Mines and Infrastructure Industries

Carry out measurements and

calculations
RIICCM201

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RIICCM201D – Carry out measurements and calculations

Contents
Unit Overview .................................................................................................................................. 3
Unit Name ..................................................................................................................................... 3
Prerequisites ................................................................................................................................. 3
Unit Descriptor .............................................................................................................................. 3
Application of the Unit .................................................................................................................. 3
Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL) ............................................................................................... 3
Safety ............................................................................................................................................ 3
Assessment ................................................................................................................................... 4
Elements and Performance Criteria.................................................................................................. 5
Required Skills and Knowledge ........................................................................................................ 5
Range Statement........................................................................................................................... 6
Evidence Guide ............................................................................................................................. 7
Awarding Competence ..................................................................................................................... 8
Planning work................................................................................................................................... 9
Breaking into sequenced tasks ...................................................................................................... 9
Time management ........................................................................................................................ 9
Compliance documentation ........................................................................................................ 10
Legislation ................................................................................................................................... 11
Common law ............................................................................................................................... 12
Activity ........................................................................................................................................ 12
Employment conditions .............................................................................................................. 12
Duties of workers ........................................................................................................................ 13
Being accountable ....................................................................................................................... 13
Task requirements ...................................................................................................................... 14
Forms of instruction .................................................................................................................... 15
What's in a work instruction? ...................................................................................................... 15
Remember... ............................................................................................................................... 15
Measuring tools.............................................................................................................................. 16
Types of measurements .............................................................................................................. 16
Measuring tools .......................................................................................................................... 16
Measuring tape ........................................................................................................................... 16
Rulers .......................................................................................................................................... 17
Depth gauge................................................................................................................................ 17
Squares ....................................................................................................................................... 18
Calculator .................................................................................................................................... 19
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Maintaining equipment ............................................................................................................... 19

Perform measures .......................................................................................................................... 19
Accuracy ..................................................................................................................................... 19
Types of measurement: Length ................................................................................................... 19
Types of measurement: Height ................................................................................................... 20
Types of measurement: Width .................................................................................................... 20
Types of measurement: Vertical Height....................................................................................... 20
Types of measurement: Perimeter .............................................................................................. 21
Types of measurement: Parts of a circle ...................................................................................... 21
Types of measurement: Area ...................................................................................................... 22
Types of measurement: Volume .................................................................................................. 22
Types of measurement: Mass...................................................................................................... 22
Mathematical Formulas ................................................................................................................. 23
Formulas you must use ............................................................................................................... 23
Quadrilateral ............................................................................................................................... 23
Triangle ....................................................................................................................................... 23
Circle ........................................................................................................................................... 24
Solids .......................................................................................................................................... 24
Calculators ...................................................................................................................................... 25
Using a calculator ........................................................................................................................ 25
How to use a calculator ............................................................................................................... 26
Here are the ten simple rules for understanding and using the keys on a simple calculator. ....... 26
Measure conversions .................................................................................................................. 27
Keeping site documents .............................................................................................................. 28
Estimation and Approximation ...................................................................................................... 28
Rounding off ............................................................................................................................... 28
Estimating ................................................................................................................................... 29
Maths in the real world .................................................................................................................. 29

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RIICCM201D – Carry out measurements and calculations

Unit Overview

Unit Name
RIICCM201D: Carry out measurements and calculations

Prerequisites
There are no prerequisites for this unit.

Unit Descriptor
This unit describes a participant’s skills and knowledge required to carry out measurements and
calculations in Civil Construction.

Application of the Unit

This unit is appropriate for those working in an assistant role at worksites within:
• Civil construction
• Coal mining
• Drilling
• Extractive industries
• Metalliferous mining

Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL)

If you believe you can demonstrate the standard’s elements and performance criteria for these
units, then you should speak to your teacher/trainer about the RPL process.

The objective of Recognition of Prior Learning is to ensure that an individual’s prior (current)
learning achieved through formal and informal training, work experience or other life experiences is
appropriately recognised. The RPL process identifies the knowledge and skills that a person has
learned from these experiences and matches this against competencies of the course of study or a
set of competency standards as endorsed by Australian Standards Quality Authority and developed
by appropriate industry bodies.

Safety
As per the competency standard, all operations are subject to the required Workplace Health and
Safety requirements and these are not to be compromised at any time. Where there is an apparent
conflict between performance criteria and Workplace Health and Safety requirements, the
Workplace Health and Safety requirements take precedence.

