LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY – CHAPTER 14 LYMPHATIC CAPILLARIES

FUNCTIONS OF THE LYMPHATUC SYSTEM ➢ Carries fluid in one direction from tissues to
circulatory system
➢ Fluid balance
➢ Fluid moves from blood capillaries into tissue
➢ Fat Absorption
spaces
➢ Defense
➢ Lymphatic capillaries
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND LYMPH DRAINAGE - tiny, closed-ended vessels
- fluid moves easily into
- in most tissue
- join to form lymphatic vessels

LYMPHATIC VESSELS

➢ resemble small veins

➢ where lymphatic capillaries join
➢ one-way valves

Right lymphatic duct

➢ where lymphatic vessels from right upper limb

and right head, neck, chest empty
➢ empties into right subclavian vein

Thoracic duct

➢ rest of body empties from lymphatic vessels

➢ empties into left subclavian vein

LYMPH FORMATION AND MOVEMENT

COMPONENTS OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

➢ Lymph
- Fluid that enters lymphatic capillaries
composed of water and some solutes
➢ Lymphocytes
➢ Lymphatic vessels
➢ Lymph nodes
➢ Tonsils
➢ Spleen
➢ Thymus gland
LYMPHATIC ORGANS ➢ detect and respond to foreign substances
➢ destroy old red blood cells
Tonsils
➢ blood reservoir
➢ palatine tonsils on each side of oral cavity ➢ white pulp: lymphatic tissue surrounding
➢ pharyngeal tonsils near internal opening of arteries
nasal cavity (adenoid) ➢ red pulp: contains macrophages and red blood
➢ lingual tonsils posterior surface of tongue cells that connect to veins
➢ form a protective ring of lymphatic tissue around
nasal and oral cavities

LYMPH NODES

➢ rounded structures that vary in size

➢ located near lymphatic vessels
➢ groin, armpit, neck
➢ lymph passes through lymph nodes before
entering blood
➢ lymph moves through and immune system
➢ is activated (lymphocytes produced) if foreign
substances are detected THE THYMUS GLAND
➢ removal of microbes by macrophages
➢ bilobed gland
➢ located in mediastinum behind the sternum
➢ stops growing at age 1
➢ at age 60 decreases in size
➢ produces and matures lymphocytes

THE SPLEEN

➢ size of clenched fist

➢ located in abdomen
➢ filters blood
OVERVIEW OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM ➢ Eosinophils
- produced in red bone marrow
[refer to page 387]
- release chemicals to reduce inflammation
IMMUNITY ➢ Basophils
- made in red bone marrow
➢ Immunity is the ability to resist damage from - leave blood and enter infected tissues
foreign substances. - can release histamine
➢ Immunity can protect against microbes, toxins, ➢ Macrophages
and cancer cells. - initially were monocytes
➢ Types of immunity - leave blood and enter tissues
- Innate - can ingest more than neutrophils
- Adaptive - protect lymph in lymph nodes and blood in
INNATE IMMUNITY spleen and liver
- given specific names for certain areas of
➢ present at birth body (Kupffer cells in liver)
➢ defense against any pathogen ➢ Mast cells
➢ accomplished by physical barriers, chemical - made in red bone marrow
mediators, cells, inflammatory response - found in skin, lungs, gastrointestinal tract,
PHYSICAL BARRIERS urogenital tract
- can release leukotrienes
➢ First line of defense ➢ Natural Killer Cells
➢ Skin and mucous membranes to act as barriers - type of lymphocyte
➢ Tears, saliva, urine wash away pathogens - produce in red bone marrow
- recognize classes of cells such as tumor cells
CHEMICAL MEDIATORS
or virus infected cells
➢ Chemical mediators are chemicals that can kill - release chemicals to lysis cells
microbes and prevent their entry into cells
INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
➢ Lysozyme
- found in tears and saliva to kill bacteria ➢ The inflammatory response
➢ Mucous membranes - involves chemical and cells due to injury
- prevent entry of microbes - signaled by presence of foreign substance
➢ Histamine - stimulates release of chemical mediators
- promote inflammation by causing
vasodilation ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
➢ Interferons ➢ Adaptive immunity is defense that involves
- proteins that protect against viral infections specific recognition to a specific antigen.
by stimulating surrounding cells to produce ➢ This immunity:
antiviral proteins - is acquired after birth
CELLS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM - reacts when innate defenses don’t work
- slower than innate immunity
➢ White blood cells - has memory
- produce in red bone marrow and lymphatic - uses lymphocytes (B and T cells)
tissue that fight foreign substances - 2 types antibody-mediated and cell-
➢ Phagocytic cells mediated
- ingest and destroy foreign substances
- Example—neutrophils and macrophages TERMS RELATED TO ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
➢ Neutrophils ➢ Antigen
- first to respond to infection but die quickly - substance that stimulates an immune
response
 - Example—bacteria, virus, pollen, food, drugs ➢ involved in adaptive immunity
➢ Self-antigen ➢ develop from stem cells
- molecule produced by the person’s body ➢ differentiate into specific lymphocytes such as B
that stimulates an immune system response or T cells
➢ Antibody
B CELLS
- proteins the body produces in response to
an antigen ➢ type of lymphocytes
➢ involved in antibody-mediated immunity
INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
➢ originate from stem cells
➢ mature in red bone marrow
➢ move to lymphatic tissue after mature
➢ lead to production of antibodies

T CELLS

➢ type of lymphocyte
➢ involved in cell-mediated immunity primarily
and antibody-mediated immunity
➢ mature in thymus gland
➢ move to lymphatic tissue after mature
➢ 4 types

ANTIGEN RECOGNITION

➢ Lymphocytes have antigen receptors on their

surface called B-cell receptors on B cells and T-
cell receptors on T cells
➢ Each receptor only binds with a specific antigen
ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF LYMPHOCYTES ➢ When antigen receptors combine with the
antigen, the lymphocyte is activated and
➢ Stem cells
adaptive immunity begins
- red bone marrow
- give rise to all blood cells THE MHC MOLECULE
- give rise to some pre T cells and pre B cells
➢ The major histocompatibility complex molecule
LYMPHOCYTES (MHC)
- contain binding sites for antigens
➢ type of white blood cell
- specific for certain antigens
 - hold and present a processed antigen on the LYMPHOCYTE PROLIFERATION
surface of the cell membrane
1. After antigen is processed and present to helper
- bind to antigen receptor on B or T cells and
T cells, helper T cell produces interleukin-2 and
stimulate response
interleukin 2-receptors
CYTOKINES 2. Interleukin-2 binds to receptors and stimulates
more helper T cells production
➢ proteins secreted by a cell that regulates
3. Helper T cells are needed to produce B cells
neighboring cells
4. B cells produce antibodies
➢ Example—interleukin 1 released by
macrophages stimulates helper T cells

PROFIFERATIONN HEALTH T-CELLS

PROLIFERATION OF B CELLS

DUAL NATURE OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM ANITBODY STRUCTURE

➢ Lymphocytes give rise to 2 types of immune Letter Y shape

responses: antibody-mediated and cell-
mediated
➢ Antigens can trigger both types of responses
➢ Both types are able to recognize self, versus non-
self, use specificity, and have memory

ANTIBODY-MEDIATED IMMUNITY

➢ effective against antigens in body fluids (blood

and lymph)
➢ effective against bacteria, viruses, toxins
➢ uses B cells to produce antibodies
 ➢ Variable region IgA
- V of Y
➢ 15% in serum
- bind to epitopes of antigen using antigen-
➢ secreted into saliva, into tears, and onto mucous
binding site
membranes
➢ Constant region
➢ protects body surfaces
- stem of Y
➢ found in colostrum and milk to provide immune
- each class of immunoglobulin has same
protection to the newborn
structure
➢ Antigen-binding site IgE
- site on antibody where antigen binds
➢ Valence ➢ 0.002% in serum
- number of antigen-binding sites on antibody ➢ binds to mast cells and basophils and stimulates
- 5 classes of immunoglobulins used to the inflammatory response
destroy antigens: IgD
▪ IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD
➢ 0. 2% in serum
➢ functions as an antigen-binding receptor on B
cells

EFFECTS OF ANTIBODIES

ANTIBODIES

IgG

➢ 80 to 85% in serum
➢ activates compliment and increases
phagocytosis
➢ can cross the placenta and provide protection to
the fetus
➢ responsible for Rh reactions, such as hemolytic
disease of the newborn

IgM

➢ 5 to 10% in serum
➢ activates compliment
➢ acts as an antigen binding receptor on the
surface of B cells
➢ responsible for transfusion reactions in the ABO
blood system
➢ often the first antibody produced in response to
an antigen
 ➢ Inactivate antigen CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY
➢ Bind antigens together
➢ Cell-mediated immunity is used against antigens
➢ Active complement cascades
in cells and tissues
➢ Initiate release of inflammatory chemicals
➢ It is effective against intracellular bacteria,
➢ Facilitate phagocytosis
viruses, fungi, and protozoa
ANTIBODY PRODUCTION ➢ It uses different types of T cells.

The primary response: TYPES OF T CELLS FOR CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY

➢ 1st exposure of B cell to antigen ➢ Helper T cells (TH)

➢ B cell undergoes division and forms plasma cell - activate macrophages
and memory cells - help form B cells
- promote production of Tc
Plasma cells
➢ Cytotoxic T cells (Tc)
➢ produce antibodies - precursor to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL)
➢ 3 to 14 days to by effective against antigen ➢ Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL)
➢ person develop disease symptoms - destroys antigen on contact
➢ Regulatory T cells (Tr)
The secondary response involves: - turn off immune system response when
➢ Memory cells antigen is gone
- occurs when immune system is exposed to
antigen that has been seen before
- B memory cells quickly divided to form
plasma cells which produce antibodies
PROLIFERATION OF CYTOTOXIC T CELLS
- produces new memory cells

[refer to page 398]

STIMULATION AND EFFECTS OF T CELLS

IMMUNE INTERACTIONS Artificially Acquired Immunity

[refer to page 401] ➢ Active

- injection of antigens using vaccines which
TYPES OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
cause the production of antibodies
Naturally Acquired Immunity - immunization is a process of introducing
killed, live, or inactivated pathogen
➢ Active ➢ Passive
- natural exposure to antigens causes - injection of antibodies from another person
production of antibodies or animal
- can be lifelong immunity
- Example—mononucleosis
➢ Passive
- transfer of antibodies from mother to child
- Example—breast milk or placenta WAYS TO ACQUIRE ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY