99.g
ra, crisis99.map).
CRIATT:
In this program, an earthquake source model and results from Random Vibration Th
eory (RVT) [e.g., Boore, 1983,1989], are used to estimate attenuation of ground
motion parameters as a function of moment magnitude, MW, and hypocentral distanc
e, R. Ground motion is assumed to be band-limited, stationary and of finite dura
tion.
For estimating the Fourier acceleration spectra, a(f), it is assumed an omega sq
uare constant stress drop source model given by Brune [1970]. The expression for
a(f) is:
$\displaystyle a(f) = CG (R) S(f) D(f)$ (6.1)
where
$\displaystyle C = (4 \pi2 R_{V \phi} FV) / (4 \pi \rho\beta^3)$ (6.2)
$\displaystyle S(f) = M_0 f^2 / (1+f^2/f_0^2)$ (6.3)
and
$\displaystyle D(f) = P(f) e^{-\pi R f / \beta Q(f)}$ (6.4)
Thus the spectrum a(f) is the multiplication of a constant C (independent of fre
quency), geometrical spreading term G(R), source function S(f), and diminution f
unction D(f). In C, Rvø is equal to average radiation pattern (0.55), F is free sur
face effect (2.0), V is partition of a vector into two horizontal components (0.
707), . is density in gm/cm3, and à is shear wave velocity in km/sec.
In S(f), M0 is the seismic moment and f0 is the corner frequency, given by Brune
[1970]
$\displaystyle f_0 = 4.9 x 10^6 \beta (\Delta \sigma / M_0)^{1/3}$ (6.5)
where $ \beta$ is in km/sec, $ \Delta \sigma$ is the stress drop in bars, and $
M_0$ is in dyne-cm. The diminution factor $ D(f)$ , accounts for loss of energy
due to internal friction and scattering.
At distances less than a certain critical value of $ R_c$ , the strong motion re
cords are dominated by S-waves. Thus for $ R < R_c$ , $ G(R) = 1/R$ is the geome
trical spreading. For $ R > Rc$ , $ G(R) = 1/(R R_c)^{1/2}$ .
The diminution function $ D(f)$ in equation 6.4 requires $ Q(f)$ and $ P(f)$ , w
here the quality factor defined by the regional attenuation is expressed by $ Q(
f) = Q_0 f^{\epsilon} $ ($ f$ is frequency and $ \epsilon \leq 1.0$ ), and where
as
$\displaystyle P(f) = e^{-\pi \kappa f} $
(23)
$ P(f)$ reconcile an additional attenuation term which may be related to near-su
rface loss of energy where $ kappa$ is a high frequency decay factor [Singh et a
l., 1982].
Input file for CRIATT
The standard input file for the CRIATT program can be created by modifying the e
xample input file. A total of 23 parameters provide the necessary input for calc
ulating the attenuation tables, which is based on equation 6.1, described earlie
r. The user should define the magnitude and the distance limits. It is important
to note here that some combinations of parameters may result in 0 values for la
rge distances in the table, which creates problems for the CRISIS99 program. In
order to avoid this, the distance ranges are set to $ R_{min}<10 km$ (CRISIS99 r
equires one-digit only) and $ R_{max} < 500 km$ . Usually the regional attenuati
on term and the site factor are the most critical factors in the definition of a
(f). The effect of the high-frequency decay factor can only be seen when the com
bination of the kappa parameters ($ kappa0$ and $ kappa1$ ) are chosen correctly
(e.g. increasing kappa1 with $ kappa0$ kept constant, would result in low groun
d motion values). An example input file is included in the DAT directory with th
e file name criatt.inp.
Output file from CRIATT
The output of the CRIATT program is a file containing the attenuation tables for
the selected spectral ordinates (i.e. as a default only PGA corresponding to a
period of $ 0.005 sec$ is computed). For each spectral ordinate, the file will c
ontain a set of values (e.g. PGA) for different distances. This file is then use
d as one of the inputs to the CRISIS99 program. The file name is user defined. A
n example output file is included in the DAT directory with the file name criatt
.tab.
CRIPAR
The program was used earlier to generate input for both crisis and criatt but no
w it is only used with criatt due a format change for crisis99.
EQRISK:
This popular program for computing seismic hazard is written by McGuire [1976],
and the complete manual is published as an open file report. The following is a
short summary of the program operation and a full description of the input param
eters as well as format of the input file. These descriptions are as they are gi
ven in the original manual [McGuire, 1976]. The program EQRISK evaluates risk (h
azard) for each site-source combination and intensity level and calculates the t
otal annual expected number of occurrences of intensity greater than those level
s of interest at a site by summing the expected numbers from all sources. Seismi
c source areas are specified as a set of arbitrarily shaped quadrilaterals. For
ease of use, gross sources may be divided into sub-sources, which are a string o
f quadrilaterals, each two adjacent subsources having two common corners. A Cart
esian co-ordinate system is used and the location of the origin is arbitrary.
