Scribd
Upload
217 views18 pages

Integration-Area Under A Curve

The document discusses approximating the area under a curve using rectangles. It introduces dividing the area into n subintervals and approximating it as the sum of the areas of rectangles in each interval. Taking the limit as the subinterval width approaches 0 yields the definition of the integral, which provides an exact value for the area. In conclusion, the area under a curve between x=a and x=b is given by the integral from a to b of f(x) dx.

Uploaded by

SarannyaRajendra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
217 views18 pages

Integration-Area Under A Curve

The document discusses approximating the area under a curve using rectangles. It introduces dividing the area into n subintervals and approximating it as the sum of the areas of rectangles in each interval. Taking the limit as the subinterval width approaches 0 yields the definition of the integral, which provides an exact value for the area. In conclusion, the area under a curve between x=a and x=b is given by the integral from a to b of f(x) dx.

Uploaded by

SarannyaRajendra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 18

When you see this symbol

Copy the notes and diagrams into your jotter.

The area under a curve


Let us first consider
the irregular shape
shown opposite.

How can we find the


area A of this shape?

The area under a curve


We can find an
approximation by
placing a grid of
squares over it.

By counting squares,
A > 33 and A < 60
i.e. 33 < A < 60

The area under a curve


By taking a finer mesh of
squares we could obtain a
better approximation for A.

We now study another way


of approximating to A, using
rectangles, in which A can be
found by a limit process.

The area under a curve


The diagram shows part
of the curve y = f(x) from
x = a to x = b.
A
We will find an expression
for the area A bounded by
the curve, the x-axis, and
the lines x = a and x = b.

The area under a curve


The interval [a,b] is
divided into n sections of
equal width, x.
A
n rectangles are then drawn
to approximate the area A
under the curve.

The area under a curve


Dashed lines represent the
height of each rectangle.
The position of each line is
given by an x-coordinate, xn.
The first rectangle
has height f(x1)
and breadth x1.

f(x1)

x1, x2 , x3, x4 , x5, x6

x1

Thus the area of the first rectangle = f(x1).x1

The area under a curve


An approximation for the
area under the curve,
between x = a to x = b,
can be found by
summing the areas of the
rectangles.

A = f(x1).x1 + f(x2).x2 + f(x3).x3 + f(x4).x4 + f(x5).x5 + f(x6).x6

The area under a curve


Using the Greek letter (sigma) to denote the sum of,
we have
i 6

A f ( xi ).xi
i 1

For any number n rectangles, we then have


in

A f ( xi ).xi
i 1

The area under a curve


In order to emphasise that the sum extends over the
interval [a,b], we often write the sum as
ixna

A
ff ((xxi ).x
ix1b

The area under a curve


By increasing the number n rectangles, we decrease their
breadth x.
As x gets increasingly smaller we say it tends to zero,
i.e. x 0.
So we define

x a

A lim
f ( x).x
x 0
x b

Remember, we
met limits
before with
Differentiation

The area under a curve


The form

xa

A lim
f ( x).x
x 0
x b

was simplified into the form that we are familiar with


today
xa
b

A Alim
f ( x).x

x
0 f ( x ) dx
a x b

This reads
the area A is equal to the integral of f(x) from a to b.

The area under a curve


We have derived a method for finding the area under a curve
and a formal notation
b

A a f ( x) dx
We have seen the integration symbol before in connection
with anti-differentiation, but we have not yet connected
finding the area under a curve with the process of
integration.

The area under a curve


Let us remind
ourselves of where we
started.

Can we apply this method to calculate the area under a curve?

The area under a curve


Consider a strip under the
curve h wide.

f(x)

The inner rectangle has area

f(x+h)

h f(x).
The outer rectangle has area
h f(x+h).
The actual area is given by
A(x+h) A(x).

h
x x+h
A(x)

A(x+h)
x+h

The area under a curve

f(x)
f(x+h)
h
x x+h

Comparing areas,

A(x)

h f(x) A(x+h) A(x) h f(x+h)

The area under a curve


h f(x) A(x+h) A(x) h f(x+h)
Dividing by h ( 0),
As h 0,

A( x h) A( x)
f ( x)
f ( x h)
h
A( x h) A( x)
f ( x ) lim
f ( x)
h 0
h
A( x h) A( x)
f ( x) lim
h 0
h

So f(x) = A(x), by the definition of a derived function


and A( x ) f ( x)dx, by the definition of integration.

The area under a curve


In conclusion,
the area A bounded by the x-axis, the lines x = a and x = b
and the curve y = f(x) is denoted by,

f
(
x
)
dx
a

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy