SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Oral Communication
in Context
Module No. 2
Models of Communication

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 Oral Communication in Context
Alternative Delivery Mode
First Edition, 2020

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 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Oral Communication
in Context
Quarter 1 Module No. 2
Models of Communication

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iii4
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE NO.
OVERVIEW 1
CONTENT 1
COMPETENCIES 1
GENERAL INSTRUCTION 2
Module Lesson : Models of Communication
Objectives 3
Pretest 3
Activity 1: My X and Y 5
Lesson Proper 6
Activity 2: Seen Scenario 8
Activity 3: Key Ideas 10
Activity 4: Compare and Contrast 10
Activity 5: Comic Strips Analysis 11
Activity 6: Reality Check 14
Activity 7: Follow Your Lead 14
Assessment 15
Self-Check 16
Reflection Time 17
Let’s Sum Up 18
Post Test 19
Answer Key 21
References 22

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 OVERVIEW

In the previous module, you have learned about the various elements that support
the process of communication. It is about time to learn the different models of
communication to further understand the process of communication and how
communication happens. These communication models are conceptual models.
Conceptual models are structures that simplify the explanation of how something
or how a system works. Because communication is a process as discussed in the
previous module, the communication models will do a better way of explaining the
process.

Module Content
This module focuses on the various models of communication introduced by
communication experts and contains essential learning competencies especially
crafted by the Department of Education. Understanding the underlying models will
enable you to have a better grasp of the process of communication. The lesson in this
module jump-starts with the basic definition of communication, down to its function,
nature, elements and processes that will help you achieve your role as effective
communicator. Hence, this module contains the following:

These are the competencies included in this module:

 Differentiate the various models of communication. (EN 11/ 12 OC-1a-3)

 Distinguish the unique feature(s) of one communication process from the
other.(EN 11/ 12 OC-1a-4)

Stay with me in this journey through learning the models of communication!

Your Speech Teacher

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 GENERAL INSTRUCTION

To attain the goals of this module, do the following:

 Do not put some markings on this Module as there are still other students who will
be using it. You will need a separate COMMUNICATION ACTIVITY NOTEBOOK
where you will write all your answers and writing activities of this module. Be sure
to LABEL your work according to the Module, lessons and the date you work on
it.

 Each Module has a brief instruction and followed by a list of objectives. Read
them and follow instructions carefully.

 Before going over the activities, answer the PRETEST first then find out how well
you did by checking your answers given in the self-assessment activity. Each
activity must be according to the objectives of this Module.

 Take note of the skills or strategies you are trying to develop.

 After each activity, you need to go over the items which you think you failed.

 Wait for the teacher’s instruction as to when to take the POST TEST. This is
usually done when you have mastered the previous lessons.

 Always make sure you read the module carefully and all the indicated
instructions.

 Follow the directions and instructions in the activities conscientiously.

 Ensure that all exercises are answered and activities are complied.

 Equip yourself with the necessary vocabulary and terminology in each given
lesson.

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 VARIOUS MODELS OF
COMMUNICATION
“Communication is a skill that you can learn. If you’re willing to work at it, you can rapidly
improve the quality of every part of your life.” -Brian Tracy-
Objectives
At the end of this module you are expected to:
1. identify the three standard communication models;
2. differentiate the various models of communication; and
3. distinguish the unique feature(s) of one communication process from the other.

WHAT I KNOW
Before the discussion of the models of Communication,
let us see your background knowledge on this topic by taking
the PRETEST first.

Read the statement carefully and answer the question that

follows. Write your answers in your activity notebook.

