CONSTRUCTION METHODS

AND
OPERATIONS

PREPARED BY:

GILBERT HIJE
CYRIL F. GUELA
DIARY GRASPELA
CONSTRUCTION
- Process of constructing a building or infrastructure.
- General term for meaning the art and science to form
objects, systems, or organizations

CONSTRUCTION MANUFACTURING

Typically takes place in Typically involves mass

location for a known client. production of similar items
Construction as an industry without a designated
comprises 6-9 percent of the purchaser
gross domestic product of
developed countries
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS
a) Surveying l) Wall
b) Clearing m)Electrical/Mechanical
c) Framing n) Plumbing
d) Signages o) Finishing/Partisons
e) Mobilization p) Tapping Off/ Roof Decks
f) Layout q) Painting
g) Excavation r) Power Supply
h) Footing s) Testing
i) Columns t) Demobilization
j) Beams u) Handover
k) Slabs
 SURVEYING

CLEARING
 FRAMING

SIGNAGES
 MOBILIZATION

LAYOUT
 EXCAVATION

FOOTING
 COLUMNS

BEAMS
 SLABS

WALLS
 PLUMBING

FINISHING/
PARTISONS
 TOPPING OFF

PAINTING
 POWER SUPPLY

TESTING
HANDOVER
TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION
a) Building Construction
b) Infrastructure
c) Industrial
 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
- The process of adding structure to real
property or
construction of buildings
- Divided into residential and non
residential
(Commercial or Institutional)
- Majority of building construction jobs are
small renovations, such as addition of a
room or renovation of a bathroom.
RESIDENTIAL AND
NON-RESIDENTIAL
BUILDING
 INFRASTRUCTUR
E
- often called Heavy Highway , Heavy Civil or
Heavy Engineering
- includes large public works.
- highways, bridges, dams, water or waste
water and utility distribution
INFRASTRUCTURE
 INDUSTRIAL

- Includes refineries, process chemical,

power generation, mills and
manufacturing plants.
- There are other ways to break the
industry into sectors or markerts.
INDUSTRIAL
CONSTRUCTION

PROCESSES
 DESIGN TEAM

- translation of design to reality

- plan the physical proceedings
- consists of drawings and specifications,
usually prepared by the design team
including architect, civil engineers,
mechanical engineers, and electrical
engineers.
 FINANCIAL ADVISORS
- Financial planning is intended to ensure
that a solid plan with an adequate
safeguards and contingency plans are in
place before the project started.
- Mortgage bankers, accountants and cost
engineers are likely participangs in creating
overall plan for financial management.
 LEGAL ASPECTS
- Must fit into the legal framework
governing the property
- Includes governmental regulations to
use the property and obligations created
in the process of construction.
- MALUM- matter of custom or
expectation, such as isolating business
district and residences to a residencial
district.
 INTERACTION OF EXPERTISE
- The project must be financially possible
to build and legal to use.
- Financial structure must accommodate
the need for building the design
provided and must pay amounts that are
legally owned.
- Must intregrate the design into the
surrounding legal framework and
impose financial consequences.
 POCUREMENT

- The merging of activities undertaken by the

client to obtain a building
- The common type of procurement is the
traditional (design-bid-build).
- Some new form involve relationship
contracting where the emphasis is on co-
operative relationship bet. The principal
contractor and other stakeholders.
- PRIVATE FINANCE INITIATIVES(PFIS)
- PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERING (PPPS)
CONSTRUCTION

PHASES
*VISION/FANTASY/IDEA – a concept never intended to be built,
may be aesthetic or structural design exercise

*PROPOSED – a building concept that is under review by the

building owner and by government

*APPROVED – a building concept that will be constructed in the

near future. If the proposed building is not approved then the
proposal may be amended and resubmitted, or it may be deferred
or cancel.

*DESIGN – the specification of what is to be built in sufficient detail

to be used as the basis as a contract between the owner and a
contractor.

*PROCUREMENT – the selection of the contractor or contractors to

carry out the construction. This may be by competitive tendering.