Input file for EQRISK
The default input file is named "DATA" and is hardwired into the program (for th
e SUN version file name should be uppercase). An example input file is included
in the DAT directory with the name "eqrisk.inp", which should be renamed to "DAT
A" before running. Following is the description of the individual parameters and
their format as described in the original manual [McGuire, 1976].
Card 1
(Format 20A4): Title. Any 80 characters can be used to describe the problem.
Card 2
(Format 3I10): NSTEP, JCALC, JPRINT.
NSTEP is the number of integration steps used in integrating over distance f
or each site-source combination.
JCALC is the flag indicating how integration on magnitude is to be performed
(JCALC=0 is used for analytical integration, and the form of the attenuation fu
nction is described in the original manual. JCALC=1 is used for numerical integr
ation on magnitude. The user must supply own attenuation function in subroutine
RISK2.)
JPRNT is the flag indicating the desired output (JPRNT=0 is used to print on
ly total expected numbers and risks at a site which is normally used when a grid
of sites being examined. JPRNT=1 is used to print expected numbers from each si
te-source combination, normally used when examining a single site).
Card 3
(Format I5, 12F5.3): NLEI, TI(1), TI(2), ..... TI(NLEI).
NLEI is the number of intensities to be examined. TI(1), TI(2) and so on, ar
e intensities for which expected numbers and risks are calculated at each site.
Note, that the values for TI(i) may be Modified Mercalli Intensity or the natura
l logarithm of ground acceleration, velocity, displacement or spectral velocity.
In printing results, the program prints both TI(i) and its antilogarithm. Value
s for array TI must be specified in increasing order.
Card 4
(Format 8F10.2): RISKS(1), RISKS(2), ..... RISKS(8).
RISKS(1), RISKS(2), and so on are risks (probabilities of exceedance) for wh
ich the corresponding intensities are desired. These intensities are calculated
by interpolation on a logarithmic scale, between intensities (in the list of exa
mined intensities, TI) having larger and smaller risks. Both the corresponding i
ntensity and its antilogarithm are printed. Values for array RISKS must be speci
fied in order of decreasing risk. If fewer than eight values are desired, leave
succeeding spaces on the card blank. To avoid large errors and subsequent misint
erpretation, the program will not extrapolate to calculate intensity values corr
esponding to risk levels specified; it is the user's obligation to choose values
for array TI which will result in risks which bound those specified in array RI
SKS. This is of course, a matter of judgement and experience. The user must be c
autioned that in a grid site system appropriate values for array TI may vary con
siderably for the different sites examined. The intensities interpolated for lev
els specified in RISKS will be most accurate for closely spaced values of TI.
Card 5
(Format 8F10.2): C1, C2, C3, SIG, RZERO, RONE,
AAA, BBB. C1, C2, C3 and RZERO are parameters in the attenuation equation fo
r mean intensity discussed in the original manual [McGuire, 1976]:
$\displaystyle m_I(S,R)=C1+C2*S+C3*ALOG(R+RZERO) $
SIG is the standard deviation of residuals about the mean. If no dispersion
of residuals are desired, insert a very small value for SIG (rather than exactly
0.0). RONE is the limiting radius inside of which no attenuation of motion is d
esired, for values of focal distance closer than RONE, the mean intensity is cal
culated using RONE in place of R in the attenuation equation above. If this feat
ure is not desired, insert zero for RONE. AAA and BBB are parameters in the equa
tion limiting the mean intensity:
$\displaystyle max m_I(s)=AAA+BBB*S $
The value specified for BBB must be between zero and C2 for this limiting eq
uation to make sense. If it is not, an error message will result and program ope
ration will terminate.
Card 6
(Format I10, 6F10.2): NGS, NRS(1), NRS(2), .... NRS(NGS).
NGS is the number of gross sources to be specified.
NRS(1), NRS(2), and so on are the number of subsources in gross source 1,2,
etc. See the original manual [McGuire, 1976], for a general description of the s
ource specification.
Card (set) 7
(Format I10, 6F10.2): LORS(I), COEF(I), AM0(I), AM1(I), BETA(I), RATE(I), FD
EPTH(I).
There must be NGS+1 of these cards, one for each gross source and one for ba
ckground seismicity.
LORS(I) is a flag indicating whether the source area has a loose or strict l
ower bound (LORS=0 implies a loose lower bound and LORS=1 implies a strict lower
bound).
