Acknowledgement

I would like to express my deep and sincere gratitude to my guide, Prof.

S.S.Baraskar sir, of Mechanical Engineering for his unflagging support and

continuous encouragement throughout the seminar work. Without his guidance and

persistent help this report would not have been possible.

I must acknowledge the faculties and staffs of Mechanical Engineering for all the

help and co-ordination extended in bringing out this seminar successfully in time.

I will be falling in duty if I do not acknowledge with grateful thanks to the authors

of references referred to this seminar.

Mayur R. Nagardhane
Department of Mechanical Engineering

Enrollment No.-1902041

i
 Abstract

With the development of automobile industry, the number of private cars is greatly
increasing. Correspondingly, the number of rookie drivers is increasing as well. For
the rookie drivers, how to backing is always a troublesome operation. Many of them
complained that their valuable cars are easily got damaged by obstacles that are
hardly seen through their rearview mirror. So in this project, a new type system has
been designed: smart system of ultrasonic car parking with different display mode,
audio mode and smart mode:

i. Liquid crystal display (LCD) display modes: Used to display the zone of
your car based on condition that have been set.
ii. LED display modes: Ordinary display modes. 6 LEDs are used to display
the distance of obstacles. The more LEDs are lightening, the closer
obstacles are.
iii. A buzzer or a beeper which is a signaling device is used to show the
distance of the car with the obstacles behind it. The faster tone of the beep
of buzzer means the distance of obstacles and car are closer.
iv. Smart mode: The engine will automatically stop if the car is in stop zone
which mean it is dangerous condition to parking the car.

The ultrasonic sensor used in security technology such as car collision

avoidance and distance measurement, is the best device can be used in detecting
obstruction behind the car when backing up. In this paper, we analyze the
interference of ultrasonic signal when transmitting and receiving, and then resolve
it by software. There is a blind area and distance limitation in ultrasonic distance
measurement. The result of project shows that the system's efficiency is not 100%
successfully because of error of the ultrasonic sensor sensitivity itself. The system

ii
cannot display the exact distance between car and the obstacle although the entire
output modes are successfully functioning.

Signature of Student
Mayur R. Nagardhane
(1902041)
5th Semester
Mechanical Engineering

iii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter No. Contents Page No.

1-4
CHAPTER NO. 01 Introduction
1.1 Introduction to Acoustic
Parking System.
1.2 Why Acoustic Parking
System?
1.3 Objectives
1.4 History(Background)

CHAPTER NO. 02 Literature Review 5-10

2.1 Understanding Ultrasonic
2.2 Working
2.3 Advantages
2.4 Applications
2.5 Limitations.

CHAPTER NO. 03 Methodology 11-12

3.1 Microcontrollers.
3.2 Applications of
Microcontroller.

iv
CHAPTER NO. 04 Components of Parking Aid 13-15
4.1 Ultrasonic distance Sensor
4.2 Features
4.3 Definition
4.4 Quick start circuits
4.5 Servo-Cable and Port
Cautions
4.6 Theory of Operation.

CHAPTER NO. 05 Result 16-17

5.1 Result of the experiment
5.2 System benefits for Driver
5.3 System benefits for
Manufacturers

CHAPTER NO. 06 6.1 Conclusion 18-19

6.2 References

v
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Name Page No.

1.1 Layout of Acoustic Parking 2

System

2.1 Basic concept of Ultrasonic 5

2.2 Ultrasonic Refraction 6

2.3 Ultrasonic Anemometer 8

2.4 Tide Gauge 8

2.5 UAV Navigation 9

2.6 Ultrasonic signal deflection 10

4.1 Ping Ultrasonic Sensor 14

4.2 Quick Start Circuit 14

4.3 Board of Education 15

4.4 Overall Operation 15

vi
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction to Acoustic Parking System:-

Presently, the detection technique of laser, radar, infrared ray and ultrasonic
have been widely applied at the aspects of safety technique of car collision
avoidance and distance measurement. At the aspect of collision avoidance laser,
radar and infrared ray are commonly applied to measure the control range between
two cars and the range which should be measured behind the car. At the aspect of
distance measurement the technique of ultrasonic is applied to measure the
detection range when a car change the driveway and to detect the obstruction behind
the car when backing up or parking. Because of the expensive price, the distance
measurement system of backing up with the technique of laser and radar is only set
on the minority of slap-up cars, so the research of the distance measurement system
of backing up with high ratio of capability and price for the medium cars and the
low-end cars is an important task of auto-electron industry.