All Workplace Health and Safety requirements are to be demonstrated at all times.

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RIICCM201D – Carry out measurements and calculations

Assessment
Notes for the Student Prior to Assessment
The assessment for this unit covers the skills and knowledge required for RIICCM201D. It has been
developed to meet the outcomes required by the training package and relevant competency
standard.

The assessment consists of both theory and practical components and each section must be
successfully completed to be deemed competent.

Unless otherwise stated in the assessment tool:

• All Knowledge/theory questions must be completed correctly.
• All practical components must be demonstrated to reflect the requirements of the
standard. This may be required more than once to show consistency and will require the
application of site procedures including environmental and health and safety.
‘
Preparation for the Assessment
You are advised to familiarise yourself with the National Competency Standard against which you
will be assessed. Each standard outlines an evidence guide which lists the critical aspects of
evidence and the required knowledge and skills you must demonstrate to achieve competence in
the unit. It is advised that you take particular note of the Critical Aspects of Evidence within the
standard and be able to apply them in the context of the assessment. You may access the details of
this standard through the website, www.training.gov.au , or by requesting these from your trainer.

Note: It is the responsibility of the assessor to fully brief and instruct you on the assessment
format and the WHS requirements.

Prior to Commencing the Assessment

Before commencing the assessment, please read the following carefully;
1. Read through the assessment tool and instructions before beginning the assessment as
there may be specific requirements of which you may not be aware.
2. Note the time allocated to complete the theory component.
3. If you have difficulty reading or understanding the questions within the assessment, please
ask your assessor for assistance.
4. As this assessment relates to the Civil construction, Coal mining, Drilling, Metalliferous
mining and Extractive industries, you may need to reference the specific requirements of
the site at which you are working.

Assessment Process
The assessment may be commenced at any stage. If at any point you are identified as Not Yet
Competent (NYC) for the criteria or section being assessed the assessment process will cease
immediately and you will be informed of the decision.

On completion of the assessment:

Upon successful completion of this assessment, the results will be recorded and you will be asked
to verify that you have been informed of the result. You will be recognised as being competent
against the standard and a statement of results will be issued.

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If you are deemed not yet competent, your supervisor/assessor will discuss the outcome of the
assessment with you. As part of this process, the assessor will identify the skills gap and
recommend a plan for further training. The Not Yet Competent result will still be recorded and the
assessor may be required to notify the workplace supervisor of the outcome of the assessment.
When you are considered to be ready for reassessment, a new assessment date will be set.

Elements and Performance Criteria

PERFORMANCE CRITERIA
ELEMENT
1. Plan and prepare for 1.1 Access, interpret and apply measurements and
measurements and calculations documentation and ensure the work activity
calculations is compliant
1.2 Obtain, read, interpret, clarify and confirm work
requirements
1.3 Select, and check for faults, equipment/tools for work
activities

2. Perform measurements 2.1 Select and apply method of obtaining the measurement
2.2 Obtain measurements using appropriate tool, and
ensure required accuracy
2.3 Confirm and record measurements

3. Perform calculations 3.1 Select appropriate calculation method

3.2 Calculate values for the project using the appropriate
factors
3.3 Confirm and record results

4. Estimate quantities 4.1 Select appropriate formulas for calculating quantities

4.2 Make calculations for determining quantities
4.3 Estimate quantities from the calculations taken
4.4 Confirm and record quantities for the project within
project tolerances

Required Skills and Knowledge

This section describes the skills and knowledge required for this unit.
Required skills
This includes the ability to carry out the following as required to carry out measurements and
calculations:
• Locate, interpret and apply relevant information
• Comply with site safety plan, OHS regulations and State / Territory legislation applicable
to the workplace operations
• Comply with organisational policies and procedures including quality requirements

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• Complete measurements, calculations and determination of quantities for at least three

different projects of varying complexity
• Calculate each of the following using a realistic civil construction task for example:

o Length
o Perimeter
o Circumference
o Area
o Volume
o Number
o Ratio
o Percentage
o Conversion of metres to millimetres and millimetres to metres
o Measure using a rule or tape measure five separate tasks within 1mm accuracy
• Use operational tools and equipment safely and effectively
• Communicate and work effectively and safely with others
Required knowledge
This includes knowledge of the following, as required to carry out measurements and
calculations:
• Site and equipment safety requirements
• Measuring, calculating, geometry and determination of quantities
• Tolerances
• Calculators
• Company procedures
• Project quality requirements
• Communication devices
• Processes for care of measuring equipment
• Civil construction terminology
• JSA’s / Safe work method statement

Range Statement
The range statement relates to the unit of competency as a whole. It allows for different work
environments and situations that may affect performance. Bold italicised wording, if used in the
performance criteria, is detailed below. Essential operating conditions that may be present with
training and assessment (depending on the work situation, needs of the candidate, accessibility
of the item, and local industry and regional contexts) may also be included.

