Mathematics 10

Quarter 2
Self-Learning Module 1
Illustrating Polynomial
Function
 EXPECTATIONS

1. Illustrate polynomial functions.

2. Determine the degree, leading coefficient, and constant term of polynomial

function.

PRETEST

Directions: Read each question carefully and choose the letter that corresponds to the
correct answer.

1. Which of the following is a polynomial function of degree 4?

𝑥 4 −4𝑥 2 +8𝑥+15
A. 𝐺 (𝑥 ) = C. 𝐼 (𝑥 ) = √𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 − 10𝑥 + 15
𝑥
B. 𝐻(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 4 + 15𝑥 − 38 D. 𝐽(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 6 + 𝑥 + 38

2. Which of the following is an example of a polynomial function?

5
A. f(x) = + 2x + 3 C. f(x) = x2 + √2𝑥 – 5
𝑥2
1
B. f(x) = 4𝑥 2 - 3x D. f(x) = 5x -3x5

3. How should the polynomial function f(x) = 4x + 3x3 + x5 + 2 be written in standard

form?

A. f(x) = x + 3x 3+ x5 + 2 C. f(x) = 2 + 3x3 + 4x + x5

B. f(x) = x5 + 3x3 + 4x + 2 D. f(x) = 3x3 + 4x + 2 + x5

4. What is the leading coefficient of the polynomial function f(x) = 3x2+4x3+2x4+1?

A. 4 C. 2
B. 3 D. 1

5. It is a polynomial function whose highest degree is 2.

A. Quadratic function C. Quintic function

B. Quartic function D. Constant function
 RECAP
Directions: Select from the “Expression Pond” the examples of polynomial expression.
Box your answers.

EXPRESSION POND

1
x3-3x2+1 4x3-2x2+x+5 2𝑥 4 +3

5x2+x-1+1 8x2+2x-1+2 x99-3x+2 (2x+3)/(x2-8y)

1
4x5-3x4+5x2-x 3x2+𝑥 3 -5x 5x-4x2+9x-8 3x2-x-10

x2+x-3+5 (√𝑥 + 1)3

𝑛 2
4x+3x2+2x3+3 m2-5mn+( )
𝑝

See how easy it is to identify polynomial expression? Good job!

LESSON

Have you ever wondered how businessmen,

researchers and designers made their predictions?
What factors did they consider in making their
predictions? The concepts of polynomial function
models and real-world situations greatly help in
making predictions. Let us first learn what a
polynomial function is.

Polynomial Function
A polynomial function is a function of the form:

f(x)= anxn + an-1xn-1 + … + a2x2 + a1x1 + a0

where an, an-1,…, a2, a1, a0 are real numbers and n is a nonnegative integer.

Do you know what those nonnegative integers are? Very good! Nonnegative
integers include zero or any positive integers.

Other important terms you must remember about polynomial functions are the
degree of a polynomial function which refers to the highest exponent appearing on
the function, the leading coefficient referring to the coefficient of the term with the
highest exponent and the constant term which is the coefficient of the term whose
exponent is zero.
 A polynomial function is said to be in standard form if its terms are arranged in
decreasing powers of x. Some polynomials may have “missing terms”. For example, 3x3
+ 4x + 2 does not have the term x2 but it is still called as a polynomial in the third
degree.

Degree (n, greatest exponent in polynomial)

f(x) = anxn + an-1xn-1 + … + a2x2 + a1x1 + a0

Leading Coefficient (an) Constant Term (a0)

Illustrative Examples:

y = 4x2 – 8x6 + 5x3 + 9 Standard Form y = – 8x6 + 5x3 + 4x2 + 9

Degree of the polynomial is 6.

Leading term is –8x6.
Leading Coefficient is –8.
Constant term is 9.
Missing terms are x5, x4, x.

Polynomial Function in Leading Constant

Polynomial Function Degree
Standard Form Coefficient Term
f(x) = x4 - 5x2 + 3 f(x) = x4 - 5x2 + 3 4 1 3
g(x) = - 5x + 4x2 + 3x7 + 6 g(x) = 3x7 + 4x2 - 5x + 6 7 3 6
h(x) = x + 3x2 + 5x3 + 7x5 h(x) = 7x5 + 5x3 + 3x2 + x 5 7 none

Polynomial functions may also be classified according to the degree:

Polynomial Function in Name of
Degree Example
Standard Form Function
y=a0 0 Constant y=3
y=a1x + a0 1 Linear y=2x - 5
y=a2x2 + a1x + a0 2 Quadratic y=3x2 – 2x + 5
y=a3x3 + a2x2 + a1x + a0 3 Cubic P(x) = 4x3 – 6x2 + 10x + 15
y=ax4+ a3x3 + a2x2 + a1x + a0 4 Quartic g(x) = 3x4 + 4x3 + 2x2 + 1
y=a5x5+ ax4+ a3x3 + a2x2 + a1x + a0 5 Quintic f(x) = x5 + 3x3 + 4x + 2

As we go through this part of the self-learning module, I hope you can now define
and illustrate polynomial functions.
 ACTIVITIES

ACTIVITY 1: LET’S PRACTICE!

Direction: Determine which of the following are polynomial functions. Write P if the
given is polynomial function and NP if not.

_____1. f(x) = 0
1
_____2. h(x) =
𝑥

_____3. g(x) = √𝑥 + 2

_____4. f(x) = 3x4 +2x2+ 1

5
_____5. y = x5 - x3 + x
9

ACTIVITY 2: KEEP PRACTICING!

Complete the table below

POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION POLYNOMIALS IN DEGREE LEADING CONSTANT

STANDARD FORM TERM TERM
1. y = 3x5 -2x2 - 7x4 – 3
2. y = 5x3 +7+ 6x7 - 2x
3. f(x) = 4x6 + 5x2 - 12 + 2x3
4. g(x) = 9+ 2x4 + 3x3 + 5x-3x2
5. p(x) = x2 - 3x3 - 10x – 24

After this activity, it is expected that the definition of polynomial functions and concepts
related to it are all clear to you. Advance to the next activity to deepen your
understanding by giving more examples of polynomial functions.

ACTIVITY 3: TEST YOURSELF!

Manipulate all the numbers in the box as coefficients or exponents to form as
many polynomial functions of x as you can. Please write your polynomial functions in
standard form. The first one is done for you as your guide.

√5 2
4 1 2 -2 -
4 3

2 √5
1) f(x)=-2x4 - x2 + x
3 4
 WRAP-UP

Show me what you have learned by completing the chart on Polynomial Function

Definition Characteristics

POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION

Examples Non-examples

VALUING

Would you have the same belief as

that of Norain’s? Write your answer in
your notebook.

POSTTEST

Direction: Read each question carefully and choose the letter that corresponds to the
correct answer.

1. Which of the following is true about n if f ( x) = x defines a polynomial function?

n

A. a positive integer C. any even number

B. any real number D. any number except 0
2. How should the polynomial function f(x) = 4x + 3x3 + x5 + 2 be written in standard
form?
A. f(x) = x+3x3+x5+2 C. f(x) = 3x3+4x+2+ x5
B. f(x) = x +3x +4x+2
5 3 D. f(x) = 2+3x3+4x+x5
3. It is a polynomial function whose degree is 4.
A. constant function C. quintic function
B. quadratic function D. quartic function
4. It is a function in the form 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎0 , where 𝑎0 , 𝑎, … are real
nos. and 𝑎𝑛 ≠ 0 and n is a non-negative integer
A. Exponential function C. Polynomial function
B. Logarithmic function D. Quadratic function
5. The leading coefficient of the polynomial 4𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 𝑛 − 𝑥 4 + 6 is 7. Which of the
following could be the value of n?
A. 0 C. 3
B. 1 D. 6
Mathematics 10
Quarter 2
Self-Learning Module 2
Zeros of the Polynomial
Functions and their Graph
 EXPECTATIONS

1. Identify zeros of polynomial functions with even and odd multiplicity.

2. Draw the graph of a polynomial function using the intercepts, multiplicity,
table of values and turning point.

PRETEST

Directions: Read each question carefully and choose the letter that corresponds to
the correct answer.

1. A polynomial of degree n has how many turning point/s?

A. at most n C. n
B. at most n – 1 D. n - 1

2. What is the y – intercept of the graph of f(x) = 4x3 +3x2 – 2x + 5?

A. (0, 1) C. (0, 5)
B. (0, 3) D. (0, 7)

3. Which polynomial function in factored form represents

the given graph on the right?
A. f(x) = (x +1)(x – 2)2
B. f(x) = – (x + 1)(x – 2)2
C. f(x) = (x + 1)2(x – 2)
D. f(x) = – (x + 1)2(x – 2)

4. At what point is the graph of (x - 3)(x - 3)(x + 2) = 0 tangent to x – axis?

A. (3,0) B. (-3,0) C. (2,0) D.(-2,0)

5. In the polynomial function f(x) = (x – 2)(x + 3)(x + 1), the following statements are
true except that____.
A. – 3 is a zero of the function
B. f (-3) = 0
C. (-3,0) is an x – intercept of the graph of the function
D. the graph is tangent to x – axis a (-3, 0)
 RECAP

FIGURE ME OUT:

1. I am the vertical number line in the Cartesian plane. I am an axis. Who am I?

2. I am at the center of the Cartesian plane. I am the intersection of the axes.
Who am I?
3. I am the horizontal number line in the Cartesian plane. I have positive values
to the right and negative values to the left. Who am I?
4. I make the equation true when you substitute my value to x. Who am I?
5. I am one of the values in the domain. I intersect the x-axis. Who am I?

LESSON

During your grades 7 to 9, you have learned about the graphs of linear
functions and quadratic functions but have you ever wondered how does the graph
of third - degree function looks like? How about if it is fourth – degree function or
higher? By this time, you have learned that the graphs of any polynomial functions
are both smooth and continuous. By smooth, we mean that the graph contains only
rounded curves and has no sharp corners or cusps. By continuous, we mean that
the graphs have no breaks, no gaps or holes and can be drawn without lifting a pen
or a pencil.

Illustrative Examples:
y
y y

x x
x

Smooth Smooth Not Smooth

Continuous Not Continuous Continuous

Polynomial Not Polynomial Not Polynomial

Although it may sound challenging for us to graph polynomial functions, the process
is straightforward. We only have to follow these five simple steps:

Step 1: Identify the roots or zeros or x-intercepts and the y - intercept of the
polynomial function

Real Zeros of Polynomial Functions

If y = f (x) is a polynomial function and a is a real number then
the following statements are equivalent.
1. a is a zero of f.
2. a is a solution of the polynomial equation f (x) = 0.
3. x – a is a factor of the polynomial f (x).
4. (a, 0) is an x-intercept of the graph of y = f (x).

To find the zeros of a polynomial function that can be factored,

factor the function and set each factor equal to zero. Alternatively, we
can use the rational root theorem to find the roots or zeros of the
function. These are also called the x – intercepts.
The y-intercept is always the constant term of the polynomial
function in standard form. If no constant term is written, the
y-intercept is 0. If the function is written in factored form, just solve
for f(0).

Step 2: Arrange the zeros of the function in the table of values. Complete the table
of values
Step 3: Check for multiplicity

The behavior of a graph at an x-intercept can be determined

by examining the multiplicity of the zero. For zeros with even
multiplicities, the graph touches or is tangent to the x-axis. While
for zeros with odd multiplicities, the graphs cross or passes through
the x-axis as shown in the graph below:

Touches Crosses the x

the x axis axis

For higher even powers, such as 4, 6, 8 and so on, the graph

will still touch and bounce off the x-axis. However, increasing even
power will cause the graph to appear flatter as it approaches and
leaves the x-axis.
 For higher odd powers, such as 5, 7, 9 and so on, the graph
will still cross through the x-axis, However, increasing odd power will
cause the graph to appear flatter as it approaches and leaves the
x-axis.

Step 4: Identify the number of turning points.

A turning point of a graph of a function is a point at which

the graph changes from increasing to decreasing or vice versa.

A polynomial function of degree n has at most n – 1 turning

points and at most n zeros.

Step 5: Sketch the graph.

Example No. 1: Plot the graph of the polynomial function y = (x+3)(x-2)(x-1)

Step 1: Identify the roots or zeros or x-intercepts and the y - intercept of the polynomial
function

x- intercepts : x + 3 = 0, x = -3

x - 2 = 0, x = 2

x - 1= 0, x = 1

y- intercepts : y = (x + 3)(x - 2)(x - 1), let x = 0

y = (0 + 3)(0 - 2)(0 - 1), y = (3)(-2)(-1), y=6

Step 2: Arrange the zeros of the function in the table of values. Complete the table of
values

x -4 -3 -1 0 1 1.5 2 3
y -30 0 12 6 0 -1.125 0 12
y = (x + 3)(x - 2)(x - 1)

if x = -4 if x = -1
y = (-4+3)(-4-2)(-4-1) y = (-1+3)(-1-2)(-1-1)
y = (-1)(-6)(-5) y = (2)(-3)(-2)
y = -30 y = 12

if x = 1.5 if x=3

y = (1.5+3)(1.5-2)(1.5-1) y = (3+3)(3-2)(3-1)
y = (4.5)(-0.5)(0.5) y = (6)(1)(2)
y = -1.125 y = 12

Step 3: Check for multiplicity

The x-intercept, x = −3, is the solution to the equation (x + 3) = 0. The graph

passes directly through the x-intercept at x = −3. The factor is linear (has a degree of
1), so the behavior near the intercept is like that of a line; it passes directly through
the x - intercept. We call this a single zero because the zero corresponds to a single
factor of the function. Same with the other x intercepts of x = 1 and x = 2.

Step 4: Identify the number of turning points.

If y = (x + 3)(x - 2)(x - 1) will be written in standard form of polynomial function,

then it can be written as y = x3 - 7x + 6. The polynomial function is of degree 3. Since
turning point is equal to the degree minus 1 therefore the graph has at most 2
turning points.

Step 5: Sketch the graph.

Example No. 2: Plot the graph of f(x) = x4 - 4x3 + 4x2

Step 1: Identify the roots or zeros or x-intercepts and the y - intercept of the polynomial
function

Factor completely: x4 - 4x3 + 4x2 x2(x2 - 4x + 4) x2(x - 2)2

Therefore, the real zeros are x = 0 and x = 2.

x - intercepts are (0,0) and (2,0) and y - intercept is (0,0)

Step 2: Arrange the zeros of the function in the table of values. Complete the table of
values
x -1 0 1 2 3
y 9 0 1 0 9

Let x = -1 Let x = 1 Let x = 3

y = x2(x - 2)2 y = x2(x - 2)2 y = x2(x - 2)2
y = (-1)2(-1 - 2)2 y = (1)2(1 - 2)2 y = (3)2(3 - 2)2
y = (1)(9) y = (1)(1) y = (9)(1)
y=9 y=1 y=9

Step 3: Check for multiplicity.

There is even multiplicity at x = 0 and x = 2

Step 4: Identify the number of turning points.

The degree is 4. The number of turning point is at most 3.

Step 5: Sketch the graph.

Additional Example: Given the graph of a degree 4 polynomial function below,

complete the table of values for either the x - value of a zero or the multiplicity of
the zero.

Root with x Multiplicity

-5 1

5 1

1 2

Since the polynomial is of degree 4, there should be at most 4 zeros. Further,

there should be at most 3 turning points, as it is evident in the graph. The zeros are
-5, 1 and 5.
The x intercept at x =1 did not cross the x axis. It only touches the x axis at x
= 1, which means that it is of even multiplicity. The zeros at x = -5 and x = 5 both
crosses the x intercepts, an indication that it is of an odd multiplicity.

ACTIVITIES

ACTIVITY 1: LET’S PRACTICE!

Directions: Recognizing Polynomial functions. Write P if the given figure is a graph
of a polynomial function, NP if it is not.

____1. _____3.

____2. _____4.

ACTIVITY 2: KEEP PRACTICING!

Directions: Determine the x-intercepts and the y-intercept of each given polynomial
function. Find the value of y that corresponds to each value of x in the table.
1. y = (x + 4)(x + 2)(x - 1)
x- intercepts: __ __ __
y-intercept: __
x -5 -3 0 2
y

2. f(x) = x4 + 2x3 - 3x2 - 4x + 4

x- intercepts: __ __ __ __
y-intercepts: __
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
y
ACTIVITY 3: TEST YOURSELF!
4 3 2
Directions: Given the function y = x - 8x + 15x + 8x - 16 or in factored form
y = (x - 4)2(x + 1)(x - 1) and its graph, complete the table below and answer the
questions that follows:

Roots or Multiplicity Characteristics Behavior of graph relative

Zeros of multiplicity: to x-axis at this root:
Even or Odd Crosses or Tangent
-1
1
4

1. What is the degree of the polynomial function?

2. How many turning points does the graph have?

WRAP-UP

Are zeros of a polynomial important in graphing polynomial functions? What

are the things we need to consider in graphing polynomial functions?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
 VALUING

In this time of pandemic where change is inevitable, I came across one of

Herbert Spencer’s principle, “A living thing is distinguished from a dead thing by the
multiplicity of the changes at any moment taking place in it”. Do you agree with him?
Elaborate your answer in your notebook.

POSTTEST

Directions: Read each question carefully and choose the letter that corresponds to
the correct answer.

1) A polynomial y = x3 - 7x + 6, has how many turning point/s?

A. at most 3 B. at most 2 C. 3 D. 2

2) What are the x – intercepts of the function f(x) = (x + 2)(x – 3)(x +1)?
A. (0, -2) (0, 3) (0, -1) C. (2, 0) (-3,0) (-1, 0)
B. (0, 2) (0, -3) (0, 1) D. (-2, 0) (3,0) (-1,0)

3) Which of the following expressions is factored completely?

A. x(x + 1)(x – 1) C. x(x2 – 1)
B. x3 – x D. (x2 + 1 )(x2 – 1)

4) If you will draw the graph of y = x2(x - 1), how will the graph behave at the x-axis?
A. The graph crosses both (0.0) and (1,0).
B. The graph crosses (0.0) and is tangent to the x-axis at (1,0).
C. The graph crosses (1.0) and is tangent to the x-axis at (0,0).
D. The graph is tangent to the x axis at both (0.0) and (1,0).

5) Which polynomial function in factored form represents the given graph below?
A. y = (x + 2)(x + 1)(x - 1)
B. y = (x + 1)(x - 1)(x - 2)
C. y = x(x + 2)(x + 1)(x - 1)
D. y = x(x + 1)(x - 1)(x - 2)
Mathematics 10
Quarter 2
Self-Learning Module 3
Graping Polynomial
Function
 EXPECTATIONS

1. Describe the end behavior of a graph of polynomial function.

2. Graph polynomial function.

PRETEST

Directions: Read each question carefully. Choose the letter that corresponds to the
correct answer.

1. If the leading coefficient of an even-degree polynomial function is positive,

what is the behavior of the graph of its curve?
A. The graph falls to the left and falls to the right.
B. The graph falls to the left and rises to the right
C. The graph rises to the left and falls to the right.
D. The graph rises to the left and rises to the right.

2. Given f(x) = x3 + 3x2 - 5x - 7, which of the following statements below best

describes its graph?
A. The graph falls to the left and falls to the right.
B. The graph falls to the left and rises to the right
C. The graph rises to the left and falls to the right.
D. The graph rises to the left and rises to the right.

3. Which of the following could be the graph of f(x) = 3x4 – x3 + 2?

A. C.

B. D.

4. What is the maximum number of turning points of 𝑃 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 8 ?

A. 1 C. 3
B. 2 D. 4
5. Which of the following could be the graph of a polynomial whose leading term is
"–3x4"?

RECAP

Directions: True or False. Write T if the statement is correct and F if the statement
is incorrect.
___1. The graph of a polynomial function is continuous and smooth. There are no
holes or breaks and there are no sharp corners in the graph.
___2. A fourth-degree polynomial will have 5 turning points.
___3. The “humps”, where the graph changes direction from increasing to decreasing
or decreasing to increasing are often called multiplicities.

___4. In f(x) = 2(x - 3)2(x + 1) the x – intercept, x = 3, has a multiplicity of 2.

___5. If 2 is a zero of the polynomial function f(x), then x + 2 is a factor of the

polynomial f(x)

LESSON

GRAPH OF POLYNOMIAL FUNCTIONS

Below is a table summarizing the characteristics of the polynomial functions
of degrees 0,1 and 2. These were already discussed in your previous grade level:

Degree Form Name Graph

No degree f(x) = 0 Zero function the x-axis
0 f(x) = a Constant function horizontal line through (0,a)
1 f(x) = ax + b, Linear function nonvertical, nonhorizontal
a≠0 line with slope a and y-
intercept b
2 f(x) = ax2 + bx + c, Quadratic parabola with vertex (h,k),
a≠0 function graph opens up if a>0,
graph opens down if a<0
 But what if the function has a degree greater than 2?

In your last self-learning module, we have recalled x and y intercepts,

multiplicities, turning points and how to complete the table of values to graph a
polynomial function. Now, we will discover new techniques to make graphing
polynomial functions easier.

Remember that the rise or fall of the graph of a polynomial function

f(x)=anxn + an−1xn−1 + ... + a1x + a0 depends on the leading coefficient (an) and the degree
of the polynomial function.

The end behavior of a function f(x) describes the behavior of the graph at the
"ends" of the x-axis. Simply put, the end behavior of a function describes the trend
of the graph if we look at the right and at the left end of the x-axis.

To predict the end behavior of a polynomial function, we need to check first

whether the degree of the function is odd or even. After identifying the degree, we
need to determine whether the leading coefficient is positive or negative. Knowing the
degree and the sign of the leading coefficient will greatly help us in sketching the
graph of any given polynomial functions.

Let's take a look at some polynomials of even degree (specifically, quadratics

in the first row of pictures, and quartics in the second row) with positive and negative
leading coefficients:

with a positive with a negative

E
V leading coefficient leading coefficient
E
N

D
E
G
R
E
E

P
O
L
Y
N
O
M
I
A
L

As observed above, even-degree functions with positive leading coefficient

rises both in the left and right side of the graph. This is similar to how you graph
every positive quadratic function. On the other hand, functions with negative leading
coefficients falls both in the left and the right side of the graph, just like every
negative quadratic you have graphed.

These traits are evident for every even-degree polynomial. If you can remember
the behavior for quadratics (that is, for parabolas), then you will know the end-
behavior for every even-degree polynomial.

Now let's look at some polynomials of odd-degree (cubics in the first row of
pictures, and quintics in the second row):

with a positive with a negative

O
D leading coefficient(an) leading coefficient
D

D
E
G
R
E
E

P
O
L
Y
N
O
M
I
A
L

As reflected above, odd-degree polynomials have ends that are in opposite

directions. If the leading coefficient of the polynomial is positive, the graph falls to
the left and rises to the right, just like every positive cubic you've graphed. However,
if the leading coefficient of the polynomial is negative, the graph rises to the left and
falls to the right.