________1.Which proponent of the communication model says that Communication

is linear?
a) Schramm Model c) Shannon-Weaver
b) b) Charles Osgood's Model d) Dance

_________2.This theorist refers transmission model of Communication as that

involves signal.
a) Shannon-Weaver c) Schramm
b) Charles Osgood's d) Dance

_______3.It is the medium that transmits the signal from the transmitter to the
receiver.
a) The channel c) receiver
b) messenger d) television

_______4. The __________is to whom the message is intended to be sent.

a) the channel c) sender
b) The receiver d) barrier

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_______5. He showed Communication as a dynamic or two-way process in which
there is interactive relationship between the source and the receiver of
the message.
a) Osgood c) Shannon
b) Schramm d) Weaver

______6.The following elements are added to the Transactional Model, EXCEPT:

a) nonverbal communication c) context
b) feedback d) meaning

_______7. Transactional Model says people can be both sender and receiver, is
proposed by:
c) Osgood c) Shannon
d) Schramm d) Weaver

_______8. Communication is
a) verbal only
b) from ONLY one to many only
c) transmission of information with passive recipients
d) a process

_______9.Which of the following is NOT true of the Shannon Weaver Model of

Communication?
a) message does not consist of written and spoken words
b) the model does not introduce the concept of noise.
c) It is a two-way process
d) all of the above

_______10. The following are the main elements of Wilbur Schramm's simplified
communication model (1954), except;
a) barrier c) channel
b) speaker / Source d) receiver

Here’s another thumb’s up for you! You did a great job and I
guess, you are just as excited as I am to discover new things
related to communication.

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 WHAT’S IN?
In our previous lessons, you have been acquainted with
the elements of communication. These elements are the
sender, receiver, message, encoding, decoding, channel,
feedback, barrier and context which are all essential in the
communication process.

The next lesson will shade light on how some language and communication
experts developed the models in communication and how significant these
models are to the world. Among the many models, we will only tackle 3 standard
models of communication.

WHAT’S NEW?
Activity 1: My X and Y
Instruction: Think of a possession (thing) you consider very
important to you that you acquired or that your parents bought
you 5 - 10 years ago.It could be a cellphone, bag, shoes, laptop,
car, etc. Write your answer in your activity notebook.
Follow the example in the matrix and fill it in with the needed details. Note: The
activity is named “My X and Y” referring to past important items (Ex) and the reason
for liking it (Why)
Name of the
object My X and Y
Ex. Cellphone

ITEM 1ST 2ND 3RD 4TH

ACQUISITION
Year 2001 2004 2008 2010
Model / brand Nokia 3310 Nokia 7280 Sony Ericsson Motorola A955

Special feature It has torchlight

Why chose the It was affordable

and durable
product
Answer the following questions after doing the matrix.
1. Why did you like that object?
2. Why did you choose that brand / model?
3. Why do you think brands / models keep changing?
4. Do you agree with the modifications of these brands? Why or why not?
5. What do you think is the relevance of this activity to our new lesson?

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 Very good! You just did a great job. Now, let us find
out first what does the word "MODEL" mean?
A model is a graphic representation designed to
explain the way a variable works. It is a pattern, a plan,
representation or description to show the structure or
workings of an object, system and concept.

WHAT IS IT?
Communication models describe the process of
communication, visually show the relationship among variables,
and help find and correct communication problems.
What are the three standard models of communication?

1. Linear Model of Communication (Transmission Model)

The linear model was the first kind of model that experts have made to
understand the process of communication. It has improved and has been updated
through the years. The following are the remarkable characteristics of the linear
model:

1) Unidirectional - Linear model is one-way communication where the speaker

sends messages to the receiver with or without effect. Senders can only transmit
messages while receivers can only receive the messages. This model of
communication applies to mass communication.

2) Simple - This model presents a simple communication act because the

transmission of message shows only the beginning and the end and that there is
no interchanging of roles between the sender and receiver.
3) Persuasion not Mutual understanding - This model shows one-way direction of
communication which promotes advice and influence rather than mutual
understanding between receiver and sender.
The first three characteristics emphasize the lack of feedback in this model which
has been criticized as a missing element in the communication process
4) Values psychological over social effects - This model focuses more on the
psychological effects (such as understanding the messages) rather than the
social effects (like building the relationship among communicators).
The Shannon-Weaver model(1949), also known as the transmission model and the
mother of all communication models, is one best example of a one-way or linear
process of communication consisting of five elements (see diagram below) which has
been criticized for missing one element in the communication process, feedback.