Compliance documentation may

include: • Legislative, organisation and site requirements and
procedures
• Manufacturer’s guidelines and specifications
• Australian standards
• Code of practice
• Employment and workplace relations legislation
Equal Employment Opportunity and Disability
Discrimination Legislation
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Measurement may include: Length, area, weight, height, width, depth, volume,
mass, scales, perimeters, quantities, numbers, grade

Calculations may be performed • Addition, subtraction, multiplication and division

manually and with the aid of a • Length, perimeter, circumference, area,
calculator and may include:

Evidence Guide
The evidence guide provides advice on assessment and must be read in conjunction with the
performance criteria, required skills and knowledge, range statement and the Assessment
Guidelines for the Training Package.

Overview of assessment
Critical aspects for assessment and • Knowledge of the requirements, procedures
evidence required to demonstrate and instructions for carrying out measurements
competency in this unit and calculations
• Implementation of requirements, procedures
and techniques for the safe, effective and
efficient carrying out of measurements and
calculations
• Working with others to undertake and complete
measurements and calculations that meet all of
the required outcomes
• Consistent timely completion of measurements
and calculations that safely, effectively and
efficiently meets the required outcomes

Context of and specific resources for This unit must be assessed in the context of the work
assessment environment. Where personal safety or environmental
damage are limiting factors, assessment may occur in a
simulated environment provided it is realistic and
sufficiently rigorous to cover all aspects of workplace
performance, including task skills, task management
skills, contingency management skills and job role
environment skills.

Evidence for assessment is best gathered using the

outcomes of products and processes of the workplace
context.

Method of assessment This unit may be assessed in a holistic way with other
units of competency. The assessment strategy for this
unit must verify required knowledge and skill and
practical application using more than one of the
following assessment methods:
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• Written and / or oral assessment of the

candidate’s required knowledge
• Observed, documented and / or first hand
testimonial evidence of the candidate’s:
• Implementation of appropriate requirements,
procedures and techniques for the safe,
effective and efficient achievement of required
outcomes
• Consistent achievement of required outcomes
• First hand testimonial evidence of the
candidate’s competency in the workplace.

Guidance information for assessment Consult the TEIA website for further information on
assessment including access and equity issues.

Awarding Competence
The Performance Criteria for this unit will be assessed using the assessment tools detailed below:
1. Work Journal provided by the trainer of this course.
2. All theory questions (all to be correct)
3. Practical work initiated tasks completed to the satisfaction of the nominated company
assessor. (This may be recorded in either the Observation or Third Party Report formats)

The pass mark for all assessments is 100%. If you do not obtain 100% on the applied assessment
items, you will be deemed ‘not yet competent’ and asked to undertake further study prior to being
re-assessed.

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Planning work
Planning and organising work is a necessary part of an efficient and safe workplace. When a job is
planned, it will have a better chance of running smoothly. You will regularly receive instructions on
the jobs you need to perform.

The main elements of planning and organising a job include:

• The tasks
• Who is involved
• The resources you will need to complete them
• How long each task should take
• Other information such as safety and advice for task completion
• Clear purpose

In any job you must have a clear idea of what you are setting out to achieve.

Get your priorities clear in your mind and if necessary write them down so you can carry them out
easily. Always listen carefully when job instructions are being provided.

Breaking into sequenced tasks

One of the first things you must do when given a work instruction is to be clear about what is
required as the outcome. Once you know what you are expected to achieve you can work
backwards and plan how to get it done!

As you look 'backwards' at the job, you need to think about what stages or small tasks (often called
sub-tasks) need to occur to get the job done.

As you think of the sub-tasks you need to also consider in order or sequence you will complete
these in. If you get the sub-tasks right but the order to do them in wrong, the job outcome won't be
there! If you miss a sub-task, but get the order right for the ones you have, you'll still get the job
wrong.

So, think carefully about what needs to be done in the smallest task possible to complete the job.
Now arrange these sub-tasks in the correct sequence to achieve the results you and the boss want.

Time management
Managing your time requires a conscious effort by you each day. Unless you are prepared to get the
most out of each day, both at work and at play, then you will always feel that you are trying to
catch up.

