10

Mathematics
Quarter 2 – Module 1:
Polynomial Functions
Mathematics – Grade 10
Quarter 2 – Module 1: Polynomial Functions
First Edition, 2021

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Published by the Department of Education – Region XI

Regional Director: Allan G. Farnazo, CESO IV
Assistant Regional Director: Maria Ines C. Asuncion, EdD, CESO V

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Joan Loraine D. Bartolome and Amelia A. Gumban
Editors: Amelia A. Gumban and Vilma E. Tanjay
Reviewers: Vilma Tanjay
Illustrator:
Layout Artist:
Template Developer: Neil Edward D. Diaz
Management Team: Reynaldo M. Guillena, CESO V
Jinky B. Firman, Ph.D., CESE
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Alma C. Cifra, Ed.D.
Aris B. Juanillo, Ph. D.
May Ann M. Jumuad, Ph.D.
Antonio A. Apat

Printed in the Philippines by ________________________

Department of Education – Davao City Division

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 10

Mathematics
Quarter 2 – Module 1:
Polynomial Functions
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use
this module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while
allowing them to manage their own learning at home. Furthermore, you are
expected to encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included
in the module.

For the learner:

As a learner, you must learn to become responsible of your own
learning. Take time to read, understand, and perform the different activities
in the module.
As you go through the different activities of this module be reminded of
the following:
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part
of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer Let Us Try before moving on to the other
activities.
3. Read the instructions carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are done.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module,
do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that
you are not alone. We hope that through this material, you will experience
meaningful learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant
competencies. You can do it!

ii
 Let Us Learn

After going through this module, are you are expected to:

➢ Illustrates Polynomial Function. (M10ALIIa-1)

➢ Solves Problem involving polynomial functions. (M10AL-11b-2)

Specifically, you will:

1. determine the degree, leading coefficients, leading term, and the constant
term of polynomial functions.
2. express the polynomial function into its standard form.
3. evaluate the given polynomial function using the given value of x.
4. solves problems involving polynomial functions.

Let Us Try

Direction: Let us find out what you already know about this topic. Select the best
answer and write the letter that corresponds to your answer in your answer sheet.

1. Which of the following is an example of a polynomial function?

5
A. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 + 4𝑥 − 2 C. 𝑓(𝑥) = √3𝑥 − 4𝑥 5
𝑥
2
B. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 1⁄3 + 3 𝑥 3 D. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − √3𝑥 + 4

2. What is the leading coefficient of the polynomial function

𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 − 5?
A. 4 B. 1 C. 5 D. -5

3. What is the leading term of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 8𝑥 3 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 8 − 3𝑥 5 + 1?

A. 8𝑥 3 B. −𝑥 C. 𝑥 8 D. −3𝑥 5

4. Which of the following is the degree of the polynomial 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥2 + 𝑥 3 − 5?

A. 4 B. 3 C. 2 D. 1

5. How should the polynomial function 2𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 6 + 𝑥 7 − 3 be written in standard

form?
A. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 7 − 5𝑥 6 + 2𝑥 3 − 3 C. 𝑓(𝑥) = −5𝑥 6 + 𝑥 7 − 3 + 2𝑥 3
B. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 7 + 2𝑥 3 − 3 − 5𝑥 6 D. 𝑓(𝑥) = −5𝑥 6 − 3 + 𝑥 7 + 3𝑥 3

6. The following are polynomial functions written in standard form except.

2
A. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 + 2 C. 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 4 − 𝑥 + 1
3
2
B. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 − 3 𝑥 + 2 D. 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 + 2𝑥 3 − 1

1
 7. Brian, your classmate finds it difficult to find the roots of
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 − 11𝑥 2 + 17𝑥 − 6 . You want to help Brian with his problem. What
hint can you give him, to find the roots of the function?
A. The possible roots are the factors of 2
B. The possible roots are the factors of 11
C. The possible roots are the factors of 6 over the factors of 2
D. The possible roots are the factors of 11 over the factors of 2.

8. The number of paracetamol tablets sold by a pharmacy is modeled by the

function 𝑁(𝑥) = 7𝑥 + 25, and the expression 𝑃(𝑥) = 3𝑥2 + 3𝑥 + 36 models the
price per tablet in peso, where x is the number of months in a year. Using this
model, how much will be the generated revenue at the end of the year?
A. ₱ 54,936.00 C. ₱ 54,906.00
B. ₱ 54,930.00 D. ₱ 54,306.00

9. Find the value of the function f (𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 6 − 3𝑥 4 if 𝑥 = −2.

A. 74 B. −74 C. 54 D. −54

10. Which of the following could be the value of the exponent n in the expression
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑛 if 𝑓 is a polynomial function?
2
A. 0 B. −3 C. √5 D. 3

Let Us Study

Direction: Using the concepts learned on polynomial equations, fill the table
below.

Polynomial Function Standard Degree Leading Leading Constant

Form term Coefficient Term
1. 𝑃(𝑥) = 7𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 + 6 − 9𝑥 4

2. 𝑃(𝑥) = 1 + 3𝑥 − 9𝑥 5

3. 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 5)

-
4. 𝑦 = 9𝑥 2 − 𝑥 5 + 𝑥 9

5. 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑥 + 2)2

Guide Questions:
1. How did you write the polynomial into standard form?
2. How did you determine the degree of the polynomial? Leading term? Leading
coefficient? Constant term?
3. Can you express the given polynomial into a polynomial function?

2
POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION is a function of the form
𝑷(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒏 𝒙𝒏 + 𝒂𝒏−𝟐 𝒙𝒏−𝟐 +. . . +𝒂𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒂𝟎, 𝒂𝒏 ≠ 𝟎 and n is a non-negative integer.
where n (exponent) is the degree
𝒂𝟎 , 𝒂𝟏 , … , 𝒂𝒏 are real numbers called Coefficients,
𝒂𝒏 𝒙𝒏 is the Leading Term,
𝒂𝒏 is the Leading Coefficient, and
𝒂𝟎 is the Constant Term.

Illustrative examples:
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 5 − 7𝑥 2 + 9
5 is the degree
3, −7, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 9 are the coefficients
3𝑥 5 is the leading term
3 is the leading coefficient
9 is the constant term

2. 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 + 6𝑥 3 − 15𝑥 2 + 11
______ is the degree
______ are the coefficients
______ is the leading term
______ is the leading coefficient
______ is the constant term

The terms of polynomial function may be written in any order. However, the
powers/exponents should be written in decreasing order to express the function into
STANDARD FORM.
Note: P(x) can also be denoted as f(x) or y

Consider the table below. To help you understand more about polynomial functions.

Polynomial Function Standard Form Degree Leading Leading Const

Term Coeffici ant
ent Term

𝑃(𝑥) = 5𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 + 6 𝑃(𝑥) = 5𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 + 6 3 5𝑥 3 5 6

𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 +2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2 3 𝑥3 1 −2

𝒚 = 𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙𝟒 + 𝟑 𝑦 = −𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 + 3 4 −𝑥 4 −1 3

You have learned how to evaluate polynomials in previous topics. Thus,

substitution and synthetic division are still applicable in solving problems involving
polynomial functions.

Examples:
1. A demographer predicts that the population, P, of a town t years from now can
be modeled by the function 𝑃(𝑡) = 10,000 + 150𝑡 + 400𝑡 2 − 3𝑡 4 + 5𝑡 5 . What will be
the population 10 years from now?

Solution:
𝑃(𝑡) = 10,000 + 150𝑡 + 400𝑡 2 − 3𝑡 4 + 5𝑡 5 .
𝑃(𝑡) = 5𝑡 5 − 3𝑡 4 + 0𝑡 3 + 400𝑡 2 + 150𝑡 + 10,000
Using synthetic division: 𝑡 = 10

3
 10 5 −3 0 400 150 10000
50 470 4700 51000 511500
5 47 470 5100 51150 521500

Since 𝑃(10) = 521500, therefore the population after 10 years from now is 521500.
Using substitution:
𝑃(𝑡) = 10,000 + 150𝑡 + 400𝑡 2 − 3𝑡 4 + 5𝑡 5 .
𝑃(10) = 10000 + 150(10) + 400(102 ) − 3(104 ) + 5(105 )
𝑃(10) = 10000 + 1500 + 400(100) − 3(10000) + 5(100000)
𝑃(10) = 10000 + 1500 + 40000 − 30000 + 500000
𝑷(𝟏𝟎) = 𝟓𝟐𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎

2. Mark scores a final exam by starting with 250 points and subtracting 5 points for
each incorrect answer. What will be his score if he misses 4 questions? If he
answers 9 incorrect questions, will he receive a score of 205 points?
SOLUTION:
Let x represent the number of incorrect answers.
𝑆(𝑥) is Mark’s score in the exam.
Hence, 𝑆(𝑥) = 250 − 5𝑥

a. What will be his score if he misses 4 questions?

𝑆(𝑥) = 250 − 5𝑥
Substitute the value of x
𝑆(4) = 250 − 5(4)
Multiply 5 and 4
𝑆(4) = 250 − 20
Simplify the result.
𝑆(4) = 230

Mark will receive 230 points if he has 4 incorrect answers.

b. If he answers 9 incorrect questions, will he receive a score of 205 points?

Verify if 𝑆(𝑥) = 205 when 𝑥 = 9, or if 𝑆(9) = 205
𝑆(𝑥) = 250 − 5𝑥
𝑆(9) = 250 − 5(9)
205 = 250 − 5(9)
205 = 250 − 45
205 = 205

Yes, Mark will receive a score of 205 if he has 9 incorrect answers.

3. A car manufacturer determines that its profit, P, in thousands of pesos, can be

modeled by the function 𝑷(𝒙) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟓𝒙𝟒 + 𝒙 − 𝟑, where x represents the number
of cars sold. What is the profit when there are 300 cars sold?

4
 SOLUTION:
There are 300 cars sold, therefore 𝑥 = 300.
𝑃(𝑥) = 0.00125𝑥 4 + 𝑥 − 3
𝑃(300) = 0.00125(300)4 + 300 − 3
𝑃(300) = 10,125,000 + 300 − 3
𝑃(300) = 10,125,297
The car manufacturer will have a profit of ₱ 10,125,297.00

4. Ms. Duran wants to paint her entire bedroom whose dimensions are
(𝑥 + 5), (𝑥 + 8), 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (2𝑥 − 1). To estimate the pain to be used, she needs to find the
volume of her bedroom. Can you help her?

Let y be the volume, and the bedroom is assumed to be rectangular.

𝑦 = 𝐿𝑊𝐻
𝑦 = (𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 + 8)(2𝑥 − 1)
𝑦 = (𝑥 2 + 13𝑥 + 40)(2𝑥 − 1)
𝑦 = 2𝑥 3 + 25𝑥 2 + 67𝑥 − 40

5. Finding the roots of the polynomial function, 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 − 16𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 18.

Recalling the Rational Root Theorem, the possible roots are:

𝑝 = 18, factors of 18 are {±1, ±2, ±3, ±6, ±9, ±18}
𝑞 = 2, factors of 2 are {±1, 2 ±}
1 3 9
Possible roots are: {±1, ±2, ±3, ±6, ±9, ±18, ± 2 , ± 2 , ± 2}
Using synthetic division, we have
−1 2 1 −16 3 18 2𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 − 16𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 18 = 0
−2 1 15 −18
2 −1 −15 18 0 (𝑥 + 1)(2𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 15𝑥 + 18) = 0

2 2 −1 −15 18
4 6 −18 (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1)(2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 9) = 0
2 3 −9 0
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1)(2𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 3) = 0

3
Roots / zeros are: −3, −1, 2 , 2

Now, it’s your turn. Perform the exercises below

5
 Let Us Practice

Direction:
Copy and complete the table below in your answer sheet.
Write the letter and the corresponding value on the space provided inside the box.
Refer your answer to the box below.

1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 9𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 − 8

2. 𝑝(𝑥) = 7 − 2𝑥 + 9𝑥 5 − 4𝑥 2

3. 𝑦 = 11𝑥 − 7𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 3 + 6

4. 𝑔(𝑥) = 12 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 8

5. ℎ(𝑥) = −13 + 6𝑥

A. 10 F. −10 L. 3 Q. −4
B. 12 H. 9 M. −12 R. −13
C. 5 I. −8 N. 7 S. 20
D. 8 K. 1 O. 6 T. −6
E. −7 P. 4 U. −1

Using the letters above, decode the Five of the Asian Countries that the recent
pandemic COVID-19 infects. Write the five countries below.

1. _________________________ 4. _________________________

2. _________________________ 5. _________________________

3. _________________________

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 Let Us Practice More

Set up a polynomial function in the standard form that models each real-life
situation below. Solve if necessary.
1. According to Inter-Agency Taskforce (IATF), the number of infected by Corona
Virus disease 2019 (covid19) will rise if not prevented, P, can be modeled by the
function P(i) = 9𝑖 3 − 6𝑖 2 + 3𝑖 + 1 just in a week, where i represents the number of
infected. How many will be infected if 5 positive cases enter a specific barangay?

2. A rectangular box is 24 in. long,12 in. wide, and 18 in. high. If each
dimension is increased by x in inches, write a polynomial function in
standard form modeling the volume V of the box.

3. An approximate formula for the intensity of the light, I(t), in lumens that
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
the fireflies produce is given by the formula I(t)= − 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒕𝟑 + 𝟓 𝒕𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎 𝒕 + 𝟏𝟎,
where t represents the temperature in degrees Celsius. Find the intensity
of the light emitted by a firefly when the temperature is a) 20°C and b)
40°C.

4. The marketing manager of a new soap has figured that her monthly profit
P (in thousands of pesos) is determined by the monthly expense x (in terms
of thousands of pesos) according to the function:
𝑷(𝒙) = 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟓𝒙 + 𝟗𝟎𝒙 for 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟓
𝟑 𝟐

For what value of x does the manager get ₱ 184,000.00 in profits?

Let Us Remember

POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION is a function of the form

𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑛−2 +. . . +𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0, 𝑎𝑛 ≠ 0, where n is a non-negative
integer, 𝒂𝟎 , 𝒂𝟏 , … , 𝒂𝒏 are real numbers called Coefficients, 𝒂𝒏 𝒙𝒏 is the Leading
Term, 𝒂𝒏 is the Leading Coefficient, and 𝒂𝟎 is the Constant Term.

Polynomial In Standard Form is any polynomial whose terms are arranged in

decreasing powers of x.

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 Let Us Assess

Write the letter of your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following is Not a Polynomial Function?

𝑥
A. 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑥√5 C. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥+1
1
B. 𝑔(𝑥) = 1 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 3 D. 𝑃(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 4

2. Which of the following polynomial function is written in standard form?

A. 𝑝(𝑥) = 1 − 𝑥 3 C. 𝑝(𝑥) = 2𝑥 4 − 11𝑥 − 𝑥 5
B. 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 5 D. 𝑓(𝑥) = 7 − 3𝑥 9 − 5𝑥

3. Given: 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 − 9𝑥 5 + 2𝑥 3 − 8𝑥 6 + 7𝑥, what is the degree of the said

polynomial?
A. 9 B. 8 C. 7 D. 6

4. What are the possible roots of the given polynomial function

𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 − 4?
1 1
A. ±1, ±2, ±4 B. ±1, ±2, ±4, ± C. 1,2,4 D. 1, 2, 4,
2 2

For Numbers 5-7, use the function 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 13𝑥 2 + 36

5. What is the degree of the given polynomial function?
A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5

6. What are the zeros of the function?

A. −3, −2, 2, & 3 B. 2 & 3 C. 2, −3, & − 2 D. −3, −2, & 3

7. Which point lies on the y-axis?

A. (2, 0) B. (−3, 0) C. (0, 36) D. (0, −36)

8. According to Inter-Agency Taskforce (IATF), the number of infected by Corona

Virus disease 2019 (covid19) will rise if not prevented, P, can be modeled by
the function 𝑃(𝑥) = 9𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1 just in a week, where x represents the
number of infected. How many will be infected if 5 positive cases will enter a
specific barangay?
A. 143 B. 537 C. 782 D. 991
9. A demographer predicts that the population, P, of a town t year from now can
be modeled by the function 𝑃(𝑡) = 10000 + 150𝑡 + 400𝑡 2 − 3𝑡 4 + 5𝑡 5 . What will
be the population after 5 years from now?
A. 34 510 B. 91,700 C. 115,200 D. 213,60010

10. A car manufacturer determines that the profit, P, in thousands of pesos, can
be determined by the function 𝑷(𝒙) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟓𝒙𝟒 + 𝒙 − 𝟑, where x represents
the number of cars sold. What is the profit when 𝑥 = 300?
A. ₱ 101.25 C. ₱1,039,500.00
B. ₱ 3,000,000.00 D. ₱10,125,297.00

8
 Let Us Enhance

Read and analyze the situation below. Then, answer the questions or
perform the tasks that follow.

