Lecture #9

LECTURE - 15

Design and Detailing of RC Shear Walls

Provisions in IS 13920

Dr. Trishna Choudhury

Assistant Professor
Civil Engineering Department, TIET

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RC Building SYSTEMS
• Three common lateral load resisting systems in RC
Buildings

Front Views
of Buildings

Top Views
of Buildings

Moment Resistant Frame Shear Wall Braced Frame

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Shear Wall SHEAR WALLS...

• What is a Shear Wall? • Principal attributes

– Vertical plate-like RC Walls – Large Strength
Slab
– Generally starts at foundation – High Stiffness
– Goes through full building height – Ductility
– Shear Walls also called Structural Walls – Shear wall can be detailed to have large ductility
Shear walls are like vertically-oriented H
wide beams that carry earthquake loads
RC Shear Wall
downwards to the foundation.
Strength Building
Beam

Column
RC Frame
RC
Walls Building

RC
Plan Foundation Shear 0 Deformability
Wall
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SHEAR WALLS... SHEAR WALLS...

• Role of Shear Walls Shear

Wall
• Advantages of Shear Walls
– Smooth transfer of seismic forces F3 – Very good earthquake performance,
F3
– Vertically oriented Earthquake-generated if properly designed
forces at floor levels
wide beams – In past earthquakes
F2
Floor Slab • Large number of RC frame buildings damaged or collapsed
F1 • Shear wall buildings performed very well
F3

Shear F3
Wall

F2
“We cannot afford to build concrete buildings meant
F1
to resist severe earthquakes without shear walls”
:: Mark Fintel, a noted earthquake engineer in USA
F=F1+F2+F3 Cumulative horizontal
force from above
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SHEAR WALLS... SHEAR WALLS...

• Advantages of Shear Walls… • Advantages of Shear Walls…

– Easy to construct – Lesser lateral displacement than frames
• Straight-forward reinforcement detailing – Lesser Damage to structural and non-structural elements
– Easily implemented at site
– Effective in small large
• Reducing construction cost !!
• Minimising earthquake damage to
– Structural elements
– Non-Structural elements
» E.g., Glass Windows, Building Contents

Shear Wall Moment Resistant Frame

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Architectural Aspects Architectural Aspects...

• Walls must be preferably in both directions • Shear wall can extend over the full width of building, or
• If provided only in one direction, a proper moment resisting even over partial width
frame must be provided in the other direction
• Walls should be throughout the height
Frame 1 – Cannot be interrupted in lower levels

Frame
2 RC Wall RC Wall

Shear Shear
Wall Wall

Frame 3

Discontinuity of Best Option:

Frame 4 wall not desirable Wall all through!!
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A B C D

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Architectural Aspects... Architectural Aspects...

• Walls should be along perimeter of building • Walls must be symmetrically placed in plan
– Improves resistance to twist

Shear walls along Symmetry of building in

perimeter plan about one axis
are more efficient

Unsymmetric
Shear Walls only
location of
along one direction
shear walls
of the building
not desirable
Symmetry of building in
plan about both axes

Symmetric
Shear walls close to location of
center of building shear walls
are less efficient desirable
Source @Prof. Murthy

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Architectural Aspects... Seismic Behaviour

• Openings in walls must be • Modes of Failure
– As few as possible – Undesirable
– As small as possible
– As symmetric as possible

RC Wall
Inclined
Crack

Horizontal
Vertical Slide
RC Wall Uplift

Overturning Sliding Shear

Failure Failure Failure
Large and randomly placed Small and symmetrically
openings not allowed placed openings allowed
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Seismic Behaviour Seismic Behaviour

• Undesirable Modes of Failure • Undesirable Modes of Failure

@Earthquake @Earthquake
Clearinghouse Clearinghouse

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Seismic Behaviour Seismic Behaviour...

• Undesirable Modes of Failure • Desirable Mode of Failure

Horizontal
cracks and
yielding of
steel bars

Flexure
@Earthquake Tension
Clearinghouse Failure
Source @Prof. Murthy
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Seismic Behaviour... Seismic Behaviour...

• Shear demand is more in lower storeys… • At each section along the height,
shear wall carries
– Axial Force P
– Shear Force V
– Bending Moment M
M

Building Height
Earthquake-induced V
horizontal force P
at floor levels V M

Total Horizontal
Force
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Capacity Design Concept Seismic Design of RC Walls

• Not implemented in IS:13920-1993 and 2016… • Region of Ductile Detailing

Tension
(a) Formation of
Inclined horizontal cracks

Crack

Compression
Actions in Ductile
Response Region (b) Yielding of
vertical steel bars
Horizontal
Cracks
Hw
Ductile Response
Region:
Larger of Lw and Hw/6,
but need not be more
than 2Lw
Yielding of
vertical Ductile Flexural
Shear
steel bars Failure Lw
Failure

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Seismic Design of RC Walls… Seismic Design of RC Walls…