Time management is the act or process of planning and exercising your control over the amount of
time spent on specific activities, especially to increase your effectiveness, efficiency or productivity.
To be good at time management you need to plan your tasks and understand what resources there
are around you that can be used to accomplish your specific tasks, projects and goals.
If you become competent at time management and learn to prioritise and order tasks, you will find
your job less stressful and you will achieve more. Things can become very stressful, unhealthy,
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inefficient, and demoralising, when you are not organised. There is nothing quite like having control
over your work and being prepared for any problems.

Compliance documentation
Compliance documentation are the documents that must be completed in a job. These documents
are required to show that the workplace is following the established laws, set practices and
standards that must be in place.

It is not about you might complete; it is not about you'll finish them later; it is not about you'll work
on if you have time! Compliance documents are documents that must be read and followed and in
some cases completed by you.

Failing to follow and work correctly with compliance documents may lead you to lose your job. In
workplaces where there are inherent dangers around you, if you do not follow the rules you can
expect to be looking for another line of work!

Examples of personal compliance documents

Compliance documents that you carry in a person sense would be a driver's license and an Adult
Proof of Age Card.

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Examples of workplace compliance documents

Here are two types of workplace compliance documents. The first one in purple is a pre-start
inspection checklist for dump trucks and other heavy equipment. The second one (red) is a light
vehicle inspection form - this would be used on utes, four wheel drives, etc. Investigate both forms.

Legislation
Legislation are the formal rules and laws set by governments.

The following regulations, procedures, standards and safety considerations may apply to planning
and organise your work activities:
• Mining Act and Regulations
• Environmental Protection Act
• Equal Employment Opportunity and Disability Discrimination legislation
• Employment and workplace relations legislation
• Duty of care
• Code of Practice
• Occupational Health and Safety legislation
• Australian Standards
• Manufacturer’s specifications and recommendations
• Site specific regulations and procedures

What is the difference between an Act and a Regulation?

An Act is passed by Parliament and provides the framework which deals with administration,
management, inspection, areas of responsibility, duties and penalties, i.e. for Ministers, Inspectors,
Mine Managers. Acts are LAW.

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Regulations are an Act passed by Parliament and details the specific elements, such as regulations
concerning the use and operation of mobile lighting plant, the levels of a specific chemical that can
be found in the air within a mine, etc. They are the minimum standard to be complied with.
Regulations are also law.

Common law
Common law is the set of laws that are formed, not from government (i.e. statute law), but from
past judgments in courts and judicial decisions. The major common law that affects us all is that
about individual obligation.

Every person owes an obligation. To discharge their obligation, each person must act in a manner,
which shows consideration to other people and property, i.e. to act in a manner, which a
reasonable person (with such training/and or experience) would consider fair, just and safe.

If you act negligently in an inadvertent manner, i.e. you do not think about how you act or the
consequences, you will be liable. If you act negligently in a reckless or wilful manner, i.e. you
deliberately decide to act in a manner, which is likely or calculated to cause damage/loss, you will
be liable, and may be charged with a crime in certain circumstances (insurance does not cover you
for such acts).

Activity

In this activity you are to use the Internet to search for answers to these questions.

1. What is the current legislation that covers Workplace Health and Safety within your state or
territory?

2. What is meant by 'common law'?

Email your answers to your teacher/trainer.

Employment conditions
Your employment conditions are set by the award that is used in your industry.

The award outlines your hours of work, pay rates, leave entitlements, allowances, etc.

Your position description will also outline what your employer's expectations are of you.

These are valuable sources of information during the planning phase of a work task ensure that you
are working within your parameters of your obligations.

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Duties of workers
Through the awards, regulations and other forms of law broad expectations or duties of workers
have been set. Any worker however regardless of the industry they work in or where they are
working, has a common set of duties:
• Take reasonable care for his or her own health and safety.
• Take reasonable care that his or her acts or omissions do not adversely affect the health and
safety of other persons.
• Comply so far as the worker is reasonably able, with any reasonable instruction that is given
by the person conducting the business or undertaking to allow the person to comply with
the relevant legislation.
• Co-operate with any reasonable policy or procedure of the person conducting the business
or undertaking relating to health or safety at the workplace that has been notified to
workers.
• Identify and report risks and hazards.
• Use or wear appropriate personal protective equipment.
• Not intentionally misuse or cause damage to equipment.

Being accountable
Accountability is defined as “being responsible to somebody or for something”.

In a work sense, accountability is about being true to your word and meeting all of your
responsibilities. It is also about being true to yourself and your personal expectations of doing a
good job.

Accountability is an individual value. Real accountability cannot be forced; it must be voluntary.

Your accountability is really up to you, but you will be judged by other workers and the bosses on
how you demonstrate your accountability.

There are three elements to personal accountability:

Honesty
Be honest with yourself about your reasons and motivations for your actions.

Be clear about the consequences and accept them graciously.

Try this: Carefully listen to everything you say for one day. How many times do you lie or
fudge the truth? This exercise in honesty can be difficult, but the results are surprising.
We tell white lies a lot to make ourselves and others feel better. Try developing other
skills, like tact and diplomacy, so that you can be honest but still be polite and kind.

Responsibility
Once you have gotten a handle on being accountable to yourself, begin accepting
responsibility when and where it is deserved. At the same time, do not be afraid to assign
responsibility if it truly belongs to someone else.

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It can be hard to take the high road and be accountable for your actions, particularly if
others around you don’t choose the same path. It is not your place to preach or judge
others, but you should act assertively and ask that they take responsibility for their
actions.

Example: Responsibility
John is the manager of the processing plant section. Last Friday was the end of the
month, and he didn’t get his monthly report completed on time. At first, he thought, “It’s
all Mary’s fault. She didn’t get those daily tonnage figures to me until Thursday afternoon.
If it weren’t for that, I would have had my report done on time.”

After a minute, though, John thinks about it a little bit more. The truth was he hadn’t
done any work on the report until Friday morning. He hadn’t even asked Mary for the
figures until Wednesday afternoon. He probably could have gotten them out of the
system himself if he had really tried. Sure, Mary probably could have gotten the figures to
him faster, but he realized that there was a lot more he could have done to help himself.
Work instructions

When planning any work you must take into account your duty of care obligations and the
policy and procedures of your workplace.

You must make sure your conduct is safe and does not place others at risk.

Assertiveness
Assertiveness is a word we tend to use without really understanding what it means. We
sometimes picture assertive people as being inconsiderate and very demanding. Rather,
assertive people express their feelings, needs, and opinions in a forthright manner.
However, they are not abrasive; that is the hallmark of the aggressive person.

Assertiveness is behavior that allows a person to express honest feelings in a

straightforward way and to exercise personal rights without changing the rights of others.
Assertive people feel positive about themselves and others. They are willing to give
others a chance to be reasonable before using less positive tactics. They want to openly
discuss problems based on facts and needs. Assertion is based on respect for you and
respect for the other person.

Task requirements
The task requirements will be outlined in your work instructions for that job. Generally these
instructions will be provided by your immediate supervisor, the team leader, site manager or other
person in direct authority.

Example
You are to work on pipes running beside a mine access road. You need to cordon off an area
where you will be working. You need to put up signs and barrier fences to warn others about the
type of work being done.

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Forms of instruction
Work instructions can be received by you or your work team in several different ways. The most
common ways of receiving work instructions in a mining or construction workplace are:
Written documentation
Verbal instructions
Team meetings
Plans / specifications

What's in a work instruction?

Work instructions should provide employees with the following basic information:
1. The purpose of the job
2. The work activity to be done and sequence of tasks
3. Hazard assessment
4. Emergency requirements
5. PPE requirements
6. Time frames
7. Priorities

Example
Below is a basic work instruction that could be given for digging a trench for the laying of a 20
metre pipeline.

Remember...
Your written instructions will include information on the procedures, hazard assessment,
maintenance requirements, what to do in an emergency and so on.

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The more information you have about a job the more you will understand how to be safe and
efficient and be able to plan your part in it.
If you do not understand the instructions you receive then you must ask your supervisor to clarify
them. Things can go wrong if you don’t understand instructions properly.

Measuring tools
Types of measurements
There are certain types of measurements and calculations that you must be familiar with. These
include:
Area
Length
Volume
Mass
Right angles
Depth
Quantities
Grade
Percentages
Conversions
Ratios
Addition
Subtraction
Division
Multiplication

Measuring tools
You will use a range of different instruments to do measurements in the workplace.

You will also need to select the appropriate equipment for the requirements of the job.

You will need to know how to use these tools competently:

A calculator
Squares
A tape measure
Scales
A depth gauge
A ruler

Measuring tape
Measuring tapes are used to measure linear length
such as height, length and width.

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The fixed end hook is placed in a position to take an inside or outside measurement, so it is
important to position it correctly.

