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Subject : Statistics in Education

Course : BSEd- Science III C
Instructor : BONIFACIO CABALLES BARDIAGO III, LPT

CHAPTER Frequency Distribution

3
Objectives:
At the end of this chapter you should be able to:

 construct a frequency distribution for a given set of data;

 prepare a frequency distribution table;
 graph the frequency histogram, polygon and ogives;
 draw the relative frequency or percentage frequencies; and
 interpret the result of the graph.

OVERVIEW

We know that one of the general objectives of descriptive statistics is to summarize

data. Descriptive statistics is the method used to summarize the characteristics of known population
data.

Pre-test…
DIRECTION: Before you proceed to the discussion, define the following terms based on your prior
knowledge.

1. Raw data?
2. Interval?
3. Boundary
4. Frequency

Getting ready…

DISCUSSION

Definition:

A frequency distribution is a tabulation or grouping of data into appropriate categories showing

the number of observations in each group of category. Consider the data below which show the
scores of 60 students in a statistics test.

5 13 8 6 13 10 5 13 15 16

8 12 15 10 12 16 12 9 3 7

11 15 11 7 15 2 13 5 9 12

13 9 12 9 9 14 12 11 19 13

16 18 3 13 18 10 15 14 18 11

10 12 6 9 5 17 9 6 9 18

The numbers shown above are called raw data.

PARTS OF FREQUENCY TABLE

1. Class limits – groupings or categories defined by lower and upper limits.

Example:
16-20
21-25
26-30

Lower class limits are the smallest numbers that belong to the different classes.
Upper class limits are the highest numbers that belong to the different classes.

2. Class size – is the width of each class interval.

L.L. U.L.

}
16 - 20
Class size – 5
 21 - 25

3. Class boundaries – are the numbers used to separate class but without gaps created by class
limits. The number to be added or subtracted is half the difference between the upper limit of
one class and the lower limit of the next class.

Example:
Class Interval Class Boundaries
L.L U.L. L.C.B U.C.B.
16 - 20 15.5 - 20.5
21 - 25 20.5 - 25.5
26 - 30 25.5 - 30.5
31 - 35 30.5 - 35.5

4. Class Marks – are the midpoints of the lower and upper class limits. They can be found by
adding the upper and lower limits and then by dividing the answer by 2.

Example:
Class Interval Class Marks (x)
16 – 20 18
21 – 25 23
26 – 30 28
31 – 35 33

STEPS IN CONSTRUCTING A FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE

1. Find the range of the values.

Range = highest value – lowest value

Example:
Based on the given raw data:
R = 19 – 2
R = 17

2. Determine the class width by dividing the range by the desired number of groupings. The class
size is the width of each class interval.

range
C=
desired number of class interval

Another suggestion is to make use of the Sturge’s formula,

K = 1 + 3.3 log n

Where k refers to the number of class intervals and n is the total number of observations.
 Example:
k = 1 + 3.3 log 60
k = 1 + 3.3 (1.778150
k = 6.867 or k ~ 7 approximately 7 class intervals

17
Thus, C=
7

C = 2.42
C~3

3. Set up the class limits of each class are defined by the upper limit and lower limit. The highest
observed value should be part of the highest class interval while the lowest observed value
should be part of the lowest class interval. Use lowest score as the lowest lower limit.
4. Set up the class boundaries. The class boundaries or the true limits of a class is defined by a
lower class boundary and an upper class boundary. This is obtained by considering the
following formula:
Let be the gap between lower and upper limits of any or the first two consecutive class
intervals, divided by two, that is,

lower limit of the second interval−upper limit of the first interval

V=
2

then lower boundary = Lower limit – V

and upper boundary = Upper limit + V

5−4
In the example, V = = 0.5
2

Hence, the first lower boundary = 2 – 0.5 = 1.5

And the first upper boundary = 4 = 0.5 = 4.5

5. Tally the scores in the appropriate classes and then add the tallies for each class in order to
the frequency.
6. Solve the class mark or midpoint (x) of each class. This is obtained by adding the lower class
limit and the upper class limit, then dividing it by 2.

