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MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

REVIEWER FOR BLOCK 1

MODULE 1

PATTERNS AND NUMBERS IN NATURE AND THE WORLD

MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

 Is about mathematics as a system of knowing or understanding our surroundings-deals with nature of

mathematics, appreciation of its practical, intellectual, and aesthetic dimensions, and application of
mathematical tools in daily life.

MATHEMATICS

 Is not all about numbers, it is more about reasoning, making logical inferences and generalization,
and seeing relationships in both visible and invisible pattern.
 It goes beyond arithmetic; it is a language by which the universe is elegantly designed. Its value
transcends the intellectual, practical, and even the aesthetics standards.

PATTERNS

 Are regular, repeated, or recurring forms or designs

 Are the core topics in mathematics
 Mathematics as the Science of Patterns
 Two Types of Patterns:
a. Numeric ─ Fibonacci Patterns
b. Geometric ─ Patterns of Shapes (natural and man-made patterns)

FAMOUS PEOPLE WHO CONTRIBUTED TO MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

1. David Hilbert
 Has dyscalculia ─ a disability resulting in difficulty learning or comprehending arithmetic
 Influenced modern mathematics within his axiomatic treatment of geometry
 Used abstraction rather than explicit computations to prove and establish essential mathematical
theories
2. Johannes Kepler
 Studied about the snowflakes and discovered that all snowflakes can be considered as 6-cornered
snowflakes
3. Rene Descartes
 Studied about the accurate description of snow crystals using graphs
 Koch Snowflakes ─ demonstrate the concept of infinity (fractal property/self-similarity)
4. Pappus of Alexandria
 A Greek Mathematician that points out that triangles, squares, and hexagons tile the plane
without gaps
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TWO VIEWS ON MATHEMATICS

1. Platonism
 Mathematical objects are real and Mathematicians discovered Mathematics
2. Formalism
 Mathematical objects are creations of the mind and Mathematicians create Mathematics

FUNCTIONALITY OF MATHEMATICS

1. Physics
 Physical models through differential equations
2. Chemistry
3. Biology
 Biostatistics, Bioscience, Medical Research

FIBONACCI NUMBERS OR SEQUENCE

 Leonardo Pisano
 also known as Fibonacci meaning “son of Bonacci”
 Italian Mathematician in 1202
 His Question: Given optimal conditions, how many pairs of rabbits can be produced from a
single pair of rabbits in one year?
 Are characterized by the fact that every number after the first two is the sum of the two preceding ones
 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, …
 Golden Ratio or Number
 Term for the ratio between the numbers (1.618034
 Fibonacci Sequence in Nature
 Seed heads, pinecones, fruits and vegetables
 Flowers and branches
 Honeybees
 Human body
 Flower Petals

PATTERNS AND REGULARITIES

 Are visible regularities of form found in the natural world

 Recur in different contexts and can sometimes be modelled mathematically
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TYPES OF PATTERNS AND REGULARITIES

1. Symmetries
 Are different side of something are alike
 Ex: butterfly, face, starfish, seashell cover
2. Fractal
 Is a detailed pattern that looks similar at any scale and repeats itself over time
 Ex: cracked in ice, fern, lightning bolt
3. Tessellations
 Are patterns that are formed by repeated cubes or tiles
 Ex: sunflower, pineapple, turtle, honeycomb, spider’s net
4. Spiral
 Ex: rose, embryonic brain
5. Foam
 Ex: soap foam bubble
6. Stripe
 Ex: striped palm leaf, zebra’s strips, desert sand
7. Crack
 Ex: cracked land

NATURE AND PHENOMENA

1. Sunrise and Sunset

2. Cloud Seeding
3. Weather Prediction
4. Forecast Calamities

MATH APPLICATIONS

1. Patterns ─ construction materials, hallways, tiles, rooftops, stairways, wind in sand,

2. Symmetry
 Nature ─ leaves, flowers, plants, faces and bodies of animals
 Man-made ─ windmills, flags, guitars, eyeglasses, architectures
3. Measurement ─ houses in buildings, baking, vehicles, capacity and area
4. Time ─ clocks, sundials, calendars, watches, departure time
5. Estimation ─ to figure out the not exact but close amount
6. Money ─ change, ATM, shopping, price of purchase
7. Geometry ─ shapes, lines, angles, man-made and natural objects
8. Fractions ─ decimals and percents, splitting pizza
9. Probability ─ determine the chance of opponent in sporting events
10. Problem Solving ─ strategy and process
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MODULE 2

CHARACTERISTICS OF MATHEMATICS AS A LANGUAGE

1. It is precise.
2. It is concise.
3. It is powerful.
4. It is non-temporal.
5. It has vocabulary and parts of speech.

BASIC CONCEPT OF MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE

 Mathematical Expressions
 Name given to an object of interest: Noun (person, place, thing)
 Refers to objects of interesting acting as the subject in the ordinary language
 Is a finite group of algebraic terms and mathematical symbols combined with no equal or
inequality sign
 Mathematical Sentence or Statement
 A sentence with complete thought, which can be regarded as true or false
 Upper Case vs. Lower Case
 Lower case variables (like or ) or counting values (like or )
 Upper case for sets (like or ) and special constants
 Variables and Constants
 Variables are letters which takes place of a number
 Constants are numbers with fixed value

