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Trigonometric Form of A Complex Number

This document discusses representing complex numbers in trigonometric form. It defines trigonometric form as z = r(cosθ + i sinθ) where r is the modulus and θ is the argument. Examples are given of writing complex numbers in trigonometric form and vice versa. Formulas are also given for multiplying and dividing complex numbers in trigonometric form using trigonometric angle sum and difference identities. A proof of the multiplication formula is provided using trigonometric angle sum formulas.

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Angelica Ibana Vicencio
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132 views2 pages

Trigonometric Form of A Complex Number

This document discusses representing complex numbers in trigonometric form. It defines trigonometric form as z = r(cosθ + i sinθ) where r is the modulus and θ is the argument. Examples are given of writing complex numbers in trigonometric form and vice versa. Formulas are also given for multiplying and dividing complex numbers in trigonometric form using trigonometric angle sum and difference identities. A proof of the multiplication formula is provided using trigonometric angle sum formulas.

Uploaded by

Angelica Ibana Vicencio
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Trigonometric Form of a Complex Number

Section 1: Review of Complex Numbers


Section 1.2:  Examples
Section 2: Trigonometric Form of a Complex Number
Section 2.1: Examples
Section 3:  Products and Quotients of Two Complex Numbers:
Section 3.1: Proof of Multiplication Formula

Section 1. Definition: Complex numbers can be written as z = a + bi, where a and b


are real numbers, and i = √ −1. This form, a + bi, is called the standard form of a
complex number. When graphing these, we can represent them on a coordinate plane
called the complex plane. It is a lot like the x-y-plane, but the horizontal axis represents
the real coordinate of the number, and the vertical axis represents the imaginary
coordinate.
Examples: Graph each of the following numbers on the complex plane: 2 + 3i, −1 + 4i,
−3 − 2i, 4, −i (Graph sketched in class) The absolute value of a complex number is its
distance from the origin. If z = a + bi, then |z| = |a + bi| = p a 2 + b 2.
Section 2. Trigonometric Form of a Complex Number: The trigonometric form of a
complex number z = a + bi is z = r(cos θ + isin θ), where r = |a + bi| is the modulus of z,
and tan θ = b a . θ is called the argument of z. Normally, we will require 0 ≤ θ < 2π.
Examples:
1). Write the following complex numbers in trigonometric form: (a) −4 + 4i To write the
number in trigonometric form, we need r and θ. r = √ 16 + 16 = √ 32 = 4√ 2 tan θ = 4 −4
= −1 θ = 3π 4.
since we need an angle in quadrant II (we can see this by graphing the complex
number). Then, −4 + 4i = 4√ 2 cos 3π 4 + isin 3π 4.

Note: You want to leave the angle θ in your answer instead of simplifying. There are
several reason for this. First, we worked hard to get the angle. Second, it will be easier
to do certain mathematical operations if we have the angle, as we’ll see later in this
section. (b) 2 − 2 √ 3 3 i r = r 4 + 12 9 = r 48 9 = 4 √ 3 3 tan θ = −2 √ 3 3 · 2 = − √ 3 3 θ =
11π 6, since we need an angle in quadrant IV. Then, the trigonometric form is 4 √ 3 3
cos 11π 6 + isin 11π 6.

(b) 2 − 2 √ 3 3 i r = r 4 + 12 9 = r 48 9 = 4 √ 3 3 tan θ = −2 √ 3 3 · 2 = − √ 3 3 θ = 11π 6,


since we need an angle in quadrant IV. Then, the trigonometric form is 4 √ 3 3 cos 11π
6 + isin 11π 6.
2). Write the complex number 4(cos 4π 3 + isin 4π 3) in standard form. To go from
trigonometric form to standard form, we only need to simplify: 4 cos 4π 3 + isin 4π 3 =
4 − 1 2 − i √ 3 2 = −2 − 2 √ 3 i.
Section 3. Products and Quotients of Two Complex Numbers: If z1 = r1(cos θ1 +
isin θ1) and z2 = r2(cos θ2 + isin θ2) are two complex numbers in trigonometric form,
then z1z2 = r1r2 cos (θ1 + θ2) + isin(θ1 + θ2) and z1 z2 = r1 r2 cos(θ1 − θ2) + isin(θ1 −
θ2)
Section 3.1. Proof of Multiplication Formula: We use “FOIL” to multiply the two
trigonometric forms, noting that i 2 = −1: z1z2 = r1r2(cos θ1 + isin θ1)(cos θ2 + isin θ2)
= r1r2(cos θ1 cos θ2 + isin θ2 cos θ1 + isin θ1 cos θ2 + i 2 sin θ1 sin θ2) = r1r2 cos θ1
cos θ2 − sin θ1 sin θ2 + i(sin θ2 cos θ1 + isin θ1 cos θ2) = r1r2 cos(θ1 + θ2) + isin(θ1 +
θ2) , where we used the sum formulas in Section 5.4 in the last line. To show that the
division formula holds, you can use the multiplication formula and that z1 = z1 z2 ·z2.
Example: Carry out each of the following operations: 1. 3 ( cos π 3 + isin π 3 ) · 4 ( cos
7π 4 + isin 7π 4

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