The measuring tape can be used in most situations, but it is best used to taking bigger
measurements. You don’t have the errors that occur when using a ruler for measuring a distance
longer than its length. Also curved surfaces can be measured accurately.

The following picture shows the different features of a measuring tape.

Rulers
The ruler is used for measuring short lengths. Generally for lengths greater than two metres, a
measuring tape is used. Metric rulers are divided into centimetres, half centimetres and
millimetres. A common type of ruler is shown below:

Depth gauge
A depth gauge is a measuring tool developed from a steel
ruler:

Depth gauges are used to measure:

• Depth of holes
• Depths of recesses and slots
• Distances in from the edges of work

The depth gauge consists of a narrow steel rules, fitted with a

sliding frame that is clamped along the ruler.

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Scales
Scales is a measuring instrument for determining the mass or weight of an object. These tools may
be small such as found in laboratories, medium size such as found in your home or larger which can
measure the weight of trucks (e.g. weigh-bridges).

The name scales derives from the historical practice of using a pair of scales or dishes in which
objects to be weighed and the weights / masses against which to weigh them are placed.

For more information on the different types of scales and their use, check out this
website:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighing_scale

Squares
A square is a hand tool consisting of two straight arms at right angles; used to construct or test right
angles and 45o angles. There are generally two common types: the carpenter's square used for
wood working and a steel square which is larger and often used in metal fabrication.

Examples of carpenter’s
square

Example of steel square

used for metal
fabrication

The longer arm of the square is called the blade; the shorter arm is called the tongue.

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Calculator
A calculator is an electronic device used for making mathematical
calculations. It generally is made up of a numerical and symbol keyboard
and a visual display. Calculators are generally small and hand held. They
operate on batteries and can be easily carried around in a work shirt pocket.

Most smartphones incorporate a calculator function.

Maintaining equipment
It is very important to keep measuring and calculating equipment in good condition.

You should keep it away from damp conditions and free from any dirt and grime that will cause it to
malfunction.

Any faults with equipment should be rectified or reported.

Perform measures
Accuracy
When planning any work you must take into account taking measurements, it is vital that you are
accurate. There is an old saying in carpentry...

Before cutting, measure once, measure twice, now measure the bloody thing again!

Types of measurement: Length

The length of an object is a linear measurement of how long something is.

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Types of measurement: Height

The height of an object is a linear measurement of how high it is.

Types of measurement: Width

The width of an object is a linear measurement of how wide it is.

Types of measurement: Vertical Height

The vertical height is the term for the linear measurement of the height of a triangle as measured
from a right angle to the triangle's base.

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Types of measurement: Perimeter

Perimeter is the term for the linear measurement of the length around a plane shape, i.e. the
distance around a shape.

Types of measurement: Parts of a circle

A circle has specific names for certain parts of that figure.

The diameter is the length of a straight line passing through the centre of a circle and connecting
two points on the circumference.

The radius is the measurement from the centre of a circle to any point on its outer circumference,
which is half the diameter.

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Types of measurement: Area

Area is the measurement of the amount of space covered on a flat surface. Area is usually
expressed as a squared figure and is represented as a small 2 like 2 . The term squared in maths is
when a figure actually equals what it would if it was multiplied by itself. It is just another way of
writing it.

For example, 3 metres squared is the same as 3m x 3m and is written as 3 m2.

Types of measurement: Volume

Volume is the amount of space taken up in a three-dimensional shape, such as a container or length
of pipe.

Volume is related to capacity, for example, the amount of liquid that a

container can hold.

Volume is expressed in terms of cubic units of measurements.

Example: 5 cubic metres (5 m3). It is said to be cubed if it is multiplied by itself

three times such as
5 x 5 x 5.

How much liquid does this drum contain? OR What is the volume of this
drum?

Types of measurement: Mass

Mass refers to how heavy something is. Calculating something’s mass is as easy as placing it on a set
of scales and taking a reading.

Scales come in many different shapes and sizes. They can be used to weight a range of equipment
from heavy to light.

There may be situations where you have to calculate the weight of several different types of objects
to get the overall weight when they are combined.

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Mathematical Formulas
Formulas you must use
There are a number of simple formula you must be able to use as a matter of routine if you wish to
work in the construction or mining industries.

In this section you will be provided with a brief lesson on how to interpret and use these formulae.

After you have worked through these you will need to apply them in the next section.

