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Lect 7

Aperture time refers to the duration of the time window for an analog-to-digital converter (ADC). It is associated with errors in the digital output due to changes in the input signal during this time window. To obtain accurate amplitude resolution, an ADC needs a sufficiently small aperture time, typically in the nanosecond range for 10-12 bit resolution. Flash ADCs and successive approximation ADCs are two common types that differ in their conversion processes and scalability to higher resolutions. Key parameters for ADC selection include cost, input voltage range, output resolution, and conversion time.

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60 views10 pages

Lect 7

Aperture time refers to the duration of the time window for an analog-to-digital converter (ADC). It is associated with errors in the digital output due to changes in the input signal during this time window. To obtain accurate amplitude resolution, an ADC needs a sufficiently small aperture time, typically in the nanosecond range for 10-12 bit resolution. Flash ADCs and successive approximation ADCs are two common types that differ in their conversion processes and scalability to higher resolutions. Key parameters for ADC selection include cost, input voltage range, output resolution, and conversion time.

Uploaded by

Salem Sobhy
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Aperture time

 “Aperture time”: Duration of the time window. It is


associated with any error in the digital output due to
changes in the input during this time

 ΔV ≈ (dV(t)/dt)* ΔTa

 Sampling at or above the Nyquist frequency will give the correct frequency
components in a signal.

 However, to also obtain accurate amplitude resolution, we must have an


A/D converter with a sufficiently small aperture time. It is often in the
nanosecond range for 10- and 12-bit resolution.
Aperture time Example.
 Y= A sin( ω t ) is an input to an A/D.
 dY/dt = A ω cos(ω t ) , dY/dtmax = A ω
 ΔVmax = AωΔTa
 To eliminate uncertainty, ΔVmax < (2A/N) (Quantization Size)
 @limit, ΔVmax = (2A/N) ;
 Then; Δta = ΔVmax / A ω = (2A/N) / A ω = (2/(N ω)
 Given: Card of 10 bit resolution, signal of bandwidth = 10kHz; then
Δta = 2/(N ω) = 2 / (1024*2*3.14*10000) = 3.11* 10-8
= 31 ns.
For Nyquest, fs = 2*fmax = 20000; Ts (s.period) = 1/20000 = 0.5* 10-4 s

31 ns is very short required aperture time compared to the required minimum


sample period (50,000 nsec).
Assignment :

C.W. () 8.2 8.3 8.5 8.7 8.10 8.16 8.17 DAQ(Lab)


H.W ( ) 8.1 8.4 8.8 8.9 8.12 8.14 8.18 Report
Analog-to-Digital Converters
A/D converters : Could be:
• Successive approximation,
• Flash or parallel encoding,
• Single-slope and Dual-slope integration,
• Switched capacitor, and
• Delta sigma.

As an example; the first two will be considered (They


occur most often)
successive approximation A/D converter

 Relatively fast and cheap.


 A D/A converter in a feedback loop.
 When the D/A output = Analog input, the end signal is set, and
the correct digital output is reached.
 It takes n steps to complete the conversion (n is card
resolution).
Successive approximation A /D converter :
Conversion Process

 The input is compared to combinations of binary fractions (1/2, 1/4, 1/8, . . .


, 1/(2n) ) of the full-scale (FS)
 The control unit first turns on the most significant bit (MSB) of the register,
leaving all lesser bits at 0, and the comparator tests the DAC output against
the analog input.
 If the analog input exceeds the DAC output, the MSB is left on (high);
otherwise, it is reset to 0.
 This procedure is then applied to the next lesser significant bit and the
comparison is made again.
 After n comparisons the converter is down to the least significant bit (LSB).
The output of the DAC then represents the best digital approximation to the
analog input.
 When the process terminates, the control unit sets the end signal signifying
the end of the conversion.
Example:, a 4-bit successive approximation

(1/4+1/8+1/16)FS

 The digital result is 0110 [Max error= (1/16)FS]. Higher


resolution produces more accurate conversion.
 Conversion time = n*ΔT, ΔT is the cycle time for the D/A &
C.U.
 times for 8-, 10-, and 12-bit successive approximation A/D
converters range from 1 to 100 µs.
Flash A/D Converter.:
 consists of a bank of input
comparators acting in parallel.

 The output of the latches is in


a coded form which is easily
converted to the required
binary output..

EX: a 2-bit converter with


a resolution of four output
states.
Flash A/D Converter.:
 Adding more resolution is a simple matter of adding more resistors,
comparators, and latches. The combinational logic code converter would
also be different.

 Unlike with the successive approximation converter, adding resolution


does not increase the time required for a conversion.

. A/D Converter Selection:


Main Parameters are:
 Cost,
 Input Voltage Range,
 Output Resolution,&
 Conversion Time
Analog Multiplexers
 Several analog signals can be digitized by a
single A/D converter using an analog
multiplexer

 analog multiplexer simply switches among


several analog inputs using transistors or relays
and control signals.

 This can significantly reduce the cost of a


system’s design.

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