This behavior is true for all odd-degree polynomials. If you can remember the
behavior for cubics (or, technically, for straight lines with positive or negative slopes),
then you will know what the ends of any odd-degree polynomial look like.
Illustrative Examples:
1. Use the leading coefficient test to determine the end behavior of the graph of
each polynomial functions:

a. f(x) = 2x3 - 5x2 – x + 6 B. f(x)= - x6 - 4x4 + 3x2 + 2

- the degree is odd (n = 3) - the degree is even (n=6)
- the leading coefficient 2 is - the leading coefficient -1 is
positive, thus the graph falls to the negative, thus the graph falls to the
left and rises to the right left and to the right

2. Graph: f(x) = x3 + 3x2 – x – 3

Solution:

a. Determine the end behavior:

- degree is odd (n = 3)
- the leading coefficient 1 is positive, the graph falls to the left and rises to the
right.

b. Solve for x - intercepts (zeros of a function) by setting f(x) = 0

x3 + 3x2 – x – 3 = 0
x (x + 3) - 1(x + 3) = 0
2 Factor.
(x - 1)(x + 3) = 0
2 Factor.
x2 – 1 = 0 or x + 3 = 0 Set each factor equal to 0.
x2 = 1 x = -3 Solve for x.
x = ±1
∴ the zeros of f(x) are -3,-1,1
C. Solve for y - intercept by setting x = 0
f(0) = (0)3 + 3(0)2 - (0) - 3
y -intercept = -3
D. The number of turning point is at most n-1 thus, 3 – 1 = 2.
e. Graph:
3. Graph f (x) =- x 4 + x3 –+2x2.

a. Determine the end behavior:

degree 4, leading coefficient is negative, the graph falls to the left and to the
right

b. Solve for x - intercepts (zeros of a function) by setting f(x) = 0

Factor completely:

f (x) = - x 4 + x3 + 2x2 = -x2(x +1)(x - 2)

∴ the zeros are x = –1, x = 0, and x = 2.

c. Solve for y - intercept by setting x = 0

the y-intercept is 0

d. The number of turning point is at most 3, there is an even multiplicity at x = 0

e. Graph:

ACTIVITIES

ACTIVITY 1: LET’S PRACTICE!

Direction: Fill in the correct answer in each blank to make the statement TRUE.

1. The graph of f(x) = -x7 - 4x4 + 3x2 + 2 rises to the ___________ and falls to the
__________.
2. The graph of f(x) = -2x4 + 4x2 + 4 ___________to the left and the right.
3. In f(x) = 5x3 - 4x2 + 3x + 3, the graph falls to the _________and rises to the
_________.
4. In f(x) = 2x4 - 6x2 - 3x + 3, the graph _________to the left and to the right.
ACTIVITY 2: KEEP PRACTICING!
Directions: Match each polynomial function in Column A with its graph in
Column B. Use what you have learned about its end behavior.

A B
1. f(x) = 2x4 - 4x2 + 3x - 8 a.

2. f(x) = - 4x3 + 4x2 + 3x - 8 b.

3. f(x) = x5 - 8x2 + 2x - 6 c.

4. f(x) = - 8x6 + 12x5 - 4x3 - 3x + 6 d.

 POSTTEST

Direction: Read each question carefully and choose the letter that corresponds to
the correct answer.
1. Given f(x) = x3 + 3 x2 – 4 x – 12, which of the following statement below best
describes its graph?
A. The graph is shaped like a letter “U” with its sides sloping upward.
B. The graph is shaped like a letter “U” with its sides sloping downward.
C. A curve line which goes down to the far left and up to the far right.
D. A curve line which goes up to the far left and down to the far right.

For numbers 2– 3 refer to the graph at the right.

2. Which of the following statements about the leading
coefficient (an) and the degree (n) of the polynomial
function 𝑓(𝑥)is TRUE?
A. an> 0 and n is even C. an> 0 and n is odd
B. an< 0 and n is even D. an< 0 and n is odd

3. At what point is the graph of f(x) tangent to the x-axis?

A. (−1, 0) B. (0, 0) C. (1, 3) D. (3, 0)

4. Which of the following could be the graph of f(x) = −8x3 + 7x − 1?

A. B. C. D.

5. The figure shows the graph of a polynomial function. Which of the following
could be P(x)?
A. x + 1 C. x3 + 4 x
B. x2 – x + 1 D. x4 - 3x
Mathematics 10
Quarter 2
Self-Learning Module 4
Problem Solving Involving
Polynomial Functions
 EXPECTATION

1. Solve problems involving polynomial function.

PRETEST

Direction: Read each question carefully and choose the letter that corresponds to
the correct answer.