The Smart System of Acoustic (Ultrasonic) Car Parking introduced in this

thesis can automatically measure the distance between the trail of the car and detect
the obstruction behind the car, furthermore it can show the distance and give a
sound-light alarm in real time, so it can ensure the car to run safely and reduce the
accident ratio. With this system, the driver can know either he is in safe zone,
warning zone or stop zone to parking your car. If his car is in some distance in stop
zone, your car engine will stop automatically to avoid unpredicted thing from
happen.

1
 It is also suitable to be applied to vans and small Lorries. The driver does
not need to intermeddle in or manipulate this system. This system will have a
prosperous application prospect. It will cut a way through the market of the medium
cars and the low-end cars and provide a new research method for the car collision
avoidance. When the electric signal is imported into the transmitter, the transmitter
transmits ultrasonic, the receiver receives the reflected wave, and the sound wave
transmitting time and the distance are in direct ratio, so obtain the function of
distance measurement.

1.2 Why Acoustic Parking System?

Even the most hardened and experienced driving enthusiasts can feel
intimidated by reverse parking from time to time. After all, going back and forth
while making sure of steering clear of other stationary objects and moving people
can be daunting. But, thankfully, technology has come a long way with its improved
parking aid. Even people who murmur about the woes of automatic gearboxes have
nothing to say in against of automatic parking programs.

Wireless parking sensors are the best technology in the history of car
parking technology. Wireless parking sensors have are widespread today, mounted
mainly on the rear bumper of the car to provide reverse assistance and the front

2
 bumper to provide forward-clearance. The front sensors can detect objects up to 4
feet and the back sensors can detect objects up to 8 feet from the car.

The benefits of installing these sensors are:-

• Parking sensors make the taxing task of parking in narrow spaces much easier by
reducing blind spots

• They reduce weariness often associated with reverse parking.

• They reduce the instances of damage to the car and the nearby objects.

• They help in boosting the driver’s confidence.

1.3 Objectives:-

The main objectives of Acoustic Parking System are:-

1) To determine the distance between the car if an obstacle is behind it.

2) To inform the driver the state of car condition either they are in safe,
warning or stop zone through the colors of LED and the display on LCD.
3) The car engine will stop automatically if the car is in stop zone.

1.4 History Behind Acoustic (Smart) Parking System:-

In today’s modern era, most drivers are quite familiar with rearview cameras
when it comes to car parking technology. These cameras have been a blessing by
improving rear visibility while parking. But, the latest camera systems are not just
limited to the rearview. Many companies offer surround-view or bird’s eye-view
camera systems that can provide up-down, 360-degree video coverage of the
vehicle’s vicinity. So, it’s almost like using a personal drone in assisting yourself in
car parking But in advancement to this now many companies added some sound

3
emitting device which generates some ultrasonic waves while parking a car or lorry
.So, by this the efforts taken by the car’s driver minimizes to a great extent by not
looking into a mirror or any other rear camera .Now he can park his vehicle just by
listening to that beeping sound produced by the on-board ultrasonic sensor.

Nissan was the first to develop a surround-view camera technology for production
vehicles, introduced in both the Japanese-market Nissan Legrand and the U.S-
bound Infiniti EX35 SUV at the end of the year 2007.

This system works by integrating images taken by cameras that are mounted all
around the vehicle – usually in the front grille, beneath each door mirror, and one
that is at the rear end which is also the rear-view camera. The 360-degree image can
be shown on a split-screen in conjunction with forwarding, rear, or side views.

In the case of some systems, the aerial view can be a little contorted for which dotted
lines are added to give a true sense of your car’s width, preventing you from hitting
nearby objects or getting your car scrapped.

This sensing feature is marketed as a safety measure that helps in spotting

pedestrians, especially children while reversing in narrow spaces and it also helps
in avoiding bumps and scrapes saving a lot of money in the long run.

4
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Understanding Ultrasonic:-

Ultrasonic signals are like audible sound waves, except the frequencies are
much higher. The ultrasonic transducers have piezoelectric crystals which resonate
to a preferred frequency and convert electric energy into acoustic energy and vice
versa (Watson, 2006).

The illustration in Figure 2.1 shows how sound waves, transmitted in the
shape of a cone, are reflected from a target back to the transducer. An output signal
is produced to perform some kind of indicating or control function. A minimum
distance from the sensor is required to provide a time delay so that the "echoes" can
be interpreted. Variables which can affect the operation of ultrasonic sensing
include: target surface angle, reflective surface roughness or changes in temperature
or humidity. The targets can have any kind of reflective form - even round objects.

