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2.4 GHz Transceiver

A 2.4 GHz Transceiver

RF Front-end for ISM-Band
Digital Wireless Communications

Sen-You Liu and Huey-Ru Chuang

National Cheng Kung University

his paper is a comprehensive presentation transmit mode and 1 percent (Pin= –50dBm) for

T of the design, implementation, and mea-

sured performance of a 2.4 GHz trans-
ceiver RF front-end for ISM-band digital wire-
the receive mode. The measured adjacent chan-
nel power (ACP) for the transmit mode at 2.4
GHz is –30 dBc with a channel bandwidth of 380
less communication. A dual frequency conver- kHz. The receiver sensitivity is about –102 dBm
sion strategy is employed in this RF front-end for 10–5 BER. For spread spectrum signal mea-
(2.4 - 2.47 GHz). The 1st and 2nd IFs are 280 surements (1.228 Mbps OQPSK with a channel
MHz and 55 MHz, respectively. The TDD bandwidth of 1.5 MHz), the ACP is –36 dBc at
duplexing method is adopted in this module, 2.4 GHz.
controlled by T/R switch. A Class-A two-stage
power amplifier, a preamplifier, single-ended Transceiver description
resistive mixer and low noise amplifier are The ever-increasing demand for radio spec-
designed and combined with suitable IF RFICs, trum in the fast growing area of wireless com-
filters and switches to form a transceiver RF munication systems is driving RF design into
front-end (not including frequency synthesizer). higher microwave frequency bands at 2.4 GHz
The transceiver RF front-end has 22 dBm trans- and beyond. This paper presents the design,
mitting power, with 15 dB conversion gain and 9 implementation and extensive measurements of
dB noise figure for receiving. a 2.4 GHz transceiver RF front-end for ISM-
In digital modulation measurements using Band digital wireless communications. The 1st
384 kbps p/4 DQPSK, the error vector magni- LO is from 2.12 GHz to 2.19 GHz and the first
tude (EVM) is 4 percent (Pin = –3dBm) for the IF is at 280 MHz. The 2nd LO is at 335 MHz

■ Figure 1. Block diagram of a 2.4 GHz transceiver front-end for digital wireless communications.

32 Applied Microwave & Wireless

 2.4 GHz Transceiver

and the second IF is at 55 MHz. The TDD

duplexing method is adopted in this mod-
ule, controlled by T/R switches. A class-A
two-stage power amplifier (24 dBm output
power), a pre-amplifier, single-ended resis-
tive mixer (6 dB conversion loss), and low
noise amplifier (21 dB gain and 2.5 dB noise
figure) were designed for the transceiver.
These RF circuits, along with IF RFICs, fil-
ters, and switches, form a transceiver RF
front-end, except for the frequency synthe-
sizer. In the transmit mode, the output
power reaches 22 dBm (1 dB compression
point) after the loss of the T/R switch. In
the receive mode, 15 dB conversion gain, 9
dB noise figure, and –6 dBm 1 dB compres-
sion point were measured.
To investigate the performance of the
transceiver RF front-end in digital wireless
communications, a 384 kbps p/4 DQPSK
digital modulation signal from a digital
modulation signal generator (Anritsu MG
3660A) was applied to the RF front-end and
analyzed using an HP 89410A vector signal
analyzer. The error vector magnitude
(EVM) was measured for both the transmit
and receive modes. The measurement of
adjacent channel power (ACP) for p/4
DQPSK digital modulation and spread
spectrum signals has also been performed
and will be discussed.

Circuit design, realization and ■ Figure 2. 2.4 GHz two-stage power amplifier — circuit diagram (top) and
measurement board layout (bottom).
Figure 1 shows the block diagram of this
ISM-band 2.4 GHz transceiver RF front-
end. The transmitting and receiving parts are isolated efficiency (PAE) of a power amplifier as a function of the
by T/R switches. A 2.45 GHz bandpass filter is placed input power is shown in Figure 3(d). An efficiency of
before the low noise amplifier (LNA). The power ampli- about 40 percent can be achieved at the high output
fier (PA) is driven by a preamplifier. The 1st IF is at 280 power level. Figures 3(e) and 3(f) depict the measured
MHz. A single-ended resistive FET mixer is designed for gain and PAE as a function of the DC voltage VDS. The
both up-conversion (280 MHz IF to 2.4 GHz RF) and measured input return loss, which is shown in Figure 4,
down-conversion (2.4 GHz RF to 280 MHz IF). The 2nd is less than 20 dB from 2.4 to 2.47 GHz. The 3rd-order
IF is at 55 MHz and the 2nd LO is chosen to be at 335 intercept point (IP3) is an index for the measurement of
MHz. the intermodulation distortion (IMD). It is defined as:

Transmitter 3 Pf 1 - Pb 2 f2 - f1 g
PA and driver circuits — As shown in Figure 2, the two- PIP3 = (2)
2
stage 5-volt PA uses an HP AT-41486 BJT as the driver
and a Siemens CLY-2 MESFET as the output stage.
where Pf1 and Pf2 are the power strengths (which are set
Since the goal is to design a high-linearity Class-A
to equal) of the two fundamental frequency components
amplifier, the bias point of the CLY-2 is chosen at VGS =
at the frequencies f1 and f2, and P(2f2 – f1) is the 3rd-order
–1.3 V and VDS = 5 V (40 percent IDSS). Figures 3(a) and
IMD at the frequency (2f2 – f1). To measure the output
3(b) show the measured output power and gain com-
IP3, two RF signals at 2.432 GHz and 2.434 GHz (from
pression of the PA as a function of the input power at
two RF signal generators) are summed in a combiner
2.435 GHz. It can be observed that the 1 dB gain com-
and then sent to the PA. The HP-MDS (Microwave
pression point (P1dB) is about 24 dBm. Figure 3(c) shows
Design System) RF/ Microwave CAD software (installed
the PA gain as a function of the frequency at 3 dBm
in a workstation) is used to capture the measured spec-
input power. It can be seen that the gain is about 21 dB
trum on a HP-8594E spectrum analyzer through the
and the gain flatness is about ±0.5 dB. The power-added
GPIB bus and compute the OIP3. The measured output

34 Applied Microwave & Wireless

 2.4 GHz Transceiver

■ Figure 3. Measured performance of the 2.4 GHz power amplifier: (a) output
power level, (b) gain compression vs. input power, (c) gain vs. frequency at 3
dBm input power, (d) gain vs. VDS at 3 dBm input power, (e) power-added
efficiency (PAE) vs. input power, and (f) PAE vs. VDS at 2.435 GHz.

■ Figure 4. Measured input return loss and two-tone test of the 2.4 GHz two-
stage power amplifier.

June 1998 35
 2.4 GHz Transceiver

spectrum and the computed OIP3 (31.4

dBm) of the PA are also shown in
Figure 4. Also, in order to compensate
for signal losses at the mixer, filters and
antenna switch, a two-stage pre-ampli-
fier (using AT-41486 BJTs) is used
before the PA. The pre-amplifier has a
gain of 22 dB and OIP3 of 21.3 dBm. NE32684
The performance characteristics are HJ FET

summarized in Table 1.

1st IF Mixers — The 1st IF is at 280

MHz, and a T/R switch separates the
LNA and PA circuits to let the 1st
mixer be used for both up-conversion
and down-conversion. The 1st mixer is
designed as a single-ended resistive
FET mixer using a NE 32684 HJFET,
with the mixer circuit shown in Figure
5. The FET mixer uses a self-biasing
circuit with 30k ohm and 15k ohm
resistors (and a 1.5 nF bypass capaci-
tor) connected to the source terminal to
achieve –1.6 V VGS. A 3 pF capacitor
connected to the drain terminal is to
maintain a high impedance for the 280
MHz IF signal. The 33 nH inductor
connected to the drain terminal blocks
the RF and LO signals. The matching ■ Figure 5 2.4 GHz single-ended resistive FET mixer — circuit diagram (top)
networks at the LO and RF ports are and board layout (bottom).
designed using microstrip lines (see
Figure 5).
Figure 6 shows the measurements of the mixer’s per- loss vs. frequency, gate voltage and LO power are shown
formance. Figures 6(a) and 6(b) show that the input in Figures 6(d), 6(e) and 6(f). The conversion loss is
return loss of both the RF and LO terminals is more about 6 dB from 2.4 to 2.47 GHz, generally unchanged
than 10 dB. Figure 6(c) shows that the VSWR of the IF for gate voltages from 3 to 6 V. The smallest conversion
terminal is less than 1.3 at 280 MHz. The conversion loss is achieved when the LO power is 3 dBm. Figures