Quadrilateral
A quadrilateral is any four sided figure that has only right angles (i.e. 90o). This includes all squares
and rectangles.

Perimeter
To find the perimeter simply add up the four sides, The formula shows a short cut - add the Length
and the Height and then multiple the answer by 2:

Perimeter = (Length + Height) x 2

Area
To find the area simply multiple the length of the figure by the height of the figure to find the area:

Area = Length x Height

Example
In this example we have a rectangle that has a length of 8 metres and a height of 4 metres.

If we apply the correct formula of Area = Length x Height we then simply substitute the two
values of 8 and 4 metres, then multiply these together.
The result of 32 indicates that the area of the perimeter is 32 metres squared.

Triangle
A triangle is a plane figure with three sides, i.e. a triangle is any three sided figure.

Perimeter of triangle
Simply add the three sides up.

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Area of triangle
A triangle is any three sided figure. The vertical height must be at right angles
to the base of the triangle. (i.e. 90o) To find the area simply multiple the base
of the figure by the vertical height of the figure then divide by 2 to find the
area.

Area = Base x Vertical Height

2

Circle

Circumference of circle
To find the circumference of a circle you need to apply this formula:

Circumference of circle = pi x diameter

Area of a circle
To find the area of a circle you need to apply this formula:

Area = pi x radius2

Note: The value of pi has a reoccurring decimal (the decimal goes on and on) but in general
calculations pi is regarded as bring valued at 3.14 (decimal) or 22/7 (common fraction).

Solids
A solid is a three dimensional shape. Volume is the space within a solid.

Volume of a rectangular solid

To work out the volume of a rectangular
solid is to simply multiply the length, height
and width together.

Area = Length x Height x Width

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Volume of a circular solid (cylinder)

A cylinder is a three dimensional solid with two faces as circles.

To work out the volume of a cylindrical shape such as a pipe, then you
must use find the area of the circular base then multiple by the height of
the cylinder.

Area = pi x radius2 x Height

Calculators
Using a calculator
A calculator is a device for performing numerical calculations. It replaces the
need to manually perform the calculations in your head and is especially
useful when dealing with big equations that would take time and effort to
work out manually.

We all think we can use a calculator but often we can only do the most basic
of activities. Experiment and practice with your calculator. You must be able
to use all the keys correctly in your calculations.

Here is a 'cheat sheet' on how to get the best out of your calculator and what
all those funny keys mean.

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How to use a calculator

Here are the ten simple rules for understanding and using the keys on a simple calculator.

1 Turn the calculator on by pressing the "on" button if necessary.

2 Press a number button and a function button followed by another number buttons. The
functions of most basic calculators are:
addition (+)
subtraction (-)
multiplication (x or *) and
division (/ or the traditional two dots separated by a horizontal line).
After you've pressed the numbers and the function buttons, press the equal sign (=) for the
answer.

3 Use the square root button (looks like a check mark) for square roots. Square roots are the
numbers that can be multiplied by themselves to equal another number. Example: The square
root of nine is three.

4 Press the button that has a negative sign (most calculators have a "+/-" button) in order to
assign a negative value to a number.

5 Use the percentage button (%) in order to find the result of an operation as a percentage.
Example: If you wanted to know what 10 times 10 percent was, you would press 10 *10 %,
and you would receive the answer "1."

6 Press the 1/x button in order to find a reciprocal. A reciprocal is an inverted fraction.
Example: If you press 5 and 1/x you would get 0.2 as an answer since you inverted 5/1 to 1/5.

7 Clear your current calculation by pressing "C."

8 Clear only your current numerical value by pressing "CE."

9 Press MS to save a number to the calculator's memory. Press M+ to add another number to
any previous numbers stored.

10 Press MR to retrieve a number in the memory, and press MC to clear a number that was
stored.

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Measure conversions
It is vital in your future job that you can quickly convert one measure into others. The best way of
being competent in measurement conversion is to rote learn the information.

Print out this document that lists all the common conversions and ensure you know it "off by
heart"! There are also many websites that can help with these conversions as well as free apps for
smartphones. Use whatever is best for you...

Metric or SI Prefixes
Prefix Abbreviation Factor Example
kilo- k 1,000 kilogram, 1 kg = 1,000 g
hecto- h 100 hectoliter, 1 hL = 100 L
deka- da 10 dekameter, 1 dam = 10 m
1 meter, liter
deci- d 0.1 decigram, 1 dg = 0.1 g
centi- c 0.01 centimeter, 1 cm = 0.01 m
milli- m 0.001 milliliter, 1 mL = 0.001 L
micro- µ 0.000 001 micrometer, 1 µm = 0.000 001 m

Metric or SI Conversion Table

SI units From SI to English From English to SI
Length
kilometer (km) = 1,000 m 1 km = 0.621 mi 1 mi = 1.609 km
meter (m) = 100 cm 1 m = 3.281 ft 1 ft = 0.305 m
centimeter (cm) = 0.01 m 1 cm = 0.394 in. 1 in. = 2.540 cm
millimeter (mm) = 0.001 m 1 mm = 0.039 in.
micrometer (µm) = 0.000 001 m
nanometer (nm) = 0.000 000 001 m
Area
2 2 2 2
square kilometer (km2) = 100 hectares 1 km = 0.386 mi 1 mi = 2.590
2
hectare (ha) = 10,000 m 1 ha = 2.471 acres 1 acre = 0.405 ha
2 2 2 2 2 2
square meter (m ) = 10,000 cm 1 m = 10.765 ft 1 ft = 0.093 m
2 2 2 2 2 2
square centimeter (cm ) = 100 mm 1 cm = 0.155 in. 1 in. = 6.452 cm
Volume
3
liter (L) = 1,000 mL = 1 dm 1 L = 1.057 fl qt 1 fl qt = 0.946 L
3
milliliter (mL) = 0.001 L = 1 cm 1 mL = 0.034 fl oz 1 fl oz = 29.575 mL
microliter (µL) = 0.000 001 L
Mass
kilogram (kg) = 1,000 g 1 kg = 2.205 lb 1 lb = 0.454 kg
gram (g) = 1,000 mg 1 g = 0.035 oz 1 oz = 28.349 g
milligram (mg) = 0.001 g
microgram (µg) = 0.000 001 g

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Keeping site documents

When performing any calculations you must keep proper records as required by your workplace
policy and procedures. Keeping records will also provide evidence of your results if you need to
refer to the calculation again.

This will save time in the future. When doing any calculations and measurements, record these
clearly so if you need to consult them again you can immediately understand what each one refers
to.
A word on accuracy
It is very important to have a methodical approach to getting measurements right by checking your
calculations and not rushing what you are doing.

Even the smallest mistake can jepodise accuracy, quality and efficiency, and could end up being
very costly. You should confirm that your measurements are correct before beginning any
calculations and double check or have another person check your calculations.

Estimation and Approximation

Rounding off
Rounding is most commonly used to limit the amount of decimal places. Instead of having a long
string of decimal places, you can get a ballpark or general value. This would be used when you need
to get an approximate value, maybe for the quote of material or to get an idea of how much
material will be needed.

So in rounding off you might think that the measurement required is

24.5 metres of steel bar, but steel bar comes in 7.5 metre lengths.

Rather than ask for the exact length you believe you need you might
round off to the nearest set length. In this example you would get 4
lengths of steel bar.

Rounding up or down
Rounding Up Rounding Down
Usually you round up if a decimal place is Usually you round down if a decimal place is
greater than five. smaller than five.
For example: For example:
• 5.7 will be rounded up to 6 • 5.4 will be rounded down to 5
• 5.79 will be rounded up to 5.8 • 5.73 will be rounded down to 5.7

Generally when you are taking measurements you will not round off a number as this will decrease
accuracy.
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Estimating
While it is very important to know how to measure the exact length, width and volume of certain
materials or areas, at times only an approximate value is required.

Being able to find approximate values for materials or areas is a very valuable skill.

Estimating is a practice skill. You cannot learn it from books; you must practice it. Estimate the
length of a piece of timber; now check it with a tape measure. Do this enough times and you will
start to get accurate in your estimation!

Maths in the real world

You must be able to successful calculate a number of mathematical problems that are commonly
found in the mining and civil construction industries. If you cannot do all of the calculations
associated with the list of mathematical activities below, you will need to find tutorial assistance
and build your skills in these areas.
Area of place figures
Length (single measure and combined)
Volume (rectangular and cylinders)
Mass (weight of objects and combined weights)
Right angles (identifying and using in calculations)
Depth (measuring and combining)
Quantities (using all four operations in all of the above measures)
Percentages (finding percentages, using simple and compound interests)
Conversions (converting measures between different units of measurement)
Ratios (application)
Addition (to six figures including decimals to thousandths)
Subtraction (to six figures including decimals to thousandths
Division (to six figures including decimals to thousandths)
Multiplication (to six figures including decimals to thousandths)

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