Earth and

H
R Life Science
C Second Quarter

John Benedict S. Velasco

HOLY ROSARY COLLEGE OF
STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.
S.Y. 2021 – 2022
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STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.
 Previously on ELSci…

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Lesson 6 – Organ Systems of Representative Animals John Benedict S. Velasco STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.
 METABOLISM

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Lesson 6 – Organ Systems of Representative Animals John Benedict S. Velasco STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.
Lesson 6: Organ Systems of Representative Animals
 Objectives
• At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
• Describe the general and unique characteristics of
the different organ systems in representative
animals (S11/12LT-IIIaj- 21).
• Analyze and appreciate the functional relationships
of the different organ systems in ensuring animal
survival (S11/12LT-IIIaj- 22).

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Lesson 6 – Organ Systems of Representative Animals John Benedict S. Velasco STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.
 Common in ALL animals??
• All animals share common
characteristics although
they differ in shapes and
structures.
• Body plan – overall
structure of an animal;
determines the way it
functions in its
environment. Evolutionary path showing how animal body plans evolved
through time.
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Lesson 6 – Organ Systems of Representative Animals John Benedict S. Velasco STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.
 Remember the levels of organization?
• As animals become
complex in form, the levels
of organization become
higher:
• The essential functions of
less complex animals are
carried out on the cell or
simple tissue level. Evolutionary path showing how animal body plans evolved
through time.
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Lesson 6 – Organ Systems of Representative Animals John Benedict S. Velasco STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.
 Remember the levels of organization?
• As animals become
complex in form, the levels
of organization become
higher:
• Cells in higher forms of
animals are organized into
different functional units:
the organ systems Evolutionary path showing how animal body plans evolved
through time.
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Lesson 6 – Organ Systems of Representative Animals John Benedict S. Velasco STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.
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Organ Systems of
Invertebrates
Lesson 6 – Organ Systems of Representative Animals
 Invertebrates - Sponges
• The essential functions of
sponges are performed
at the cellular level.
• In sponges, digestion
occurs within individual
cells.
• Water enters the body
through small pores. Water moves inside the sponge’s body through pores on its
surface. They also feed themselves through these openings.

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Lesson 6 – Organ Systems of Representative Animals John Benedict S. Velasco STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.
 Invertebrates - Sponges
• Spicules – hard
needles in between
the outer and inner
cell layers.
• Spongin – fibers of
tough protein found
also between the cell
layers. Spicules and spongin fibers strengthen and protect the
sponge.
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Lesson 6 – Organ Systems of Representative Animals John Benedict S. Velasco STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.
 Invertebrates - Hydra
• Hydra has an
incomplete digestive
system. There is a
single opening called
the gastrovascular
cavity which serves as
mouth and anus.
• Its cells are organized
into tissues. The body of a hydra is more complex
than sponges.
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 Invertebrates - Hydra
• Nematocysts – stinging
cells found in the
tentacles.
• The hydra takes in
food by paralyzing its
prey with
Tentacles of hydra in action
nematocysts.

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Lesson 6 – Organ Systems of Representative Animals John Benedict S. Velasco STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.
 Invertebrates - Earthworms
• Earthworms are the
first segmented worms
to evolve.
• In each segment, parts
of the excretory,
circulatory, and
nervous systems are Body plan of earthworm consists of segments,
each with their own excretory, circulatory, and
repeated. nervous systems.

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Lesson 6 – Organ Systems of Representative Animals John Benedict S. Velasco STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.
 Invertebrates - Earthworms
• The brain and sense organs
are found in the front
segment.
• For its digestive tract, it
extends from the mouth to
the anus and is suspended
within the larger tube of Body plan of earthworm consists of segments,
each with their own excretory, circulatory, and
the coelom. nervous systems.

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Lesson 6 – Organ Systems of Representative Animals John Benedict S. Velasco STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.
 Invertebrates - Mollusks

• They have organ

systems for circulation,
respiration, digestion,
excretion, nervous,
and reproduction.
Body plan of a snail, a terrestrial mollusk.

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Lesson 6 – Organ Systems of Representative Animals John Benedict S. Velasco STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.
 Invertebrates - Mollusks
• Three body parts
shared by all mollusks:
foot, head, and
visceral mass.
• Foot – used by
mollusks for
locomotion. Snail, clam, and squid share the three parts found in all
mollusks.

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Lesson 6 – Organ Systems of Representative Animals John Benedict S. Velasco STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.
 Invertebrates - Mollusks
• Three body parts
shared by all mollusks:
foot, head, and
visceral mass.
• Head – contains the
mouth, sense organs,
and ganglia (part of Snail, clam, and squid share the three parts found in all
the nervous system) mollusks.