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 In module 1, all the elements were discussed and will be elaborated further in the
next module. But the Shannon - Weaver Model acknowledges only 5 elements in the
linear process and noise is a kind of disturbance coming from people, the
environment, internal knowledge, beliefs, etc. which hinders the receiver from getting
and understanding the message.
The Shannon - Weaver Model illustration above shows the characteristics of the
Linear Model of Communication. First, as shown in the direction of the arrow, it is
unidirectional or one-way direction where the speaker sends messages to the
receiver with or without effect. Second, it is simple as it only shows beginning and end
of communication but there is no interchanging of communication roles between
communicators. The first two characteristics emphasize persuasion and
understanding the message rather than mutual understanding and social relationship.
Example of the elements of the Shannon-Weaver Model
Elements Example:
Sender You
Receiver Your friend
channel Your mobile network
encoder Your mobile’s network company
Decoder The receiver’s smartphone
Noise your friend receives only parts of the SMS message you tried to send
due to disruption of mobile signal

Have you learned something about the

Shannon - Weaver Model of Communication? What
do you think is the most striking characteristic of this
model? What can you say about the statement “YOU
CANNOT NOT COMMUNICATE?”
Let’s try the next activity and see your stand
based from the lesson, are you ready?

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Activity 2: Seen Scenario
Fill out the empty boxes with a simple scenario reflecting a linear model of
communication. Write this on your Communication Activity Notebook.

Right! the Shannon - Weaver model is

considered as the mother of all models and is also
known as the transmission model. It was being
criticized because the model does not include
feedback among its elements.
Now let us take a look at the second model of
communication.

Transactional Communication Model

The Transactional Model of Communication illustrates how the sender and
receiver take turns in conveying and receiving messages and are called as
“communicators”.
The sender and receiver’s roles are reversed each time sending and receiving
messages occur at the same time. Since both sender and receiver are necessary to
keep the communication alive in Transactional Model, the communicators are also
interdependent to each other. Thus, if the receiver is not listening to the sender,
Transactional Communication is not possible.

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 Frank Dance (1967) introduced the Helix model that best illustrates Transactional
Model by showing how the development of communication is based on previous
experiences or behaviors as well as how the knowledge-base of a person deepens
and expands throughout life. He emphasized “that communication while moving
forward is at the same time coming back to itself and being affected by its past
behavior…” . Dance’s model also shows how the external and internal factors that are
learned throughout life influence the person’s understanding of a message.

The characteristics of Transactional Model

1. Communication evolves from the very first day (origin) until the existing moment.
2. Communication is largely dependent on its past.
3. Concept of time.
4. Communication process is the product of what we learned.
So to put it in simple terms, Transactional Model of Communication involves three
principles:
1. people send messages continuously and simultaneously
2. communication events that have a past, present, and future, and;
3. participants play certain roles in the conversation.

How does the second model of communication look to you? Do you

think the second model is better than the first model? Why or why not?

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Activity 3. Key Ideas

This is to check your grasp of the topics discussed earlier. Write down on your
Communication Activity Notebook the essential ideas needed.

The 3 basic characteristics of Transactional Model

1. _______________________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________________
3. _______________________________________________________
The 4 characteristics of linear model
4. _______________________________________________________
5. _______________________________________________________
6. _______________________________________________________
7. _______________________________________________________
The two other names of linear model
8. _______________________________________________________
9. _______________________________________________________
The other name of transactional model
10. ______________________________________________________

Activity 4: Compare and Contrast

Create a Venn Diagram in your activity notebook, then compare and contrast
the first 2 models of communication discussed in this module by writing their
similarities in the inner part of the overlapping circles and their differences in
each designate circle. Afterwards, discuss your diagram and the most striking
characteristics / differences between the two models.