1. A demographer predicts that the population, P, of a town t years from now can
be modelled by the function P(t) = 6t4 – 5t3 + 200t + 12 000. What will the
population of the town be two (2) years from now?
A. 12 456 B. 124 560 C.1 245 600 D. 12 456 000

2. A car manufacturer determines that its profit, P, in thousands of pesos, can

be modelled by the function P(x) = 0.125x4 + x – 5, where x represents the
number of cars sold. What is the profit when x = 100?
A. Php 12,509.50 C. Php 1,250,950.00
B. Php 125,095.00 D. Php 12,500,095.00

3. If the volume of the box is represented by the expression (x3+4x2+x-6) cm3

and its width by (x-1) cm, what binomials can be used to represent the other
two dimensions?
A. (x-2)(x+3) C. (x+2)(x+3)
B. (x+2)(x-3) D. (x-2)(x-3)

4. An air conditioning manufacturer determines that the profit for producing x

air condition units per day is P(x) = -0.006x4 + 0.15x3 -0.05x2 – 1.8x. What is
the meaning of zeros in this situation?
A. Turning points of the graph of P(x)
B. Number of air condition units sold
C. Profit earned in a day
D. Break even points

5. The total foreign investment in the Philippines, in billions of pesos, over the
years 2017 – 2020 is modelled by the function f(x) = x3 – 6x2 + 22 x + 81 where
x is the number of years since 2017. Find the foreign investment in the year
2020.
A. 137 billion pesos C. 109 billion pesos
B. 120 billion pesos D. 98 billion pesos
 RECAP
In one of the group chats where Mrs. Prado is included, she noticed a student
claiming that 1, 2, 3, and 4 are all zeros of a cubic polynomial function. Can you help
ma’am Prado explain to her student why he/she must be mistaken?

LESSON

Several times a day, we are using polynomials without us realizing it. For
example, when doing groceries, we want to know how much 5 pcs of lemons, a liter
of honey and 10 grams of ginger would cost even without checking the prices. We
might have this in equation in our mind: 5l+1h+10g (l for the price of lemon, h price
of honey and g for the price of ginger). This is just an example of basic algebraic
expressions that we never noticed we are actually applying already in our everyday
living.

From simple chores of doing grocery to more complicated calculations of

designing a roller coaster, a polynomial model is needed. Civil engineers would
always use polynomial models to design roads, buildings and other structures.
Polynomials are also essential in traffic control measures; economists use it in
modelling economic growth and pattern. This time of pandemic, it is also used by
medical researchers to describe the behavior of a certain bacteria or virus.

With all the uses of polynomials in real life situation, to be able to answer and
do some problems related to this is truly essential and beneficial. But before we begin
answering some problems involving polynomials, here are five effective means to
solve Math word problems:

1. Read the question. In any Math problem, it is of great importance to read the
question carefully, from beginning to end, take down all given facts and keep
sight of the unknown.
2. Set up easily solvable equations. After reading the question, translate all the
given data into mathematical equations. Also, keep in mind to select proper
notation for the equations.
3. Think of useful shortcuts. Any formula or procedure that could shorten the
solution is a shortcut. However, before using a shortcut, make sure that it is
relevant to the problem at hand.
4. Memorize arithmetic computations that deserve memorization. Try to practice
some during spare time to have an edge in speed and agility.
5. Simplify and factor as much as possible.
Illustrative Example

1. In this time of pandemic where classes are held online, sales of gadgets are
being monitored. Let us try answering a problem on sales of tablet.
The number of tablets sold by a shop can be modelled by the expression
N(t)=7t + 25 and price per tablet is modelled by an expression P(t)= 3t2 + 3t + 36 ,
where t is the number of months in a year. If we use this model, what is the total
amount of income generated by the shop at the end of the year?

We know that the amount of income generated is equal to the:

Number of items sold x Price per item
Number of items sold: N(t) = 7t + 25
Price per tablet: P(t) = 3t2 + 3t + 36
Multiply these two expressions together:
(7t + 25) * (3t2 + 3t + 36)
21t3 +21t2 + 252t + 75t2 +75t+900
21t3 + 96 t2 +327t + 900
Put t =12 in the above expression because in a year there are 12 months:
21(12)3 + 96(12)2 + 327(12) +900
36,288+13,824+3,924+900
54,936
Hence, the total income of the shop for a year is 54,936.

2. Since transportation nowadays is a challenge, let us use our bicycles and try
this problem. The distance covered by a bike is represented by the expression
2x2 + 6x - 20. The time taken by the bike to cover this distance is given by the
expression x-2. Find the speed of the bike.

Since the formula for the distance is speed x time, hence we can easily derive
formula of speed from this formula of distance:

speed = distance
time

Put the values in the questions in the above formula to get the speed:

speed = 2x2 + 6x – 2
x-2
Use the polynomial long division method to find the answer.
_______ 2x + 10
x-2/ 2x2 + 6x - 20
2x2 - 6x______
10x-20
10x-20
0

Hence, the speed of the bike is 2x + 10.

 3. A rectangular piece of cardboard 40cm by 50cm is to be made into an open
box by cutting squares with sides of length x from each corner. The sides are
folded as shown.

50 cm
x x
x
x
x
x 40 cm
x
x x x
x x x
x
a. xExpress the volume (V) of the box in terms of x.
x
b. Find V if x = 2cm
x
c. xFind V if x = 4cm
x
Solution: The open box will have a height x and sides (40-2x) and (50-2x). In
x
standard form the equation for the function V is
x
a. V = 4x3 – 180x2 + 2000x
b. V(2) = 4(2)3 – 180(2)2 +2000(2) = 3312 cm3
c. V(4) = 4(4)3 – 180(4)2 +2000(4) = 5376 cm3

4. The volume of rectangular prism is given by V(x) = -x3 -3x2 +36x -32.
Determine the expressions for the dimensions of the rectangle.

Possible zeros: ± {1,2,4,8,16,32}

Factor Theorem: P(1)= 0, so (x-1) is a factor
By Synthetic Division or long division

-1 -1 -3 +36 -32
+1 +4 -32
-1 -4 +32 0

(-x2 -4x+32) -( x2 +4x-32)

 V(x)= -x3 -3x2 +36x -32
V(x)= - (x-1)(x +4x-32)
V(x)=-(x-1) (x-4) (x+8)

Try Practicing as many examples as possible so the next time you encounter
the same given, you'll be ready. You can also use applications like that of geogebra
or desmos for checking of your answers.

ACTIVITIES

ACTIVITY 1: LET’S PRACTICE!

A company’s sales, in million pesos of consumer electronics can be modelled by
P(x)=-1.2 x3 +18x2+26.4x+678, where x is the number of years in 2005.

Complete the table and answer the questions below.

YEAR P(x)=-1.2 x3 +18x2 + 26.4 x + 678 SALES

2005 P(x)=-1.2( 1)3 +18(1)2 + 26.4 (1) + 678 721.20
2006 P(x)=-1.2( 2)3 +18(2)2 + 26.4 (2) + 678 793.20
2007 P(x)=-1.2( 3)3 +18(3)2 + 26.4 (3) + 678 886.80
2017
2019
2020

1. How would you interpret the result?

2. If you are the company’s manager, do you think this model is useful in
estimating future sales? Why?

ACTIVITY 2: KEEP PRACTICING!

A box is to be constructed by cutting out equal squares from the corners of a
30-cm square piece of card board and turning up the sides.

1. Write a function V (x) for the volume of the box.

2. What will be the volume of the box if x = 6cm?
3. For what value of x will the volume of the box equal 1568cm3?
 POSTTEST

Directions: Read each question carefully and choose the letter that corresponds to
the correct answer.
1. A demographer predicts that the population P, of a barangay x years from now
can be modelled by the function P(x) = 4x3 – 6x2 + 10x + 15. What will be the
population of the barangay 3 years from now?
A. 96 C. 98
B. 97 D. 99

2. The function f(x)= 0.063x3-0.034x2+0.001x+25 can be used to model the average

price of a liter of diesel in a given year. If x is the number of years since 2013,
what is the easier way to determine the average price of diesel in year 2020?
A. Find the zeros of f(x)
B. Find the factors of f(x)
C. Evaluate f(7)
D. Evaluate f(2020)

3. A portion of the path of a certain roller coaster can be modelled by f(x)= x3-
6x2+11x-6, where x represents the time in seconds and f(x) represents the height
of the roller coaster. Determine the three times at which the roller coaster is at
ground level.
A. 1, 2 and 3 seconds C. 2, 3 and 4 seconds
B. 1, 3 and 4 seconds D. 2, 3 and 5 seconds

4. Which of the following product will best apply the concept of a cubic polynomial
equations/functions?
A. Maximum profit C. Surface area of a box
B. Volume of a box D. Minimum cost for creating a box

5. A computer store determines that the profit for producing x computer units per
day is P (x) = x3-4x2-7x+10. What possible number of computer units must be
sold in a day to break even?
A. 1 and 3 C. 1 and 5
B. 2 and 4 D. 2 and 5