According to the Guinness Book of Records, the 1454-foot Sears Tower in

Chicago, Illinois, is the tallest building in the world. It has 110 floors and 18
elevators. The elevator traveling from one floor to the next does not travel at a
constant speed. Suppose the speed of an elevator in feet per second is given by a
function 𝑓(𝑡) = −0.5𝑡 4 + 4𝑡 3 − 12𝑡 2 + 16𝑡, where t is the time in second.
a. Find the speed of the elevator at 1, 2, and 3 seconds.
b. It takes 4 seconds for the elevator to go from one floor to the next. Use
synthetic division to find 𝑓(4). Explain what it means.

Rubrics for Scoring

Score Descriptors
5 Computations are complete and accurate

Computations contain small error(s), but still answer most of the

4 important parts.
Computations have errors that affected the answer, missed the important
3 parts.

Computations are not accurate and/ or did not result in a solution that
2 answered the problem.

1 attempt to answer

Let Us Reflect

In every problem we have encountered in life, there must be solutions to it. To

solve a problem, we must accept and understand why such challenge. Then,
evaluate or assess the situation if we can solve it alone or look for something or
someone to help and guide us to overcome it. There is no shortcut in solving
problems. There must be proper procedures to be followed. It could be challenging
but fulfilling if we have done it the right way. Remember, God will not give us
problems without solutions.

Write a short essay reflecting how you feel today and include the
following: three things that you have learned about the lesson, two real-life
situations where you can apply the concept of polynomial functions, and one
question that you want to ask about the topic.

9
 10
Let Us Enhance
a. 7.5 seconds
Let Us Assess 8 seconds
1. C 7,5 seconds
2. B b. 0 seconds, it miss the
3. D elevator is not working
4. B
5. C Let Us Practice More
6. A 1. 991
7. C
8. D
2. 𝑉 = 𝑥 3 + 54𝑥 2 + 936𝑥 + 5184
9. A 3. a. 96 lumens
10.D b. 22 lumens
4. 4
1 4 9 −8 3 PHIL - PHILIPPINES
2 5 9 7 10 CHNA – CHINA
3 3 10 6 20 LAOS – LAOS
4 8 −1 12 10 DUBA – DUBAI
5 1 6 −13 −7 KORE - KOREA
Let Us Study
Leading Const Let Us
Degr Leadin Try
Standard Form Coeffici ant
ee g term 1. C
ent Term
2. B
1. −9𝑥 4 + 7𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 + 3. C
4 −9𝑥 4 −9 6
6=0 4. B
2. −9𝑥 5 + 3𝑥 + 1 = 0 5 −9𝑥 5 −9 1 5. A
3. 𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 30 = 0 3 𝑥3 1 −30 6. D
4. 𝑥 9 − 𝑥 5 + 9𝑥 2 = 0 9 𝑥9 1 0 7. C
8. A
5. 𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 = 9. D
4 𝑥4 1 4
4=0 10. A
Answer Key
 References
Callanta, Melvin M., et. Al, Mathematic learner’s Module, Department of Education,
2015, pp 106-110.
Boyd, Cindy J., et. Al, Glencoe Algebra 2, Abilene, Texas, 1998, pp. 478-490
Buzon, Olivia N., et. Al, Advanced Algebra with Trigonometry and Statistics-
Explorations and Applications, 2003, pp. 128-130

11
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Davao City Division

Elpidio Quirino Ave., Poblacion District, Davao City, 8000 Davao del Sur

Telefax: (082) 224-3274, (082) 222-1672

Email Address: davao.city@deped.gov.ph