Similarities

Transmission Model Transactional Model

There you go! How was your experience so far with

the first two models of communication? Are you ready to
venture to the third one?

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 WHAT’S MORE?
Activity 5: Comic Strips Analysis
Study how the process of communication is shown in this
comic strip. Then answer the questions posed below as direct as
possible. Write your answers on your activity notebook.

Analysis Questions:
1. In comic strip 1, who is the source of the message and what is the medium of
communication? ______________________________________________

2. Which comic strip shows the message of the conversation? Cite and explain.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

3. Are the elements such as noise, feedback involved in the process? Cite and
explain
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
4. What do you think is being talked about in comic strips 4? Is there any sharing of
field of experience? Cite and Explain.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
5. Can you say that this conversation depicts a good communication model? Why or
why not?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

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 You did a great job in the previous lessons.
Voila! We are now down to the last model of
communication, so, buckle up!

Interactive Communication Model

This model, also known as convergence model or the Schramm Model of
Communication, emphasizes the coding and decoding elements of the process which
also focuses on the message exchanges between the sender and receiver and vice
versa. Rather than linear or a one-way process, communication is a two-way street,
with a sender and a receiver.
Wilbur Schramm introduced the interactive communication model where he
emphasized the need for the source to encode the message as well as for the
receiver to decode the message. These messages will always be affected by the
“field of experience” from various factors namely; social, cultural, psychological,
situational experiences or gained knowledge.
In this model, noise is considered as a form of barrier in communication. The
following elements are included in this model of Communication:

Elements Functions

1. Sender sends the message

(transmitter)
2. Encoder converts the message into codes before sending
3. Decoder gets the encoded message then converts it into the
language understandable by the receiver
4. Interpreter tries to understand and analyze the message.
Message is considered received after interpretation is done
and message is understood. Interpreter and receiver are the
same.
5. Receiver gets the message. Decoding and interpreting is
also part of his/her role.
6. Message data sent by the sender and information that the
receiver gets.
7. Feedback process where in receiver responds to the
received message
8. Medium or channel used to send the message.
media
9. Noise interference disruptions during the process. This is
(interference / also created when the intended meaning sent by the sender is
disruptions) different from what was interpreted by the receiver.
10. Field of patterns which affect the communication process. This can be
Experience from society, culture, situations, psychological or sociological
events or experiences of the sender and receiver.

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Let us study the illustration below.

Figure 2: Schramm Model of Communication

Features of Interactive Communication Model
1. It has a never-ending process of communication and feedback where there is
role-switching between the sender and the receiver as they continue the exchange of
messages. It means that in the next flow of communication, the sender may become
the receiver while the receiver in the first communication process becomes the
sender in the next communication flow when gives his feedback or response.
2. Feedback is seen as an important part of this model to ensure that communication
takes place. With feedback, it gives the sender the chance to know whether his / her
receiver got the message the way he / she intended it to be understood. Feedback in
short, helps communicator to seek for clarification.
3. The field of experience affects the messages being exchanged. It means that the
background of the persons involved in the communication process plays a role in how
they interpret the messages received or how they encode the messages they will be
sending.
4. It encourages interaction. This means that the Interactive model triggers the
communicators to give their response because they share common experience and
thus share common understanding.
“If there is no commonality in the sender’s and receiver’s
field of experience, then, communication does not take place.” ~Wilbur Schramm

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 WHAT I HAVE LEARNED
Activity 6: Reality Check
Read and Answer the questions to the best of your ability
based from the lessons you have learned. Write your answers
on your Communication Activity Notebook.

1. Go back to your memory lane and recall a situation when you sought for
an advice from a friend.
A. What was the situation: _____________________________________
B. What was the advice:________________________________________
C. Why do you think your friend was able to give you that piece of advice?
_____________________________________________________________________________________

2. How does the field of experience make communication better and more
effective?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

3. At home, share and analyze a situation where Interactive Model of

Communication is used, meaning there is the common sharing of field of
experiences. How does this process add harmony to your home?
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________

WHAT I CAN DO

Activity 7. Follow Your Lead

This is a 1-minute follow-all-instructions activity. Your

Teacher will provide you a copy on what to do. Do not write
anything on this activity sheet. Write your answers in your activity notebook. You start
as soon as the teacher tells you to do so and stop when time is up.