• Possible Geometry of Walls • Primary Reinforcement in Walls

C-Shaped

L-Shaped Flanged
Vertical
reinforcement
Rectangular
Horizontal
reinforcement

Proper anchoring
of vertical
reinforcement into
Hollow: foundation
Walls around Elevators
Source @Prof. Murthy Source @Prof. Murthy

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Seismic Design of RC Walls… “Requirement of Boundary elements”

• Boundary Elements… • The shear wall cracks at the bottom forming the weakest
part in a building where a plastic hinge can be formed
and it undergoes rotations to dissipate a large energy.
• In this whole cycle of rotations, high tensile strains are
developed at the two ends of shear wall leading to
falling of concrete from the sides and leaving the rebars
exposed
• The slender longitudinal reinforcement, in the absence of
concrete can easily buckle and the whole shear wall
failure starts from that location.
Boundary • To avoid this spalling of concrete we provide “stirrups”
Element or “hoops” at regular intervals in certain depth along the
shear wall on both the ends of the wall.
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IS 13920: 2016 Slender and Squat Walls

General requirements (Cl. 10.1) • Slender Walls :: H/W > 2
• Minimum thickness: – Flexural strength may govern
≥ 150 mm – Flexural deformations larger than shear deformations
≥ 300 mm for coupled shear walls New – Acts as a vertical bending beam
• Lw/tw ≥ 4 W
New • Squat Walls :: H/W <1
• Classification of shear walls: – Shear strength may govern
Squat walls hw/Lw < 1 – Shear deformations larger than flexural
Intermediate walls 1 ≤ hw/Lw ≤ 2 deformations
– Acts as a vertical shear beam H
Slender walls hw/Lw > 2
W
where, hw = Overall height of wall
Lw = Horizontal length of wall
tw = thickness of wall H

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Slender and Squat Walls… IS 13920: 2016

• Failure mode of slender walls • The effective flange width, to be used in the design of flanged wall
– Crack pattern and critical zones in slender walls sections, shall be assumed to extend beyond the face of the web for a
• Flexural reinforcement may fracture distance which shall be the smaller of:
• Concrete may crush at extreme fiber a) actual width available New
• Web may buckle b) half the distance to an adjacent shear wall web
• Failure mode of squat walls c) 1/10th of the total wall height.
– Crack pattern and critical zones in squat walls
• Diagonal tension failure along crack
• Potential shear sliding plane
• Concrete may crush in web

Critical Critical Zone

Zone

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IS 13920: 2016… Seismic Design of RC Walls…

• Minimum • Reinforcement
reinforcement Lw
• Vertical and
horizontal direction
0.25% of gross area
(IS 13920: 1993) Single curtain of reinforcement
Confining
reinforcement in Anchoring of wall reinforcement
boundary elements: in boundary element
135 hooks, closely
spaced ties

tw
v, web

Lw

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IS 13920: 2016… Seismic Design of RC Walls…

• Reinforcement shall be provided along two faces of a cross section • Confining Wall Concrete
in both vertical and horizontal directions when:
a) Factored shear stress ≥ 0.25 f ck Open-leg Ties Closed Loop Ties

b) Thickness of wall ≥ 200 mm

 Vertical reinforcement shall lie within the horizontal
 Horizontal reinforcement shall have closed loop and cross ties

 v  0.25 f ck , or tw

Closed stirrups with

t w  200mm Anchoring of ties around
both vertical and horizontal
135 hook ends
Lw
wall reinforcement
Two curtains of reinforcement

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IS 13920: 2016… Seismic Design of RC Walls…

• At any cross section, • Primary Reinforcement in Walls

Largest diameter of rebar < 1/10th of thickness of c/s
• Max. spacing of horizontal and vertical reinforcement shall be less Maximum spacing
of vertical
than the min. of:
reinforcement not Maximum
a) 1/5th of Lw more than Lw/5, 3tw spacing of
b) 3tw of web of wall or 450mm horizontal
c) 450 mm reinforcement
not more than
• Shear walls is positioned on properly designed foundations and Lw/5, 3tw or
New
shall not be discontinued on beams, columns or other members 450mm
Proper anchoring
of vertical
reinforcement into
foundation

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Design for Shear Force Design for Axial Force and Bending Moment

• Nominal shear stress • Design moment of resistance Mu is calculated as per IS 456

V • Mu of slender rectangular walls are estimated as per Annexure A
v  u
tw d w • The cracked flexural strength of wall section should be greater than
its uncracked flexural strength
Where, Vu = factored shear force
– Avoid brittle behaviour
dw = effective depth of wall section = 0.8 Lw for rectangular
• For walls with boundary elements, Annex A is not applicable New
a) v > c,max Wall section to be redesigned • For walls without boundary elements,
b) c < v < c,max Provide horizontal reinforcement of area Ah  atleast 4 bars of 12 mm diameter is provided at the ends as
Vus V  t d vertical reinforcement in two layers
Ah   u c w w
d d  and it is provided for a length of 2tw of wall New
0.87 f y   0.87 f y  
 sv   sv 
c) v > c Minimum horizontal shear reinforcement

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Boundary Elements Boundary Elements

• Provided when extreme fibre compressive stress exceeds 0.2 fck and
• Boundary elements improve
discontinued when the same is less than 0.15 fck – Flexural strength
• Extreme fibre compressive stress due to factored gravity and – Shear strength
earthquake forces is estimated by means of linear elastic and gross – Ductility
section properties.

