THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMER (Examples)

Example 1

A 500-kVA, 3-phase, 50 Hz transformer has a voltage ratio (line voltages) of 33/11 kV and is
delta/star connected. The resistances per phase are: high voltage 35 Ω, low voltage 0.876 Ω and
the iron loss is 3050 W. Calculate the value of efficiency at full-load and one-half of full-load
respectively (a) at unity pf and (b) 0.8 pf

Solution

Transformer ratio, a = 33,000/(11,000/√3) = 3√3

Per phase resistance referred to secondary side

R02 = 35/(3√3)2 + 0.876 = 2.172 Ω

Secondary phase current, Is-p = 500,000 / (√3 x11,000) = 26.24 A

Full-load condition

Full-load total Cu loss, Pcu = 3 (Is-p)2 x R02 = 3 x 26.242 x 2.172 = 4,490 W

Iron loss, Pcore = 3,050 W

Total full-load loss = 3.050 + 4.490 = 7,540 W

Output Power at unity pf, Pout = 500 kVA x 1 = 500 kW

Full load efficiency at unity pf,

500
= = = 0.9854 . %
+ 500 + 7.54

Output power at 0.8 pf, Pout = 500 kVA x 0.8 = 400 kW

Full load efficiency at 0.8 pf,

400
= = = 0.9815 . %
+ 400 + 7.54

Half-load condition

Half-load output Power at unity pf, Pout = (1/2) x 500 kVA x 1 = 250 kW

Half-load total Cu loss, Pcu = (1/2)2 x 4,490 = 1,222 W

Total half-load loss = 3.050 + 1,222 = 4,172 W

Half-load efficiency at unity pf,

250
= = = 0.9835 . %
+ 250 + 4.172

Half-load output power at 0.8 pf, Pout = (1/2) x 500 kVA x 0.8 = 200 kW

Half-load efficiency at 0.8 pf,

200
= = = 0.9796 . %
+ 200 + 4.172

Example 2

A 100 kVA,3-phase, 50 Hz, 3,300/400 V transformer is ∆-connected on HV side and Y-

connected on LV side. The resistance of the HV winding is 3.5 Ω per phase and that of the LV
winding 0.02 Ω per phase. Calculate the iron losses of the transformer at normal voltage and
frequency if its full-load efficiency be 95.8 % at 0.8 pf lagging.

Solution

Full-load output, Pout = 100 x 0.8 = 80kW

Input power, Pin = 80/0.958 = 83.5 kW

Total loss, Ploss = Pin – Pout = 83.5 – 80 = 3.5 kW

Let us find full-load Cu losses for which purpose, we would first calculate R02.
/
= = =
/ /√ √

R02 = R2 + R1/a2 = 0.02 + 3.5/(33/√3)2 = 0.037 Ω

Full-load secondary current

= = 144.1
√

Total Cu loss, Pcu = I22xR02 = 144.12 x 0.037 = 2,305 W

Iron loss, Pcore = Ploss – Pcu = 3500 – 2305 = 1,195 W

Example 3

A 2,500 kVA,3-phase, 6,600/400 V, 3-phase transformer is Y-connected on HV side and ∆-connected on

LV side. The test results are as follow:

SC test: HV side: 400 V 219 A and 24 kW

OC test: LV side: 400 V 175 A and 18 kW

Determine

i). The parameter equivalent circuit referred to high voltage (HV) side

ii). The percentage of voltage regulation on full-load at power factor of 0.8 lagging

iii). The efficiency of the transformer on full-load at power factor of 0.9 lagging.

Solution

i) From SC test data on HV side with Y-connection

Primary voltage/phase = primary phase voltage = 400/√3 = 231 V

Primary current/phase = primary phase current = 219 A

Equivalent impedance/phase

Z01 = 231 / 219 = 1.055 Ω

Equivalent resistance/phase

I12R01 = Psc / 3 = 24,000 / 3

(219)2 R01-= 8,000

or R01 = 0.167 Ω

and equivalent reactance / phase

= − = 1.055 − 0.167 = .

From OC test data on LV side with ∆-connected

Secondary voltage/phase = 400 V

Secondary phase current/phase = 175/√3 = 101 A

Po = √3 VoL IoL cos φo

with IoL = secondary line current

and

18,000 = √3 x 400 x 175 cos φo

cos φo = 0.148 and φo = 81.5o

sin φo = 0.99

400
= = = = 26.76
101 0.148

400
= = = =4
101 0.99

Transformer turn ratio

/ /√
= = = 9.53
/

Core parameter referred to HV (primary)

Rc = a2Rc’ = (9.53)2 x 26.75 = 2430 Ω

and Xm = a2Xm’ = (9.53)2 x 4 = 363 Ω

ii) For pf or cos φ = 0.8 lag, sinφ = 0.6

Percentage voltage regulation

+
% = 100

219x0.167x0.8 + 219x1.042x0.6
% = 100%
6600
√3
166.18
% = 100% = . %
3810
iii) Full-load primary line current can be found from

√3 x 6,600 x I1 = 2,500,000

I1 = 219 A

It shows that SC test has been carried out under full load condition. Therefore, PcuFL = 24 kW

Total loss = Ploss = Pcore + Pcu = 18 + 24 = 42 kW

 Full-load output at pf =0.9 is

Pout = 2,500 x 0.9 = 2,250 kW

The full-load efficiency

2,250
= = = 0.9817 . %
+ 2,250 + 42

Note

Please TRY for ∆ / Y connection of example 3.