Example1:

Class Class Tally Frequency Class marks

Interval Boundaries (f) (x)

2-4 1.5 – 4.5 III 3 3

 5-7 4.5 – 7.5 IIII - IIII 9 6

8 – 10 7.5 – 10.5 IIII – IIII - IIII 14 9

11 – 13 10.5- 13.5 IIII – IIII – IIII 18 12

- III

14 – 16 13.5 – 16.5 IIII - IIII 10 15

17 - 19 16.5 – 19.5 IIII - I 6 18

n = 60

1.4 Cumulative Frequency Distribution

The “less than” cumulative frequency distribution (<cf) is obtained by adding frequencies
successively from the lowest to the highest interval while “more than” cumulative frequency
distribution (>cf) is obtained by adding frequencies from the highest class interval to the lower
class interval.

Class Interval f <cf >cf

2–4 3 3 60

5–7 9 12 57

8 – 10 14 26 48

11 – 13 18 44 34

14 – 16 10 54 16

17 - 19 6 60 6

n = 60

1.5 Relative Frequency Distribution

The relative frequency of a lass is the frequency divided by the total frequency or total
number of observations and is generally expressed as a percentage.
 frequency of each class interval
Relative frequency =
total number of observations

Class f rf rf (%) <rf(%) >rf(%)

Intervals

2–4 3 0.05 5 5 100

5–7 9 0.15 15 200 95

8 – 10 14 0.233 23.3 43.3 80

11 – 13 18 0.30 30 73.3 56.7

14 – 16 10 0.167 16.7 90 26.7

17 - 19 6 0.10 10 100 10

n = 60
THE COMPLETE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE
Class Class Tally f Class <cf >cf rf rf (%) <rf >rf
Intervals Boundaries marks (%) (%)
(x)

2–4 1.5 – 4.5 III 3 3 3 60 0.05 5 5 100

5–7 4.5 – 7.5 IIIII - IIII 9 6 12 57 0.15 15 200 95

8 – 10 7.5 – 10.5 IIIII – IIIII - 14 9 26 48 0.233 23.3 43.3 80

IIII

11 – 13 10.5- 13.5 IIIII – IIII – 18 12 44 34 0.30 30 73.3 56.7

IIIII - III

14 – 16 13.5 – 16.5 IIIII - IIIII 10 15 54 16 0.167 16.7 90 26.7

17 - 19 16.5 – 19.5 IIIII - I 6 18 60 6 0.10 10 100 10

n = 60

Evaluation…
How much have you learned?

Name: Score:
Course: Date:
 Quiz #3

Analyze and solve the given problems. Illustrate your computation. Provide a separate sheet for your
solutions.

1. Determine the range of the following numbers: 49, 38, 9, 17, 25, 34, 12, 29, 42, 15.
2. If the class marks in a frequency distribution of the weights of basketball players are 128, 137,
146, 155, 164, 173, and 182 pounds, find (1) class interval size; (2) the class boundaries; and
(3) the class limits, the weights were measured to the nearest pound.
3. Given are the measurements to the nearest tenth of an inches grouped into a classification
having class limits 0.5 – 3.4, 3.5 – 6.4, 6.5 – 9.4, 9.5 – 12.4, 12.5 – 15.4. Find
a. The class boundaries
b. Class marks
c. Class width
4. Below are the scores in Advanced Statistics exam given to 70-student. Construct a frequency
distribution using a class size of 6.

68 75 62 76 82 68 93 88 84 90

60 88 71 85 73 73 75 59 79 93

74 75 95 63 87 72 72 78 65 62

94 82 69 68 75 60 60 74 78 77

78 67 76 71 97 79 75 65 62 85

88 73 62 53 57 65 74 76 80 78

72 73 76 85 81 86 77 75 67 63

5. Referring to the data given in number 4, determine the following:

a. Lower limit of the fourth class
b. Upper limit of the sixth class
c. Class boundaries of the first class
d. Frequency of the third class
e. Class width
f. Number of students receiving scores below 77
g. Percentage of students greater than 83
My Reflection…

In this chapter, I’ve learned…

SUBMISSION:

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OCTOBER 11, 2021
BSEd-Science 3rd year – Monday (8:00- 11:00)

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