PARTS OF SPEECH FOR MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE

1. Numbers ─ nouns
 The very first symbols that can be represented as quantity
2. Operational Symbols ─ connectives

3. Relational Symbols ─ verbs

 For comparison
4. Grouping Symbols

 Associate groups of numbers and operators
5. Variables ─ pronouns
 Letters that represent quantities
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MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSIONS AND SENTENCES
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RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

RELATIONS

 Set of inputs and outputs, often written as ordered pairs (input, output) or
 Kinds of Relations:
a. One to One
b. Many to One
c. One to Many
d. Many to Many

 Example:
INPUT OUTPUT (

1 a

2 b

4 c

FUNCTIONS
 Is a relation in which each input has only one output
 Does not contain two pairs with the same first component
 Every function is a relation but not every relation is a function.
 Kinds of Functions:
a. One to One
b. Many to One
 Example:
INPUT OUTPUT (

1 a

2 b

3 c

4
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MATHEMATICAL LOGIC

SYMBOLIC LOGIC

 Is a powerful tool for analysis and communication in mathematics

 Represents the natural language and mathematical language with symbols and variables
 Logic is the basis of all mathematical reasoning, and of all automated reasoning
 The rules of logic specify the meaning of mathematical statements that help us understand and reason
with statements

STATEMENT

 Is an assertion which can be regarded as true or fals

 Kinds of Statements
a. Simple Statement
 Is a single statement which doesn’t contain other statements as parts
 Example:
 Princess will go to the mall.
 The function is continuous.
 The sky is cloudy.
b. Compound Statement
 Contains two or more statements
 Example:
 Princess will go to the mall if the sky is cloudy.
 Princess is liked by Jacob, but Jacob is disliked by Princess.

CONNECTIVES AND COMPOUND STATEMENTS

LOGICAL CONNECTIVES

 Combine simple statement into compound statements

Connectives Propositional Logic Symbols Example Read

Not Negation
is false
And / But Conjunction
Both and q are true
Or Disjunction
Either is true or is true or both
Implies Conditional
implies and implies if and
If and Only If Biconditional
only if
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TRANSLATING COMPOUND STATEMENTS

1. P: Princess is happy.  True

Q: Princess paints a picture.  True
R: Alex is happy.  True
a. If Princess is happy and paints a picture then Alex isn’t happy.

 False
b. If Princess is happy, then she paints a picture.

 True
2. P: 3 = 9  True
2

Q: A rectangle does not have 4 sides.  False

R: Librada Avelino is a CEU President.  True
a. If 32 = 9, then a rectangle has 4 sides.

 True
b. If Librada Avelino is a CEU President, then .

 False
2
c. If 3 = 9 or a rectangle does not have 4 sides, then Librada Avelino is not a CEU President.

 False
d. If , then a rectangle does not have 4 sides.

 True
e. If Librada Avelino is a CEU President, then .

 False
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TRUTH TABLES

 Is the summary of all possible truth values of a statement

 A mathematical table used to determine if a compound statement is true or false
 A logical statement may either be true or false
 Determining if it is true or false:
 If the statement is TRUE, then the truth value corresponding to the statement is TRUE and is
denoted by letter T.
 If the statement is FALSE, then the truth value corresponding to the statement is FALSE and is
denoted by letter T.

LOGICAL OPERATORS

 Negation
 The negation of a statement called
 Is the statement that contradict and has the opposite truth value
 Conjunction
 It is a compound statement representing the word “and”
 This statement will only be true if both are true
 If either is false, then the conjunction is false
 Disjunction
 Is a compound statement representing the word “or”
 In order for a disjunction to be true, one or both of the original statements has to be true
 Conditional
 Conditional “if-then” statement
 They are only false when the antecedent (“if” part) is true, and the consequent (“then part”) is
false
 Biconditional
 means that are equivalent
 double implication is true if are both true or if are both false; otherwise, the
double implication is false

Conjunction Disjunction Conditional Biconditional

T T T T T T

T F F T F F

F T F T T F

F F F F T T
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CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

 Symbolized by
 Is an if-then statement in which is a hypothesis or antecedent and is a conclusion or consequent
 The logical connector in a conditional statement is denoted by the symbol
 They are only false when the antecedent (“if” part) is true, and the consequent (“then” part) is false

CONVERSE, INVERSE, AND CONTRAPOSITIVE

Conditional Statement
If , then

Converse Statement
If , then

Inverse Statement
If not , then not

Contrapositive Statement
If not , then

Given Statements:

P: Francisko “Isko” Moreno is the Manila Mayor.

Q: Vico Sotto is the elected Mayor of Pasig City.

Conditional Statement ( )

If Francisko “Isko” Moreno is the Manila Mayor, then Vico Sotto is the elected Mayor of Pasig City.

Converse Statement ( )

If Vico Sotto is the elected Mayor of Pasig City, then Francisko “Isko” Moreno is the Manila Mayor.

Inverse Statement ( )

If Francisko “Isko” Moreno is not the Manila Mayor, then Vico Sotto is not the elected Mayor of Pasig
City.

Contapositive Statement ( )

If Vico Sotto is not the elected Mayor of Pasig City, then Francisko “Isko” Moreno is not the Manila
Mayor.

LEGENDS:

 Modules
 Lessons
 Sub-topics