2.4GHz Two-Stage Power Amplifier (PA)

Frequency Range 2.4-2.47 GHz VSWR (Input) <1.2
VDD 5V 1 dB Compression Point 24 dBm
VGG –5V 3rd Order Intercept Point (OIP3) 31.4 dBm
Gain 21 dB EVM (384 kbps digital modulation 3%
Gain Flatness ±0.5 dB Power Added Efficiency 40%

2.4 GHz Single-ended Resistive Mixer

RF Frequency Range 2.4-2.47 GHz IF VSWR 1.3
LO Frequency Range 2.12-2.19 GHz LO-RF Isolation 23 dB
IF Frequency 280 MHz LO-IF Isolation 45 dB
Conversion Loss 6 dB 3rd Order Intercept Point (OIP3) 8.5 dBm
RF Return Loss 10 dB Noise Figure 7 dB
LO Return Loss 10 dB

2.4 GHz Two-Stage Low Noise Amplifier (LNA)

Frequency Range 2.4-2.47 GHz Output Return Loss >15 dB
VCC 5V Noise Figure 2.5 dB
Gain 21.7 dB 3rd Order Intercept Point (OIP3) 23.6 dBm
Input Return Loss >15 dB

■ Table 1. Summary of measured performance characteristics of the 2.4 GHz PA, mixer, and LNA.

36 Applied Microwave & Wireless

 2.4 GHz Transceiver

■ Figure 6. Measured characteristics of the 2.4 GHz single-ended resistive FET mixer.

6(g) and 6(h) show that the LO-RF and LO-IF isolation signals are at 2.434 and 2.436 GHz, the LO is at 2.415
are about 23 dB and 45 dB, respectively. The noise fig- GHz and IFs are 279 and 281 MHz. OIP3 is about 8.5
ure is about 7.5 dB as shown in Figure 6(i). Figure 6(j) dBm. The performance characteristics are included in
shows the measured spectrum of the two-tone test. RF Table 1.

June 1998 37
 2.4 GHz Transceiver

Receiver
Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) — The two-
stage LNA uses the HP AT-41486 BJT.
The design goal is to emphasize low noise
figure at the 1st stage and have high gain
at the 2nd stage, and the conjugate
matching is designed between the two
stages. The bias point is VCE = 5 V and
IC = 5 mA for the 1st stage, and VCE = 5
V and IC = 15 mA for the 2nd stage.
Figure 7 shows the LNA circuit and lay-
out. Figure 8 shows the measured char-
acteristics of the 2.4 GHz LNA. The
input and output return loss are all lower
than 15 dB over the 2.4 to 2.47 GHz
range. The gain is about 21.7 dB and the
noise figure is about 2.5 dB. The two-
tone test shows that the OIP3 is about
51.53 dBm. The performance characteris-
tics are also shown in Table 1.

2nd IF Mixer and Amplifier — The 2nd

IF mixer (Mini-Circuits RMS-2) down-
converts the 280 MHz 1st IF signal to the
55 MHz 2nd IF, with an IF amplifier
using a Mini-Circuits MAR-6 before the ■ Figure 7. 2.4 GHz two-stage low noise amplifier (LNA) — circuit diagram
mixer. Figure 9 shows measured charac- (top) and board layout (bottom).
teristics of the 2nd IF mixer. The conver-
sion loss with an LO power of 5 dBm is
about 8.4 dB, and the OIP3 of the mixer
is about 5.47 dBm. The LO-RF and LO-IF
isolation are more than 25 dB and 37 dB,
respectively. Figure 10 shows the mea-
sured characteristics of the 2nd IF ampli-
fier. The gain of the IF amplifier is about
7.7 dB and the OIP3 is about 18.56 dBm.

T/R Switches — Three T/R switches are

used in the RF front-end module to
switch between transmitting and receiv-
ing modes (see Figure 1). The Mini-
Circuits MSTW-4-20 switch is used, and
the measured characteristics after proper
matching are shown in Figure 11. The
insertion loss is about 1.5 dB and the iso-
lation is about 17.6 dB at 2.4 GHz.

Filters — Two 2.45 GHz RF bandpass fil-

ters are used between the antenna switch
and LNA and before the mixer (FDK
2450B, with a passband of 100 MHz). The
measured characteristics are shown in
Figure 12. The return loss is about 20 dB ■ Figure 8. Measured characteristics of the 2.4 GHz two-stage low noise
and the insertion loss is less than 1 dB amplifier (LNA).
within the passband.
A 280-MHz IF bandpass filter is used
after the first mixer, a Toyocom SAW filter. An imped- tion loss is about 3.9 dB and the group delay is about 227
ance matching network of 150 nH and 39 nH chip induc- ns at 280 MHz. A 55 MHz IF bandpass filter is put after
tors is used before and after the SAW filter. The mea- the 2nd mixer. A Mini-Circuits PIF-50 bandpass filter is
sured characteristics are shown in Figure 13. The inser- used. Figure 14 shows the measured characteristics.

38 Applied Microwave & Wireless

 2.4 GHz Transceiver

The insertion loss is less than 1 dB

and the return loss is lower than 20
dB at 55 MHz.

RF front-end integration and

performance measurement
The complete circuit of the 2.4
GHz transceiver RF front-end (not
including the frequency synthesizer)
is assembled on an FR-4 (er = 4.7)
printed circuit board. The circuit
layout and the photograph of an
assembled module are shown in
Figure 15. The photographs and plot
in Figure 16 illustrate the test
equipment used and the digital mod-
ulation measurement setup. Meas-
ured performance data are present-
ed as follows.

Transmit Mode
In transmit mode, the 55 MHz IF
signal is up-converted two times to
2.4 GHz. Figures 17(a) and 17(b)
show the measured output power
and gain compression as a function
of the input power at 2.435 GHz.
■ Figure 9. Measured characteristics of the 280 MHz 2nd IF mixer (Mini-Circuits Figure 17(c) shows the measured
RMS-2). output power as a function of the
frequency (Pin = –3 dBm). It can be

■ Figure 10. Measured characteristics ■ Figure 12. Measured characteris-

of the 280 MHz 2nd IF amplifier ■ Figure 11. Measured characteristics tics of the 2.4 GHz bandpass filter
(MAR-6). of the T/R switch (MSTW-4-20). (FDK 2450B).

40 Applied Microwave & Wireless

 2.4 GHz Transceiver

39 nH 39 nH
SAW Filter
150 nH 150 nH

■ Figure 13. Measured characteristics of the 280 MHz band- ■ Figure 15(a). Circuit layout of the 2.4 GHz transceiver RF
pass filter (Toyocom SAW filter): Top is S21, bottom is front-end.
group delay.

■ Figure 14. Measured characteristics of the 55 MHz 2nd IF

bandpass filter (PIF-50).

seen that the gain is about 26 dB and the output power

is about 22 dBm.

Receive Mode
Figure 18 shows measured results of the transceiver
in the receive mode. It can be observed that the gain is ■ Figure 15(b). Photograph of the assembled transceiver
about 15.5 dB and noise figure is about 8.8 dB at 2.435 (RF front-end, not including frequency synthesizer), as
GHz. The input VSWR is 1.6 at 2.435 GHz. The 1 dB constructed on FR-4 board.
gain compression point is –6 dBm when the input power
is –21 dBm. Figure 19 shows that the EVM is about 3.89 percent in
the transmit mode and about 1.37 percent in the receive
Digital modulation measurement mode at 2.47 GHz. To determine the receive sensitivity
Figure 16(b) shows the digital modulation measure- of the RF front-end, the 384 kbps p/4 DQPSK signal
ment setup with an Anritsu MG 3660A digital modula- from the vector signal generator with –95 dBm signal
tion signal generator and an HP 89410A vector signal power (the smallest input power allowed for the vector
analyzer. A 384 kbps p/4 DQPSK digital modulation sig- signal analyzer HP 89410A) was applied to the RF front-
nal (–50 dBm) is applied to the transceiver RF front-end. end (in receive mode). The measured EVM is 20 percent

42 Applied Microwave & Wireless

 2.4 GHz Transceiver

■ Figure 16(a). Photo showing connection of test cables to ■ Figure 16(b). The test setup: Anritsu MG 3660A digital mod-
the RF transceiver board. ulation generator and HP 89410A vector signal analyzer.