*UNDER-CONSRTUCTION – a fully designed building currently being

built.
*DIVERSION – before construction can start any services on the
site which must be kept operational to serve other adjacent sites
must be diverted so they run outside the footprint of the new
building. This can include drainage, water and gas piped services
and power and communication cables.

*GROUND WORKS – constructing work below ground level

including the construction of basements and foundations.

*TOPPED OUT – a fully designed building where construction has

reached the highest point of the building

x1
*FITTING OUT – installation of the decorative, non-structural
elements once the building main structure is complete. This
includes painting, ceilings, light fittings etc.

*COMMISIONING OR SETTING TO WORK – once the building

mechanical, electrical, plumbing, communications, and building
control systems are installed they need to be tested and adjusted
so they deliver the required performance.
*SUBSTANTIAL COMPLETION/BENEFICIAL OCCUPANCY- a
point when the work is sufficiently complete so that the owner
can occupy (items noted during inspection ‘punch list’ or ‘snag
list’ may still be corrected)

*COMPLETE/BUILT- a fully designed building that has been fully

built, excluding future expansions (punch list items all
completed)

*BUILDING OPERATION- all those day to day activities need to

ensure the building can be used. In simple buildings this means
little more than cleaning but in more complicated buildings this
is a large scale operation employing a large team of staff. If
they do their job right then you hardly notice them.

*MAINTENANCE- works to ensure the building continues to

operate in accordance with its design, including replacing
elements which are approaching the end of their useful life.
*REPAIR- replacing building elements which have been damaged
or which have failed to restore the building to its as-built state.

*RENOVATION- modification to the building. This can be minor

modifications that are carried out while the building is occupied or
major works where only the structural elements are kept and the
building is out of use for years.

*DEMOLITION- destruction of the building which may include the

salvage of some elements for reuse elsewhere.
MODERN METHODS
OF
CONSTRUCTION
MODERN METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION (MMC)

THE CONCRETE INDUSTRY EMBRACES INNOVATION AND

MODERN METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION (MMC) BY OFFERING
CONCRETE SOLUTIONS WHICH CAN BE USED TO REDUCE
CONSTRUCTION TIME AND PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT, AS WELL AS OFFERING COST SAVINGS.
 PRECAST FLAT PANEL SYSTEM

FLOOR AND WALL UNITS ARE PRODUCED OFF-SITE IN A

FACTORY AND ERECTED ON-SITE TO FORM ROBUST
STRUCTURES, IDEAL FOR ALL REPETITIVE CELLULAR
PROJECTS. PANELS CAN INCLUDE SERVICES, WINDOWS,
DOORS AND FINISHES, BUILDING ENVELOPE PANELS WITH
FACTORY FITTED INSULATION AND DECORATIVE CLADDING
CAN ALSO BE USED AS LOAD-BEARING ELEMENTS. THIS
OFFERS FACTORY QUALITY AND ACCURACY, TOGETHER WITH
SPEED OF ERECTION ON-SITE.
PRECAST FLAT PANEL SYSTEM
 3D VOLUMETRIC CONSTRUCTION

• 3D volumetric construction (also known as modular construction)

involves the production of three-dimensional units in controlled
factory conditions prior to transportation to site.
• Modules can be brought to site in a variety of forms, ranging from a
basic structure to one with all internal and external finishes and
services installed, all ready for assembly. The casting of modules
uses the benefits of factory conditions to create service-intensive
units where a high degree of repetition and a need for rapid
assembly on-site make its use highly desirable.
• This modern method of construction offers the inherent benefits of
concrete, such as thermal mass, sound and fire resistance, as well
as offering factory quality and accuracy, together with speed of
erection on-site.
3D VOLUMETRIC CONSTRUCTION
 TUNNEL FORM

 It is a formwork system that allows the contractor to build monolithic walls

and slabs in one operation on a daily cycle. It combines the speed, quality
and accuracy of factors/offsite produced ready-mix concrete and formwork
with the flexibility and economy of cast in-situ construction.