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Lesson 6 – Organ Systems of Representative Animals John Benedict S. Velasco STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.
 Invertebrates - Mollusks
• Three body parts shared
by all mollusks: foot,
head, and visceral mass.
• Visceral mass – contains
the heart, organs for
digestion, excretion, and
reproduction.
• Mantle – covers the Snail, clam, and squid share the three parts found in all
mollusks.
visceral mass.
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 Invertebrates - Insects
• Arthropods, such as
insects, have an external
skeleton (exoskeleton).
• In addition, these insects
have a complex muscular
system and wings to
move quickly from one The outer covering of May beetles
(salagubang) is made up of chitin
place to another.
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 Invertebrates - Insects
• Their body is divided into
three distinct regions:
head, thorax, abdomen.
• Their legs (three pairs)
and wings are attached to
the thorax.
• Respiratory, nervous, Body structure of a bee

digestive, circulatory
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 Invertebrates - Insects
• Respiratory system
- They breathe through
tiny openings on their
abdomen and thorax
called spiracles
- The trachea delivers
oxygen directly to the
Spiracles of an insect larva
body’s cells.
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 Invertebrates - Insects
• Nervous system
- Have a complex internal nervous system
connected to sense organs.
- Their nerve ganglia form the brain.
• Digestive and circulatory system
- Digested food and other materials travel
through their open circulatory system.
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 Invertebrates - Echinoderms
• Most echinoderms
(starfish, sea stars,
sand dollars) have an
internal skeleton
(endoskeleton)
composed of calcium
plates.
Sea urchins have an endoskeleton that includes
protruding spines.

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Lesson 6 – Organ Systems of Representative Animals John Benedict S. Velasco STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.
 Invertebrates - Echinoderms
• Starfish have no
circulatory, respiratory,
or excretory systems.
• Gas exchange and
waste excretion take
place through the
hollow tubes called
skin gills. Closeup view of a starfish surface

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Lesson 6 – Organ Systems of Representative Animals John Benedict S. Velasco STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.
 Invertebrates - Echinoderms
• Nervous system
- A nerve ring surrounds
the mouth and
branches off into
nerve cords that
extend into each arm.
- Eyespot – responds to
light
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Organ Systems of
Vertebrates
Lesson 6 – Organ Systems of Representative Animals
 Vertebrates - Fish
• Respiratory system
- All fishes have gills that
are composed of tiny
filaments. Gills provide a
large surface area for
the rapid uptake of
oxygen and release of Water enters the fish through its mouth and goes
carbon dioxide. out through the gills.

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Lesson 6 – Organ Systems of Representative Animals John Benedict S. Velasco STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.
 Vertebrates - Fish
• Circulatory system
- Fishes have a closed
circulatory system.
- Their gills have many
tiny blood vessels that
also aids in the The circulatory system of fishes pumps blood in a
exchange of gases. single loop from the heart to the gills, to the body,
and back to the heart.

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Lesson 6 – Organ Systems of Representative Animals John Benedict S. Velasco STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.
 Vertebrates - Fish
• Excretory system
- Some wastes pass through the gills into the
water; other wastes are removed from the blood
by the kidneys.
• Nervous system
- well-developed nervous system that has a
function for sense of smell and sight, and for
coordination of body movements.
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 Vertebrates - Amphibians
• Respiratory system
- Most amphibians,
except salamanders,
have lungs for gas
exchange. Gas exchange
also occurs across their
thin, moist skin. The internal organs of a frog

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Lesson 6 – Organ Systems of Representative Animals John Benedict S. Velasco STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.
 Vertebrates - Amphibians
• Circulatory system
- In adult amphibians,
their circulatory system
forms a double loop.
- Three-chambered
heart (left atrium, right
atrium, and ventricle).
Frogs’ double loop circulatory system and
three-chambered heart.