COEF(I) is a coefficient modifying the expected number of exceedances from g
ross source I. Its most common value is +1.0. AM0(I) is the loose or strict boun
d lower magnitude or intensity for gross source I.
AM1(I) is the upper bound magnitude or intensity for gross source I.
BETA(I) is the value of $ \beta$ for gross source I. It is equal to the natu
ral logarithm of 10, times the Richter b-value for the source.
RATE(I) is the rate of occurrence of events having magnitudes of intensities
greater than AM0(I). If a discrete distribution on intensities has been used to
calculate the rate, the user may wish to specify AM0(I) as one-half intensity u
nit lower than the lowest intensity used to establish the rate. Note that for gr
oss sources RATE(I) is in units of number per year; for background seismicity it
is in units of number per year per 10,000 km.
FDEPTH(I) is the focal depth of events in gross source I, in km. If epicentr
al distances are required for all sources and for background seismicity for the
attenuation function, insert zero for FDEPTH(I).
If no background seismicity is desired, leave the last card in this set comp
letely blank.
Card 8
(Format 4F10.2): X1, Y1, X2, Y2.
There must be NRS(1)+NRS(2)+ .... +NRS(NGS)+NGS of these cards. The first NR
S(1)+1 cards specify co-ordinates of subsources in gross source 1, the next NRS(
2)+1 cards specify coordinates of subsources for gross source 2, and so on. Intern
ally, the point X1, Y1 is connected to X2, Y2, as well as both to the previous a
nd the subsequent points designated as X1, Y1, as long as these are both in the
same gross source. Point X2, Y2 is connected similarly. An example is elucidatin
g. The following points define two gross sources having two subsources.
0.0 0.0 10.0 0.0
0.0 5.0 8.0 8.0
-5.0 10.0 6.0 15.0
10.0 20.0 11.0 20.0
15.0 15.0 16.0 15.0
15.0 0.0 16.0 0.0
Card 9
 (Format 2I5, 4F10.2): NX, NY, XZERO, YZERO, XDELTA, YDELTA.
There can be any number of these cards, one for each site or grid of sites t
o be examined. NX and NY are the number of grid points in the X (East-West) and
Y (North-South) directions; that is, they are the number of columns and rows in
a grid of sites to be examined. For specification of a single site, NX and NY mu
st have values of unit. Zero or negative values for NX and NY are meaningless an
d will cause program to terminate.
XZERO and YZERO are the co-ordinates of the site to be examined, or are the
lower left corner of the grid if NX and/or NY are greater than one.
XDELTA and YDELTA are the grid spacing in the X and Y directions. When the g
rid option is not used, these variables may be left blank or set equal to zero.
Final card:
Insert one blank card at the end of the input deck.
Output file from EQRISK
There is only one standard output file generated by EQRISK which has a default f
ile name of "eqrisk.out". This file contains the results of the hazard computati
ons for each site for the specified exceedance probabilities. This output file c
an easily be converted to individual intensity (e.g. PGA) contour files (one for
each level of exceedance probability), using the program EQRSEI. The resulting
contour maps from these output files may then be plotted by EPIMAP.
The detailed format of this output file is described in the original manual [McG
uire, 1976], and is not repeated here. A test set of input and output files are
given in DAT.
EQRSEI:
The program EQRSEI converts the output file eqrisk.out from the EQRISK program i
nto individual intensity contour files for the previously defined return periods
. There may be up to eight such files (eqrsei1.out, eqrsei2.out ...., eqrsei8.ou
t). These files can then be used as input to the EPIMAP program to plot the cont
ours of PGA values on the epicenter maps. Each file contains also some header in
formation, where the individual contours and the contour intervals are given. In
addition, the color codes are also given. The individual contours and the conto
ur intervals can be modified by editing the header lines of these files.
CLUSTER:
This is a program that searches for the dependant events in a given catalogue (c
ompact file) with respect to time and distance. It is written by Juan Pablo Ligo
rr´ia and Conrad Lindholm. The input is a standard Nordic file with header lines on
ly (compact file). The user has to give the number of days to be searched before
and after the main event, and the distance limits in km. The magnitude of the m
ain event over which the search will be performed is also user defined. The outp
ut is a repetition of the input catalogue with "?" placed at the end of each dep
endant event which falls within the limits defined in the interactive input in t
ime and distance. The default file name is cluster.out. The user should then wor
k systematically through these events and decide whether they should be cleaned
or not. This process, we feel, should be done manually, because deleting events
from the catalogue (especially the historical part), may have serious implicatio
ns later in the hazard computations. Clusters of foreshocks, aftershocks or othe
r dependant events such as earthquake swarms can be delineated by this program.