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Instructions:
1. Read all instructions first.
2. Write your favorite color anywhere on the paper.
3. Draw a big circle at the center of your paper.
4. Write your birthday at the upper right corner of your paper.
5. Write a big “#1” below the big circle.
6. Write your Nickname below your birthday.
7. Draw a box at the lower left corner of this paper.
8. Draw any object that represents your dream profession inside the big circle.
9. Write the name of your crush inside the box.
10. Draw a star on top of the big circle.
11. Write the lesson of this module right after #1
12. Draw a smiley anywhere on your paper.
13. Put a check mark before #1.
14. Write “I love Oral Communication” anywhere on your paper.
15. Ignore all other instructions and write your name on top of this paper.

Whoah! That was cool, isn’t it? Did you have fun
with what you did? Were you able to follow the
instruction? Well, that is what communication is in the
real sense. And based on this lesson, we really need
encoding to be able to put in the right message we
intend to send to our listeners and we also need
feedback to clarify whether our listener got the correct
instruction. Do you remember which model of
communication introduced feedback? Right! Wilbur
Schramm did!

ASSESSMENT
How well do you know the models?
Copy the matrix below in your activity notebook and fill it out
with the necessary information indicated in the first column.

Communication Models of Communication

Features Linear Transactional Interactive
Proponent/s
Common Features
Striking Feature
Advantages
Disadvantages
Best Time to Use

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1. I can identify the three standard communication
models;
2. I can differentiate the various models of
communication; and
3. I can distinguish the unique feature(s) of one
communication process from the other.
I guess, you are indeed ready for a self-check.

SELF-CHECK!
Great job! You have completed Lesson 2 successfully!
Before going to the next lesson, check the icon that best
shows your learning experience.

I have understood the lesson well and I can even teach what I
learned to others.

I have understood the lesson but there are still other things that
I need to review and relearn.

I need to do additional work to be able to master the lesson. I

need help in some tasks.

If you checked the first icon, you are ready for the next lesson. If you have checked the
second icon, you need to review the things that you need to relearn. If you have checked
the third icon, it would be best if you read more from the links given above and ask help
from your teacher, parents or peers in clarifying the lessons that you find difficult. Be
honest so that you will truly improve.

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Additional Activity
REFLECTION TIME: Please write your answers in your
ACTIVITY NOTEBOOK.

Wonderful! You had great things to reflect

on! Have you also reflected on this, that there
is no such thing as wrong models? There may
be better or best models though! Experts
made improvements on the models of
communication based on their observation and
analysis and over the years, new theories
sprang out as they (theorists/ experts) keep on
digging deeper into communication structure.
Okay, so shall we do the wrapping up of our
lesson now?

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LET’S SUM UP!
In this module, we have learned the following facts:

 Communication models describe the process of communication, show the

relationship among variables, and help find and correct communication problems.
 There are three standard models of communication namely: Linear,
Transaction and Interactive models.
 The linear model is a one way process of communication that is unidirectional,
uses simple communication act, emphasis persuasion rather than mutual
understanding and values psychological over social effects;
 In Transactional Model, the sender and receiver take turns in exchanging
information and are called communicators.
 Frank Dance developed the Helical Model that emphasizes communication
as evolving from the start until the existing moment; it is dependent of the past and is
concerned on the concept of time.
 The Transactional communication model suggests communication as a
product of what we learned.
 Man’s field of experience affect the communication process according to
Wilbur Schramm because the commonality of experience taking place between
sender and receiver allows them to interact.

Congratulations, my dear learner! You

finally have completed Module 2 and you are
now ready to take the Post Test.
From here , you will be embarking on a
new learning journey with Module 3. So long!

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 POST TEST
I. True or False. Write T if the statement is True and if the
statement is False, change the underlined word with the correct
word / phrase to make the statement correct. Take note, Please
do not answer give a straight T answer as there are 5 True and 5
False statements here.
________1. Communication models describe how the process of communication,
show the relationship among variables, and help find and repair problems
in communication.
________2. Frank Dance introduced the Linear Model of Communication.

________3.Convergence Model of Communication is concerned more on persuasion

rather than mutual understanding.
________4.The term unidirectional feature of communication means communication
is a two-way process.
________5.Transactional model shows the important roles of the sender and
receivers as communicators as they reverse roles.
________6.Helical Model of communication is an example of Transactional Model of
communication.
________7.Wilbur Schramm believes on the commonality of experience between
sender and receiver.
________8.Field of Experience is found in Interactive Model of Communication.
________9. When the sender and receiver share the background or field of
experience, Linear Model of communication is depicted.
_______10. Interactive model supports the idea that there is a never-ending process
of communication and feedback when communicators exchange
messages in role-switching manner.
I. Multiple Choice. Write your answers on the Communication Activity Notebook.
1. This communication model illustrates how the sender and receiver take turns in
conveying and receiving messages and are called as “communicators”.
a) Linear b) transmission c) transactional d) interactive
2. Frank Dance introduced the Helical model under this model of communication.
a) Linear b) transmission c) transactional d) interactive

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3. The characteristic of the communication model such as “communication evolves
from the very first day until the existing moment is highly:”
a) Linear b) transmission c) transactional d) interactive
4. Feedback is seen as an important part of this communication model to ensure that
communication takes place.
a) Linear b) transmission c) transactional d) interactive
5. This Transactional Model that shows the development of communication on how
the knowledge-base of a person deepens and expands throughout life is introduced
by:
a) Wilbur Schramm c) Frank Dance
b) Shannon-Weaver d) Wilbert Schindler
6. When communication is affected by the society, culture, situations, psychological
or sociological events or experiences of the sender and receiver this element is
known as:
a) Channel c) feedback
b) Field of experience d) context
7. In this model of communication, the roles of the sender and receiver are reversed
each time sending and receiving occurs at the same time.
a) Linear b) transmission c) transactional d) interactive
8. This model of communication is also called as “convergence model of
communication.”
a) Linear b) transmission c) transactional d) interactive
9. He emphasized that communication is one-way process where the speaker sends
messages to the receiver with or without effect.
a) Frank Dance c) Wilbert Schindler
b) Wilbur Schramm d) Shannon-Weaver
10. These characteristics emphasize the lack of feedback in Linear Model of
Communication, except:

a) It is a simple communication act

b) has one-way communication
c) It values psychological more than social effects
d) It focuses on persuasion rather than on mutual understanding.

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ANSWER KEY

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 REFERENCES

Diaz, Rafaela Hernandez. (2014). Speech and Oral Communication for College
Students, Revised Edition. Quezon City: National Bookstore
Baraceros, Esther L. and Lintao, Rachelle, B. (2010). English 4: Oral Communication
in Context (First Edition). Quezon City: Rex Bookstore, Inc.
Dapat, Jose Rizal O., Sadorra, Bryan Eli B., and Lumabi, Bethany Marie C. (2016).
Oral Communication in Focus. Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing, Inc. Quezon
City, Metro Manila. ; p38-54.
Flores, C.and Lopez E. (2008). Effective Speech Communication 5th Edition.
National Bookstore: Philippines.
Galero-Tejero, E. (2008) Doorways to English Language Proficiency: A
self-improvement program. National Bookstore: Philippines
Sipacio, P.J.F. & Balgos, A.R.G. Oral Communication in Context for Senior High
School. Types of Speech Styles. p35. 2016. C&E Publishing Inc. Quezon
City, Philippines.
Internet Link:

https://oralcom.wordpress.com/2016/10/14/functions-of-communication/ Retrieved on
December 28, 2018
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