School of electronics and telecommunications

Hanoi University of science and Technology

ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD THEORY

LESSON 2: ELECTROSTATIC
TS. HOÀNG PHƯƠNG CHI
 Electromagnetic field theory
Lesson 2: Electrostatics

CONTENT
1. Definition
2. COULOMB law
3. Basic quantities
4. Basic properties

Lesson 2: Electrostatics
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 Electromagnetic field theory
Lesson 2: Electrostatics

1. DEFINITION
• Definition: Electrostatics is created around standing charges
• Basic quantities of the electrostatic field: electric field vector
and electric flux density are not time variable

Lesson 2: Electrostatics
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 Electromagnetic field theory
Lesson 2: Electrostatics

1. ELECTROSTATICS – EXAMPLES
• Dust filter
• Powder coating

Lesson 2: Electrostatics
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 Electromagnetic field theory
Lesson 2: Electrostatics

2. COULOMB LAW
• Basic law of elctrostatics
• Basic principle: measure interactive force between two stand charges
• Two charge: positive charge and negative charge
• If two charge are close to each other: has interactive force
• Charge with the same sign: push each other
• Charge with different sign: suck each other

Lesson 2: Electrostatics
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 Electromagnetic field theory
Lesson 2: Electrostatics

2. COULOMB LAW

• Interactive force between two charges:

𝑄1 𝑄2 𝑟2 − 𝑟1
𝐹12 = 3
4𝜋𝜀 𝑟Ԧ2 − 𝑟Ԧ1

1
𝑘=
4𝜋𝜀
𝜀 = 𝜀0 𝜀𝑟
𝐴𝑠
𝜀0 = 8,855. 10−12
𝑉𝑚

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 Electromagnetic field theory
Lesson 2: Electrostatics

3. BASIC QUANTITIES
• Electric field vector and electric flux density vector

Around charge Q1 has a field with the electric field vector

𝐹Ԧ
𝐸=
𝑄

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 Electromagnetic field theory
Lesson 2: Electrostatics

3. BASIC QUANTITIES

• Electric field vector:

𝑄1 Ԧ 1
𝑟−𝑟
𝐸= Ԧ 𝑟Ԧ1 3
4𝜋𝜀 𝑟−

𝑟Ԧ1𝑝 = 𝑟Ԧ − 𝑟Ԧ1
• With many charges:
𝑄𝑣 Ԧ 𝑣
𝑟−𝑟
𝐸 = σ𝑛𝑣=1 𝐸𝑣 = σ𝑛𝑣=1 Ԧ 𝑣 3
4𝜋𝜀 𝑟−𝑟

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 Electromagnetic field theory
Lesson 2: Electrostatics

4. BASIC PROPERTY- GAUSS LAW

• Electric flux density
𝐷 = ε𝐸
• Flux of electric flux density D through a close surface A :

• Φ = ‫𝐴𝑑 𝐷 ׯ‬

Optional surface Sphere

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 Electromagnetic field theory
Lesson 2: Electrostatics

4. BASIC PROPERTY- GAUSS LAW

• Flux of electric flux density D through a close surface A (A: sphere):

𝑄1 𝑄1
• Φ = ‫ׯ = 𝐴𝑑𝐷 ׯ‬ 𝑑𝐴 = ‫ׯ‬ 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑄1
4π𝑅 2 4𝜋𝑅 2 𝐴

• Flux of electric flux density D through a close surface A (charge

is not continuously distributed in surface A):

• Φ = ‫𝐴ׯ = 𝐴𝑑 𝐷 𝐴ׯ‬ σ 𝐷𝑣 𝑑𝐴 = σ ‫ = 𝐴𝑑 𝑣𝐷 𝐴ׯ‬σ𝑣 𝑄𝑣

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 Electromagnetic field theory
Lesson 2: Electrostatics

4. BASIC PROPERTY- GAUSS LAW

• If the charge is continuously distributed in volumme V which

is coverd by a close surface A:

• 𝑄 = ‫𝑉𝑑𝜌 𝑉׬‬

• Flux of electric flux density D through a close surface A:

• Φ = ‫𝑉𝑑𝜌 𝑉׬ = 𝐴𝑑 𝐷 𝐴ׯ‬

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 Electromagnetic field theory
Lesson 2: Electrostatics

4. BASIC PROPERTY- GAUSS LAW

• In small Volume V and constant density charge:

• 𝜌𝑉 = ‫𝐴𝑑 𝐷 𝐴ׯ‬

‫𝐴𝑑𝐷 𝐴ׯ‬
𝜌 = lim
𝑉⟶0 𝑉

• Therefore:
• 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐷 = 𝜌

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 Electromagnetic field theory
Lesson 2: Electrostatics

4. WORK DUE TO ELECTROSTATIC FIELD –POTENTIAL PROPERTY

• Test charge Q move in electrostatic field. Force impact on charge

𝐹Ԧ = 𝑄𝐸

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 Electromagnetic field theory
Lesson 2: Electrostatics

4. WORK DUE TO ELECTROSTATIC FIELD –POTENTIAL PROPERTY

• Work due to electrostatic field to move test charge Q

𝑄𝑄 1 1
• 𝑊 = ‫𝐹 𝑆׬‬Ԧ 𝑑 𝑠Ԧ = 1 −
4𝜋𝜀 𝑟1 𝑟2

• Work due to electrostatic field to move test charge Q (in

closed curve):

• 𝑊 = ‫𝐹 𝑆ׯ‬Ԧ 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑄 ‫ = 𝑠𝑑 𝐸 𝑆ׯ‬0 → ‫ = 𝐴𝑑 𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐴׬‬0 →

𝑟𝑜𝑡𝐸 = 0
→ Electrostatic field is not a swirl field

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 Electromagnetic field theory
Lesson 2: Electrostatics

4. BASIC PROPERTIES-POTENTIAL AND VOLTAGE

• Potential definition
𝑟
• 𝜑 𝑟Ԧ = 𝜑0 − ‫𝑟 𝐸 𝑟׬‬Ԧ 𝑑𝑠
0

• Voltage defition
𝑟
• 𝑈10 = 𝜑1 − 𝜑0 = − ‫ 𝑟׬‬1 𝐸 𝑟Ԧ 𝑑𝑠
0

• Relationship between electric field vector and potential

• 𝐸 = −𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝜑

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 Electromagnetic field theory
Lesson 2: Electrostatics

4. BASIC PROPERTIES OF ELECTROSTATIC

• Boundary conditions of electrostatic filed
• 𝐸𝑡1 = 𝐸𝑡2
• 𝐷𝑛1 − 𝐷𝑛2 = ρ
• Energy of electrostatic field
1
• 𝑊 = ‫𝐷 𝐸 𝑉׬‬dV
2

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 Electromagnetic field theory
Lesson 2: Electrostatics

4. BASIC PROPERTIES- POISSON LAPLACE EQUATION

• We have:
• 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝐷 =𝜌

• 𝐸 =-grad𝜑
• Poisson equation:
𝜌
• 𝛻 2𝜑 = −
𝜀

• Laplace equation:
• ∆𝜑 = 0

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 Electromagnetic field theory
Lesson 2: Electrostatics

SUMMARY
• Electrostatic caused by standing charge
• Basic quantities: 𝐸 and 𝐷 are not time variable
• Electrostatic has a source
• Electrostatic is not swirl field
• Electrostatic is potential field
• Electrostatic has energy
• Basic equations:
𝜌
• Possion 𝛻 2 𝜑 = −
𝜀

• Laplace ∆𝜑 = 0

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 Electromagnetic field theory
Lesson 2: Electrostatics

We have just learnt “Electrostatic”

Next lesson:
Magnetic field due to direct current

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