Fig 2.1 Basic concept of Ultrasonic

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2.2 Working of Ultrasonic Sensors:-

The ultrasonic sensor (or transducer) works on the same principles as a radar
system. An ultrasonic sensor can convert electrical energy into acoustic waves and
vice versa. The acoustic wave signal is an ultrasonic wave traveling at a frequency
above 18 kHz. The famous HC SR04 ultrasonic sensor generates ultrasonic waves
at 40 kHz frequency.

Typically, a microcontroller is used for communication with an ultrasonic sensor.

To begin measuring the distance, the microcontroller sends a trigger signal to the
ultrasonic sensor. The duty cycle of this trigger signal is 10µS for the HC-SR04
ultrasonic sensor. When triggered, the ultrasonic sensor generates eight acoustic
(ultrasonic) wave bursts and initiates a time counter. As soon as the reflected (echo)
signal is received, the timer stops. The output of the ultrasonic sensor is a high pulse
with the same duration as the time difference between transmitted ultrasonic bursts
and the received echo signal.

Figure2.2 Representation of trigger signal, acoustic bursts, reflected signal and

output of echo pin.

6
The microcontroller interprets the time signal into distance using the following
functions:

Theoretically, the distance can be calculated using the TRD (time/rate/distance)

measurement formula. Since the calculated distance is the distance traveled from
the ultrasonic transducer to the object—and back to the transducer—it is a two-way
trip. By dividing this distance by 2, you can determine the actual distance from the
transducer to the object. Ultrasonic waves travel at the speed of sound (343 m/s at
20°C). The distance between the object and the sensor is half of the distance traveled
by the sound wave.[iv] The following equation calculates the distance to an object
placed in front of an ultrasonic sensor:

2.3 Advantages:-

When used for sensing functions, the ultrasonic method has unique advantages
Over conventional sensors such as infrared or reverse sensor (Larson, 1960):

a. Discrete distances to moving objects can be detected and measured.

b. Less affected by target materials and surfaces, and not affected by color. Solid-
state
Units have virtually unlimited, maintenance free life. Have ability to detect
Small objects over long operating distances.
c. Have resistance to external disturbances such as vibration, infrared radiation,
Ambient noise, and EMI radiation.

7
2.4 Application of Ultrasonic Sensor:-

Multiple areas of engineering use ultrasonic sensors. “No-contact” distance

measuring is very useful in automation, robotics, and instrumentation. Below, we
investigate the applications of ultrasonic sensors:

Ultrasonic Anemometers
Weather stations commonly used
anemometers since they detect wind
speed and direction efficiently. The
2D anemometers can measure only
the horizontal component of wind
speed and direction, whereas 3D
anemometers can measure the
vertical component of wind, as well.

Apart from measuring wind speed

and direction, ultrasonic anemometers can also measure temperature because the
speed of ultrasonic sound waves is affected by variations in temperature while
maintaining independence from changes in pressure. Temperature is calculated by
measuring speed variations in ultrasonic sound.

The ultrasonic anemometer is more durable as compared to the cup anemometer

and vane anemometer since it has no moving parts and it operates using ultrasonic
sound waves

Tide gauge

A tide gauge is used to monitor sea level. It also detects tides,

storm surges, tsunamis, swells, and other coastal processes. [vii] A
tide gauge can use an ultrasonic sensor to detect real-time water
level. The gauge is often linked to an online database where a
record is maintained, and in case of a risky situation, the system
can trigger an alarm.

8
UAV Navigations:-

Unmanned aerial
vehicles (UAVs)—or drones—
commonly use ultrasonic sensors
for monitoring any objects in the
UAV’s path and distance from the
ground.

The autonomous feature of

detecting safe distances enables
the aircraft to avoid crashing. And as the flight of path changes
instantaneously, the ultrasonic detection of distances can prevent a drone
from crashing.

2.5 Limitations of Ultrasonic Sensors:-

Ultrasonic sensors such as the HC-SR04 can efficiently measure distances up to 400
cm with a slight tolerance of 3 mm. [xiii] However, if a target object is positioned
such that the ultrasonic signal is deflected away rather than reflected back to the
ultrasonic sensor, the calculated distance can be incorrect. In some cases, the target
object is so small that the reflected ultrasonic signal is insufficient for detection,
and the distance cannot be measured correctly.

Furthermore, objects like fabric and carpet can absorb acoustic signals. If the signal
is absorbed in the target object’s end, it cannot reflect back to the sensor, and hence,
the distance cannot be measured.

9
 Figure 2.6 Representation of ultrasonic signal deflected due to target object’s
position, resulting in error

The intense sensitivity of ultrasonic sensors makes them efficient, but that
sensitivity can also cause problems. Ultrasonic sensors can detect false signals
coming from the airwaves disturbed by an air conditioning system and a pulse
coming from a ceiling fan, for instance.

Ultrasonic sensors can detect objects placed within their range, but they cannot
distinguish between different shapes and sizes. However, one can overcome this
limitation can by using two sensors instead of just one sensor. One can install both
sensors a distance away from each other, or they can be adjacent. By observing the
overlapped shaded region, one can get a better idea of the shape and size of the
target object.

10
 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Microcontrollers:-
A microcontroller is an integrated chip that is often part of an embedded
system. The microcontroller includes a CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O ports, and timers
like a standard computer, but because they are designed to execute only a single
specific task to control a single system, they are much smaller and simplified so that
they can include all the functions required on a single chip.
A microcontroller differs from a microprocessor, which is a general-purpose
chip that is used to create a multi-function computer or device and requires multiple
chips to handle various tasks. A microcontroller is meant to be more self-contained
and independent, and functions as a tiny, dedicated computer.
The great advantage of microcontrollers, as opposed to using larger
microprocessors, is that the parts-count and design costs of the item being controlled
can be kept to a minimum. They are typically designed using CMOS
(complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) technology, an efficient fabrication
technique that uses less power and is more immune to power spikes than other
techniques.
There are also multiple architectures used, but the predominant architecture
is CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer), which allows the microcontroller to
contain multiple control instructions that can be executed with a single macro
instruction. Some use a RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) architecture,
which implements fewer instructions, but delivers greater simplicity and lower
power consumption

11
 Early controllers were typically built from logic components and were
usually quite large. Later, microprocessors were used, and controllers were able to
fit onto a circuit board. Microcontrollers now place all of the needed components
onto a single chip. Because they control a single function, some complex devices
contain multiple microprocessors. Microcontrollers have become common in many
areas, and can be found in home appliances, computer equipment, and
instrumentation. They are often used in automobiles, and have many industrial uses
as well, and have become a central part of industrial robotics. Because they are
usually used to control a single process and execute simple instructions,
microcontrollers do not require significant processing power.

3.2 Application of Microcontroller:-

Microcontrollers are typically used where processing power isn't so

important.
Although some of you out there might find a microwave oven controlled by a UNIX
system an attractive idea, controlling a microwave oven is easily accomplished with
the smallest of microcontrollers. On the other hand, if he or she putting together a
cruise missile to solve the problem of his or her neighbor's dog barking at 3 in the
morning, he or she will probably need to use processors with a bit more computing
power.
Embedded processors and microcontrollers are used extensively in robotics.
In this application, many specific tasks might be distributed among a large number
of controllers in one system. Communications between each controller and a
central, possibly more powerful controller (or micro/mini/mainframe) would enable
information to be processed by the central computer, or to be passed around to other
controllers in the system (Barr, 1997).
A special application that microcontrollers are well suited for is data logging. Stick
one of these chips out in the middle of a corn field or up in a balloon, and monitor
and record environmental parameters (temperature, humidity, rain, etc.). Small size,
low
Power consumption, and flexibility make these devices ideal for unattended data
monitoring and recording.

12
 CHAPTER 4

Components of Acoustic Parking System

4.1 PING))) Ultrasonic Distance Sensor (#28015)

The Parallax PING))) ultrasonic distance sensor provides precise, non-

contact distance measurements from about 2 cm (0.8 inches) to 3 meters (3.3 yards).
It is very easy to connect to BASIC Stamp® or Javelin Stamp microcontrollers,
requiring only one I/O pin. The PING))) sensor works by transmitting an ultrasonic
(well above human hearing range) burst and providing an output pulse that
corresponds to the time required for the burst echo to return to the sensor. By
measuring the echo pulse width the distance to target can easily be calculated.

4.2 Features:-
• Supply Voltage – 5 VDC
• Supply Current – 30 mA typ; 35 mA max
• Range – 2 cm to 3 m (0.8 in to 3.3 yrds)
• Input Trigger – positive TTL pulse, 2 uS min, 5 µs typ.
• Echo Pulse – positive TTL pulse, 115 uS to 18.5 ms
• Echo Hold-off – 750 µs from fall of Trigger pulse
• Burst Frequency – 40 kHz for 200 µs
• Burst Indicator LED shows sensor activity
• Delay before next measurement – 200 µs
• Size – 22 mm H x 46 mm W x 16 mm D (0.84 in x 1.8 in x 0.6 in)

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4.3 Ping Definition:-

GND Ground (Vss)

5V 5VDC (Vdd)

SIG Signal (I/O Pin)

The PING) )) sensor has a male 3-pin header

used to supply power (5 VDC), ground, and
signal. The header allows the sensor to be
plugged into a solderless breadboard, or to
be located remotely through the use of a
standard servo extender cable (Parallax part
#805-00002). Standard connections are
show in the diagram to the right.

4.4 Quick Start Circuit:-

This circuit allows you to quickly connect your PING))) sensor to a BASIC
Stamp 2 via the Board of Education breadboard area. The PING))) module’s GND
pin connects to Vss, the 5 V pin connects to Vdd, and the SIG pin connects to I/O
pin P15.

14
4.5 Servo Cable and Port Cautions:-
If you want to connect your PING))) sensor to a Board of Education using a servo extension
cable, follow these steps:

1. When plugging the cable onto the PING))) sensor,

connect Black to GND, Red to 5 V, and White to SIG.

2. Check to see if your Board of Education servo ports

have a jumper, as shown at right.

3. If your Board of Education servo ports have a

jumper, set it to Vdd as shown.

4. If your Board of Education servo ports do not have a

jumper, do not use them with the PING))) sensor.
These ports only provide Vin, not Vdd, and this may
damage your PING))) sensor. Go to the next step.

5. Connect the servo cable directly to the breadboard

with a 3-pin header. Then, use jumper wires to connect
Black to Vss, Red to Vdd, and White to I/O pin P15.

4.6 Theory of operation:-

The PING))) sensor detects objects by emitting a short ultrasonic burst and
then "listening" for the echo. Under control of a host microcontroller (trigger pulse),
the sensor emits a short 40 kHz (ultrasonic) burst. This burst travels through the air
at about 1130 feet per second, hits an object and then bounces back to the sensor.
The PING))) sensor provides an output pulse to the host that will terminate when
the echo is detected, hence the width of this pulse corresponds to the distance to the
target.

15
 CHAPTER 5

RESULT

5.1 Result of the Experiment:-

The Acoustic parking aid offers help in situations where every centimeter
counts. By this, even the smallest parking spaces can be used easily. Annoying and
costly repairs for damage caused while parking are a thing of the past. This state-
of-the-art technology provides not only audiovisual support, but also automatic
emergency braking at low-speed, if necessary.

In a country like India where the parking space is always less than desired,
sometimes due to heavy traffic and sometimes due to irrational parking of others,
such a parking assist system can be of great help. The only thing that repels the
consumer from buying these systems is the heavy cost they have to pay for them. A
vehicle with this system can cost the buyer anywhere between 30k to50k more in
comparison to the one’s which don’t have them. Indians, who are more comfortable
with their “simple” cars than in paying the hefty price, often try to avoid the
installation of these systems. But, after going through the above report they will get
to know the importance of these upgraded systems that can prevent the future
accidents of their vehicles that will be going to happen.

5.2 System Benefits for Driver:-

• Automatic parking-space measurement

• More effective utilization of tight parking spaces

16
 • Comfortable parking and parking out

• No more annoying repairs caused by bumps and scrapes

• Comfort and support when parking and maneuvering

5.3 System Benefits for Manufacturers:-

• Driver warning can be acoustically and / or habitually dependent from

manufacturer preferences and system scope

• System can consist of two to 12 ultrasonic sensors depending on model

and requirements

• Ultrasonic sensor can even handle use cases of IIHS Rear Collision
Protection and meet the requirements of EURO NCAP 2020 (AEB-rear
pedestrian).

• Intelligent system for parking space measurement and calculation of

optimal steering maneuvers.

17
 CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION

6.1 Conclusion:-

So, the whole report that is presented above states the importance of
Acoustic Parking System, their Advantages, Dis-advantages, history, components,
working, current applications and future applications and many more competitive
areas in the field of Automobiles.

And after taking the overview of this report we got to know that, that time
is not so far when this Acoustic parking system will get applied to each and every
Automobile or any other devices in the field of Mechanical Engineering .And in
this current scenario also, these types of parking sensors has become the need of
environment to protect ourselves as well as others that hereby preventing Accidents.

6.2 References:-

1) https://www.bosch-mobility-solutions.com/en/solutions/assistance-
systems/blind-spot-detection-cv/

2) https://www.topicsforseminar.com/2017/06/acoustic-parking-system-ppt-
report.html?m=1

3) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259840742_Acoustic_Parking_S
ystem_for_Automibiles

4) http://www.ijitis.org/index.php/ijitis/article/download/47/47/117

18
5) https://www.cars-data.com/en/technical-terms/aps-acoustic-parking-
system.html

6) https://shop.volkswagen.be/fr/d-tecteurs-et-cameras-de-
recul/volkswagen/acoustic-parking-system-3-capteurs/1437/19584

7) https://www.slideshare.net/ajayact/acoustic-parking-system-aps-79216784

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