Boundary
Element
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Boundary Elements... Boundary Elements...

• Boundary elements required

– When extreme fiber compressive stress > 0.2fck
– May discontinue boundary element
• When extreme fiber compressive stress < 0.15fck

No
boundary
element

<0.15fck

Boundary
element
>0.2fck

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Boundary Elements... Boundary Elements...

• Provided with special confining reinforcement along full height: • Confinement reinforcement…
f ck
Ash  0.05 sv h New
fy Closely spaced
confining
with spacing not exceeding minimum of : reinforcement in
boundary
a) 1/3 of minimum dimension of boundary element elements

b) 6 times dia. of smallest longitudinal reinforcement bar

c) 100 mm and when the max. distance between ties or links is
less than 200 mm, it may relaxed to 150 mm
d) Need not be less than 100 mm

• Boundary elements are not required when the entire wall section is
provided with special confining reinforcement.

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Seismic Design of RC Walls… Coupling Beams

• Boundary Elements Boundary Elements
Boundary
• Required to connect shear walls
without increased thickness
Element
Coupling
Single curtain of reinforcement Beam

Tension Compression
Two curtains of reinforcement

Boundary Elements Boundary

with increased thickness Element

Single curtain of reinforcement

Two curtains of reinforcement

V
Confining reinforcement in Anchoring of wall M
boundary elements: reinforcement in
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135 hooks, closely spaced ties
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boundary element
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Coupling beams… Coupling beams…

• Coupling Beam • Earthquake induced shear, B.M and axial compression is resisted by
– Span-to-depth ratio is small diagonal reinforcement when,
• Shear deformations are significant  Ls 
 ve  0.1 fck  
– Ends have large rotational and vertical displacement D
• Require very high ductility where, ve = earthquake induced shear stress
Ls = Clear span of coupling beam
– Shear failure should not precede
D = overall depth
flexural yielding
– Diagonal reinforcement more • Recommendations for diagonal reinforcement,
effective
Vu
– Provide confinement a) Area, Asd 
throughout the beam 1.74 f y sin 
– Good anchorage of main bars where, Asd = area of diagonal reinforcement
into walls on either side Vu = factored shear force
 = angle of diagonal reinforcement with horizontal

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Coupling beams… Coupling beams…

Vu  2Tu sin  Vu  1.74 f y Asd sin

Tu  0.87 f y Asd Vu
Asd 
1.74 f y sin 
Cu Tu

Tu ACI 318-14
Vu
Mu Vu Vu Mu
α • Minimum 4 bars of 8 mm diameter is provided along each diagonal.
α
Cu All longitudinal bars shall be enclosed with special confining reinf.
α at a spacing not greater than 100 mm.
Tu Cu • Each diagonal is anchored to the adjacent walls for a length of 1.5
times the development length in tension.

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Coupling beams… Opening in Walls

Additional reinforcement is to be provided at the edges of the openings
in a wall. Detailing of this additional steel at edges as follows:
a) Area of additional steel is same as that of interrupted bars in both
directions.
b) This vertical reinforcement shall extend to full height of that storey
at the location where openings are present
c) This horizontal reinforcement is extended for a development
length in tension beyond the edge of opening

• Shear strength to be checked

along planes passing through
openings
Critical Section

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Opening in Walls… Construction Joints

• Vertical reinforcement at the construction joint is as:
• Additional steel
Ast 0.92  Pu 
Ldt   v  
Ag f y  Ag 
Replacement steel
where, v = factored shear stress
Interrupted bars Pu = factored axial load
Ag = Gross cross sectional area of joint

Vertical bars across

construction joint

Construction Joint

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Development, Splice & Anchorage Requirement Development, Splice & Anchorage Requirement…

New

Hw
Region over which
lapping should be
avoided:
Larger of Lw and Hw/6,
but need not be more
than 2Lw

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Development, Splice & Anchorage Requirement… Development, Splice & Anchorage Requirement…

• Lap Splicing: Closed link shall be provided at the spliced zone of • Welded splices and mechanical couplers are permitted New
longitudinal bars: New (Similar to column and beam).
a) Spacing of links should be less than 150 mm
• In buildings located in seismic zone II and III, closed loop transverse
b) Lap length not less than the development length of largest links shall be provided around lapped spliced bars larger than 16
longitudinal bar in tension is provided. mm in diameter.
c) Splicing to be done only at the central region of the clear wall – The minimum diameter of such links shall be 1/4th of diameter of
height and not, spliced bar but not less than 8mm at spacing not exceeding 150 mm
centre to center.
a) Within in a joint, or
b) Within a distance of 2d from where yielding is likely to take
place.
d) Not more than 50% steel shall be spliced

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@ Blondet 2005

Thank You !

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