 This fast-track method of construction is suitable for repetitive

cellular projects, such as hotels, apartment blocks and student
accommodation. It offers economy, speed, quality and accuracy, as
well as utilizing the inherent benefits of concrete, such as fire and
sound resistance.
TUNNEL FORM
 HYBRID CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION

Hybrid Concrete Construction (HCC) combines all the

benefits of precasting with the advantages of cast in-situ
construction. Combining the two, as a hybrid frame, results
in even greater construction speed, quality and overall
economy. HCC can answer client demands for lower costs
and higher quality by providing simple, buildable and
competitive structures that offer consistent performance
and quality.
HYBRID CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION
 THIN JOIN MASONRY

• It allows the depth of the mortar to be reduced from 10mm

to just 3mm or less, resulting in faster laying and improved
productivity, particularly on long runs of walling.
Construction speed can be further increased by some 13.5
percent using large-format concrete blocks, which have a
face size equivalent to two traditional concrete blocks. The
mortar cures rapidly, achieving full bond strength within one
to two hours, eliminating the problem of ‘floating’ therefore
enabling more courses to be laid per day.
THIN JOINT MASONRY
 INSULATING CONCRETE FORMWORK

• INSULATING CONCRETE FORMWORK (ICF) systems consist

of twin-walled, expanded polystyrene panels or blocks that
are quickly built up to create formwork for the walls of a
building. This formwork is then filled with factory produced,
quality assured, ready-mixed concrete to create a robust
structure. The expanded polystyrene blocks remain to
provide high levels of thermal insulation and the concrete
core provides robustness and good levels of sound
insulation.
INSULATING CONCRETE FORMWORK
 PRECAST FOUNDATIONS

• PRECAST CONCRETE SYSTEMS can be used to rapidly

construct foundations. The elements are usually to a bespoke
design and cast in a factory environment, giving assured quality
for the finished product. The foundation are often supported by
concrete piles and connected together.

• These systems improve productivity, especially in adverse

weather conditions, and reduces the amount of excavation
required- particularly advantageous when dealing with
contaminated ground.
PRECAST FOUNDATION
CONSTRUCTION

OPERATIONS
 CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS

• Currently 3D-modelling is the trend in the simulation

area. However, developing 3D models of construction
operations is very complex and time consuming. In
general, the study of construction operations
requires a tool that provides solutions without
requiring the input of copious amounts of data. In
order for a construction company to use a simulation
tool, the methodology has to be presented in a very
simple and graphical context, pictorial and
schematic tools are easily accepted.
 PROSIDYC

• PROSIDYC is a system for simulating construction

operations jointly developed by the planning and methods
unit of Dragados y construction, Madrid, Spain and the
division of construction engineering and management at
Purdue University. It is a computer-based system analyzing
construction job site production processes. It is used to
improve productivity in the field by studying resource
utilization and cycle times indentifying opportunities for
production improvement.
PROSIDYC
 HIERARCHICAL LEVELS IN CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
ORGANIZATIONAL

PROJECT

ACTIVITY

OPERATION

PROCESS

WORK TASK
ORGANIZATIONAL – company structure and business focus, head
office and field functions, portfolio of projects, gross project
attributes.

PROJECT – project definition, contract, drawings, specifications,

cost, time, breakdown into project activities.

ACTIVITY – attainment of physical segment of project equated to

time and cost control.

OPERATION – construction method focus. Means of achieving

construction complete.

PROCESS – basic technological sequence focus, logical collection of

work tasks and recognizable potion of construction operation.

WORK TASK – fundamental field action and work unit focus, skill at
crew member level and basis of work assignment to labor.
 BUILDING PROCESS MODELS

• The relative sequence and logic of the work tasks and

processes that make up construction operation constitute
the technological structure of the operation. The modelling
elements can be used in a variety of patterns to model
construction operations.

• As an example, consider the development of a model for

an earth-modelling operation that involves the loading of
trucks with earth transport to a dump area.
In order to develop the framework of the earth-
moving operation, it is necessary to identify the
major resources involved (trucks, front-end
loader and soil) and establish the various
states that the resources are traverse in their
work assignment path cycles. Finally, the
integration of the resources paths and cycles
establishes the basic structure of the
operations.
THANK YOU : ))