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 Vertebrates - Amphibians
• Digestive system
- Esophagus brings food
to the stomach sac,
which is connected to
the small intestines
where most digestion
takes place.
Axolotl

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Lesson 6 – Organ Systems of Representative Animals John Benedict S. Velasco STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.
 Vertebrates - Amphibians
• Nervous and sensory
- Frogs have keen vision for
spotting moving insects.
They also have sensitive
ears.
- They can respond to the
adverse conditions in their
environments by hiding.
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 Vertebrates - Reptiles
• Reptiles have a body
covering of horny
scales or plates for
their protection.
• These scales prevent
water loss and protect
reptiles from wear and Lizard scales

tear.
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Lesson 6 – Organ Systems of Representative Animals John Benedict S. Velasco STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.
 Vertebrates - Reptiles
• Respiratory system
- After they hatch, they breathe air through lungs.
Their tissues involved in gas exchange are
located inside the body.
• Circulatory system
- In some reptiles, they have a three-chambered
heart. For alligators and crocodiles, their heart
has four separate chambers.
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 Vertebrates - Reptiles

• Excretory system
- Snake, lizards, and other land-dwelling reptiles
conserve water by excreting nitrogenous wastes
in dry or pasty forms as crystals of uric acid.

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Lesson 6 – Organ Systems of Representative Animals John Benedict S. Velasco STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.
 Cold-blooded vs Warm-blooded
• The rate of metabolism in the body of an
organism is controlled in part by body
temperature.
• Ectothermic (cold-blooded) – their body
temperature is determined by the environment.
• Endothermic (warm-blooded) – can maintain
their body temperature regardless of the
environmental condition.
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 Reptiles are cold-blooded animals
• For reptiles, they
regulate their
temperature by their
behavior.
• They may bask under
the sun to warm up
and increase their
metabolic rate.
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 Vertebrates - Birds
• All birds have feathers,
and almost all birds are
capable of flying.
• They are lightweight to
stay aloft, and their
organ systems are Types of bird feathers
adapted to meet those
needs.
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Lesson 6 – Organ Systems of Representative Animals John Benedict S. Velasco STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.
 Vertebrates - Birds
• Respiratory system
- Birds have air sacs that
store inhaled air which
is pushed into the lungs.
This keeps the lungs
constantly filled with
oxygenated air.
The respiratory system of birds is specialized
for long, sustained flights.

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Lesson 6 – Organ Systems of Representative Animals John Benedict S. Velasco STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.
 Vertebrates - Birds
• Circulatory system
- Birds have a relatively
large, four-chambered
heart. The heart beats
rapidly to keep
oxygenated blood
flowing to muscles and
other tissues.
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Lesson 6 – Organ Systems of Representative Animals John Benedict S. Velasco STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.
 Vertebrates - Birds
• Digestive system
- Crop – sac-like structure to
store and moisten food that
is waiting to be digested.
- Gizzard – contains
swallowed stones that
make up for their lack of
teeth.
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 Vertebrates - Birds
• Nervous system
- Birds have a large brain
relative to the size of
their bodies.
- Part of the brain that
controls flight is the
most developed. Birds are not “bird-brained” animals

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Lesson 6 – Organ Systems of Representative Animals John Benedict S. Velasco STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.
 Vertebrates – Mammals
• Mammals have organ
systems that have
evolved into many shapes
for adaptation to their
various environments.
• The kinds and amount of
hair also reflect their All mammals have hair or fur as their outer covering.

adaptations.
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 Endothermy in mammals

• Mammals are warm-

blooded animals, and
their four-chambered
heart and diaphragm are
adaptation for
endothermy.

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Lesson 6 – Organ Systems of Representative Animals John Benedict S. Velasco STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.
 Endothermy in mammals
• Diaphragm – a sheet of muscle
below the rib cage that aids in
breathing.
• The four-chambered heart
pumps blood efficiently.
• These result in high metabolic
rate, which helps mammals
maintain a constant body
temperature.
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Lesson 6 – Organ Systems of Representative Animals John Benedict S. Velasco STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.
 Vertebrates - Mammals
• All organ systems do
not function alone. For
example: when a large
meal is eaten.
- Circulatory: blood
vessels of the digestive
system widen to
The organ systems aid one another in
transport more blood. fulfilling some of their functions.

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Lesson 6 – Organ Systems of Representative Animals John Benedict S. Velasco STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.
 Vertebrates - Mammals
• All organ systems do
not function alone. For
example: when a large
meal is eaten.
- Nervous: nerve
impulses are sent to the
brain, notifying it of the
The organ systems aid one another in
increased work. fulfilling some of their functions.

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Lesson 6 – Organ Systems of Representative Animals John Benedict S. Velasco STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.
 Vertebrates - Mammals
• All organ systems do not
function alone. For
example: when a large
meal is eaten.
- Digestive: stimulates
heart through chemicals
extracted from food and
The organ systems aid one another in
released into bloodstream. fulfilling some of their functions.

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Lesson 6 – Organ Systems of Representative Animals John Benedict S. Velasco STA. ROSA LAGUNA, INC.