■ Figure 16(c). Digital modulation test ■ Figure 17. Measurement plots of transmit mode performance of the 2.4 GHz
display. transceiver.

at 2.47 GHz. By using the following formula: This is consistent with the obtained ES/N0 of 17 dB
from measurement at –95 dBm input power (since –102 +
S / N = -20 log( EVM) (2) (17–10) = –95). Hence, it was determined that the receive
sensitivity of the RF front-end is about –102 dBm. The
the corresponding ratio for EVM of 20 percent is 14 dB. dynamic range (DR) can then be determined as:
Since
DR = Pi(1 dB) – Sensitivity = –21 –102 = 81 dB (6)
S/N =
bE R g
S S
(3)
N0 B
ACP (adjacent channel power) measurement
where ES is the energy of a symbol, RS is the symbol The ACP (for the transmitting mode) can also be
rate, N0 is the noise power density, and B is the band- measured by the vector signal generator. By applying a
width. For a p/4 DQPSK signal and 14 dB ratio, it can 384 Kbps p/4 DQPSK signal (–3 dBm) with a channel
be determined that: bandwidth of 380 kHz to the RF front-end, Figure 20
shows the measured ACP is –30 dBc at 2.4 GHz. To mea-
ES/N0 = S/N(B/RS) = 17 dB (4) sure the ACP for spread spectrum signal, a 1.228 Mbps
OQPSK signal (–3 dBm) with a channel bandwidth of
Assuming the bit error rate (BER) is 10–5, the 1.5 MHz is applied. Figure 20 shows the measured ACP
required ES/N0 is 10 dB. Hence, from the definition of is –36 dBc at 2.4 GHz.
the sensitivity: Table 2 summarizes the measured gain and noise fig-
ure of each stage and the computed total gain/noise fig-
Sensitivity = –144 + NF + RS + ES/N0 (5) ure (ideal value) of the RF front-end. Table 3 shows the
= –144 + 8.8 + 10log(384/2) + 10 performance characteristics of the RF front-end at 384
= –102 dB kbps p/4 DQPSK digital modulation.

44 Applied Microwave & Wireless

 2.4 GHz Transceiver

■ Figure 18. Measurement plots for the receive mode performance of the 2.4 GHz transceiver.

Conclusion
The design, implementation and extensive measure-
ments of a 2.4 GHz transceiver RF front-end (not includ-
ing frequency synthesizer) for ISM-Band digital wireless
communications have been described. The module uses
dual conversion. The 1st LO is from 2.12 GHz to 2.19
GHz and the first IF is at 280 MHz. The 2nd LO is at 335
MHz and the second IF is at 55 MHz. The TDD duplex-
ing method is used, controlled by T/R switches. A Class-
A two-stage power amplifier (24 dBm output power), a
pre-amplifier, single-ended resistive mixer (6 dB conver-
sion loss), and low noise amplifier (21 dB gain and 2.5 dB
noise figure) are designed and combined with suitable IF
RFICs, filters, and switches to form a transceiver RF
front-end. In the transmit mode, the output power is 22
dBm (1 dB gain compression) after the T/R switch. In the
receive mode, 15 dB conversion gain, 9 dB noise figure,
and –6 dBm 1 dB compression point are measured. In
digital modulation measurements (384 kbps p/4
DQPSK), the EVM (error vector magnitude) is 4 percent
(Pin = –3 dBm) for the transmit mode and 1 percent
(Pin= –50 dBm) for the receive mode. The receive sensi-
tivity is about –102 dBm for 10–5 BER. The measured
ACP (adjacent channel power) for the transmitting mode
at 2.4 GHz is –30 dBc with a channel bandwidth of 380
kHz. For spread spectrum signals (1.228 Mbps OQPSK)
measurements, the ACP is –36 dBc with a channel band-
width of 1.5 MHz at 2.4 GHz. ■

Acknowledgments
■ Figure 19. 384 kbps p/4 DQPSK digital modulation mea- This work was supported by the National Science
surement of the transceiver (top is transmit mode, bottom Council of the Republic of China under Grant NSC 86-
is receive mode. 2221-E-006-034.

46 Applied Microwave & Wireless

 2.4 GHz Transceiver

4. S. A. Maas, Microwave Mixers,

Artech House, 1993.
5. P. Vizmuller, RF Design Guide:
Systems, Circuits, and Equations,
Artech House, 1995.
6. Hewlett-Packard Co., Wireless
Symposium, 1997.
7. Tri T. Ha, Solid-State Microwave
Amplifier Design, John Wiley & Sons.
8. G. Gonzalez, Microwave Transis-
tor Amplifiers, Prentice, 1984.
9. H.-R. Chuang, Sen-You Liu, Sin-
Yue Lin, and Cheng-Yung Chiang, “2.4-
GHz three-stage RF power amplifier
(a) (b) module for ISM-band wireless commu-
nications,” Applied Microwave &
■ Figure 20. ACP measurement of the transceiver in transmit mode: (a) 384 kbps Wireless, May/June 1997, pp. 56-66.
p/4 DQPSK signal (–3 dBm) with 380 kHz channel bandwidth; (b) 1.228 Mbps 10. J. L. B. Walker, High-Power GaAs
OQPSK spread spectrum signal (–3 dBm) with 1.5 MHz channel bandwidth. FET Amplifiers, Artech House, 1993.
11. M. M. Radmanesh and N. A.
Barakat, “State of the art S-band resis-
tive FET mixer design,” MTT-S
Stage Gain (dB) Stage Noise Figure (dB) Gain (dB) International Microwave Symposium
IF Mixer –8 T/R Switch+RF Filter 2.5 –2.5 Digest, IEEE, pp. 1435-1438, 1994.
IF Amp 7.7 LNA 2.5 21.7 12. S. Ariyavisitakul and T. P. Liu,
T/R Switch –1 T/R Switch+RF Filter 2.5 –2.5 “Characterizing the effects of nonlinear
amplifiers on linear modulation for dig-
SAW Filter –4 Mixer 7.5 –6
ital portable radio communications,”
Mixer –6 SAW Filter+T/R Switch 5 –5 IEEE Trans. Vehicular Technology, vol.
RF Filter –1 IF Amp 3 22 39, No. 4, pp. 383-389, Nov. 1990.
T/R Switch –1.5 2nd Mixer 9 –8
2nd IF Filter 1 –1
Preamp 22 Author Information
PA 21 TOTAL GAIN 18.7 dB Sen-You Liu received the MSEE
T/R Switch –1.5 TOTAL NF 5.72519 dB (3.73696 lin.) degree from the National Cheng
TOTAL 27.7 TOTAL NOISE TEMP 793.71993K Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan in
1997. His research interests include
(a) Transmit Mode (b) Receive mode RF circuit design and digital wire-
less communication systems.
■ Table 2. Measured gain and noise figure of each stage and computed total Prof. Huey-Ru Chuang has a
gain/noise figure (ideal value) of the 2.4 GHz transceiver RF front-end. Ph.D. in electrical engineering from
Michigan State University. He is
Transmit Mode with the De-
Max. Output Power Linear Gain EVM (Pin = -3 dBm) ACP (Pin = -3 dBm) partment of
22 dBm 26 dB 1.5% (f = 2.4 GHz) –30 dBc (f = 2.4 GHz)
Electrical
22 dBm 3.9% (f = 2.47 GHz) –24 dBc (f = 2.47 GHz)
Engineering,
National
Receive Mode Cheng Kung
Noise Figure (NF) Gain P1dB
University, as
an Associate
9 dB 15 dB Input = –21 dBm
Professor. His
Output = –6 dBm
research
Sensitivity Dynamic Range EVM interests
–102.2 dBm 81.2 dB 1% (Pin = –50 dBm) include elec-
(Bit error rate: BER=10–5) 20% (Pin= –95 dBm) t r o m a g n e t i c Chuang
computation
■ Table 3. Performance characteristics of the 2.4 GHz transceiver RF front-end of the interac-
(384 kbps p/4 DSPSK digital modulation). tion between the antenna and the
human body, portable antenna
design for wireless communications,
References satellite reflector antennas, RF/microwave communica-
1. K. Feher, Wireless Digital Communications: Modulation
& Spread Spectrum Applications, Prentice Hall, 1995.
tion circuits design, and microwave detection systems.
2. U. L. Rohde and T. T. N. Bucher, Communications He can be reached by telephone at +886 6 2744028, or
Receivers: Principles and Design, McGraw-Hill, 1988. by fax at +886 6 2748690 or by e-mail at chuangh@eem-
3. D. M. Pozar, Microwave Engineering, Addison-Wesley, 1990. box.ncku.edu.tw.

48 Applied Microwave & Wireless