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402 views256 pagesLecture Note Senior
Uploaded by
Andreas Novembri SudinCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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Cia brreaee
Nera MEL} =
Co y ¥ cS) oer
Series
Lecture Notes on
Mathematical
Olympiad Courses
For Senior Section Vol. 1
Ye World Scientific Mathematical Olympiad Series
SSN: 19.464
Lee Peng Yee (Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
Series Baers ng Bin (East China Normal University, China)
——_—_—
Published
Vol.
Vol.2
Vol.3
Vol. 4
Vol.5
Vol.6
Vol.7
Vol.
jad Problems
‘A First Step to Mathematical Olymp!
by Derek Holton (University of Otago, New Zealand)
Problems of Number Theory in Mathematical Competitions
by Yu Hong-Bing (Suzhou University, China)
translated by Lin Lei East China Normal University, China)
Graph Theory -
bby Xiong Bin (East China Normal University, China) de
‘Zheng Zhong! (High School Aitached 10 Fudan University, Ching)
translated by Liu Ruifang, Zhai Mingaing & Lin Yuanging
(East China Normal University, China)
(Combinatorial Problems in Mathematical Competitions
‘by Yao Zhang (Hunan Normal University, P. R. China)
Selected Problems of the Vietnamese Olympiad (1962-2009)
by Le Hai Chau (Ministry of Education and Training, Vietnam)
& Le Hai Khoi (Nanyang Technology University, Singapore)
Lecture Notes on Mathematical Olympiad Courses:
For Junior Section (In 2 Volumes)
by Xu Jiagu
A Second Step to Mathematical Olympiad Problems
by Derek Holton (University of Otago, New Zealand &
University of Melboume, Australia)
eats Notes on Mathematical Olympiad Courses:
‘or Senior Section (In 2 Volumes)
by Xu Fiage Published by
‘Worl ScientiePubishing Co Pe. Lid
‘5 Toh Tusk Link, Singapore 596224
USA ofce: 27 Waren Suet Sue 401-402, Hackensack, NI 07601
UK ofce: 57 Shion Stet, Covet Garden, London WC2H ORE
‘Beith Library Cataloguingin-Publication Data
‘Acatalogue record fortis boo i avilable fom the Beith Library.
‘Mathematical Olympiad Series — Vol. 8
LECTURE NOTES ON MATHEMATICAL OLYMPIAD COURSES
For Senior Section
(in 2 Volumes)
(Copyright © 2012 by Word Sciente Publishing Co, Pe Lid
All rights reserved This book or pars thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or yay mas
lecroicormechaical,incuding photocopying, recording or any information storage anderen
‘pstem now lawn orto be ivened, without writen permission from the Publisher,
For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying foe through the Capit
Clearance Center, ns, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this cae perish ©
hotocopy i ot required from the publisher.
1ISBN-13 978.981-4368.94.0 pbk) (Set)
ISBN-10 981-4368-946 (pbk) (See)
ISBN-13 978-981-4368.95-7 (pbk) (Vol. 1)
ISBN-10 981-4368-95.4 @E) (VoL.1)
ISBN-13 978-981-4368-96-4 (bk) (Vol 2)
ISBN-10 981-4368-96-2 (pbk) (Vol.2)
‘Printed in Singapore by World Scene Printers Preface
Although Mathematical Olympiad competitions are vin
ts sy a ane ti eth sting ro
‘not consist only of problem solving techniques. Strictly speaking, itis asystem of
‘mathematical advancing education. To guide students, who are interested in and
have the potential to enter the world of Olympiad mathematics, so that their math-
‘ematical ability can be promoted efficiently and comprehensively, i is important
toimprove their mathematical thinking and technical ability in solving mathemat-
ical problems.
An excellent student should be able to think flexibly and rigorously. Here, the
ability to perform formal logic reasoning is an important basic component. How
ever, itis not the main one. Mathematical thinking also includes other key aspects,
such as starting from intuition and entering the essence of the subject, through the
processes of prediction, induction, imagination, construction and design to con-
uct their creative activities. In addition, the ability to convert the concrete to the
abstract and vice versa is essential.
‘Technical ability in solving mathematical problems does not only involve pro-
ducing accurate and skilled-computations and proofs using the standard methods
available, but also the more unconventional, creative techniques.
Itis clear that the standard syllabus in mathematical education cannot satisfy
the above requirements. Hence the Mathematical Olympiad training books must
be self-contained basically.
‘This book is based on the lecture notes used by the editor inthe last 15 years
for Olympiad training courses in several schools in Singapore, such as Victoria
Junior College, Hwa Chong Institution, Nanyang Girls High Schoo! and Dun-
‘man High School. Its scope and depth significantly exceeds that of the standard
syllabus provided in schools, and introduces many concepts and methods from
modern mathematics. w Preface
‘The core of each lecture are the concepts, theories and methods of solving
‘mathematical problems, Examples are then used to explain and enrich the le.
tures, as well as to indicate the applications of these concepts and methods.
number of questions are included at the end of each lecture for the reader to ty,
Detailed solutions are provided at the end of book.
‘The examples given are not very complicated s0 that the readers can under.
stand them easily. However, many of the practice questions at the end of lectures
are taken from actual competitions, which students can use to test themselves,
‘These questions are taken from a range of countries, such as China, Russa, the
United States of America and Singapore. In particular, there are many questions
from China for those who wish to better understand Mathematical Olympiads
there. The questions atthe end of each lecture are divided into two parts. Those
in Part A are for students to practise, while those in Part B test students’ ability to
apply their knowledge in solving real competition questions.
Each volume can be used for training courses of several weeks with a few
hhours per week. The test questions are not considered part of the lectures as
students can complete them on their own. Acknowledgments
My thanks to Professor Lee Peng Yee for suggesting the publication of this the
book and to Professor Phua Kok Khoo for his strong support. I would also like
to thank my friend Mr Fu Ling Chen, lecturer at TIC for his corrections, as well
as Zhang Ji and He Yue, the editors of this book at World Scientific Publishing
Co. (WSPC). This book would not have been published without their efficient
assistance. ‘Abbreviations and Notations
Abbreviations
AHSME
‘AIME
APMO.
ASUMO.
AUSTRALIA,
‘AUSTRIA
BALKAN
BALTIC WAY
BELARUS
BMO.
BULGARIA
GMO,
CHINA
CHNMO
‘CHNMOL
cc
MO
CNMO-
COLUMBIA
CROATIA
cSMO-
cWMO
(CZECH-POLISH-SLOVAK
ESTONIA
FINLAND:
GERMANY
American High School Mathematic
Aa tc et nin
i ion
Asia Pacifie Mathematics Olympiad
‘Olympics Mathematical Competitions of All
the Soviet Union
‘Australia Mathematical Competitions
‘Austria Mathematical Olympiad
Balkan Mathematical Olympiad
Baltic Way International Mathematical Competition
Belarus Mathematical Olympiad
British Mathematical Olympiad
Bulgaria Mathematical Olympiad
China Girl's Mathematical Olympiad
(China Mathematical Competitions for Secondary
Schools except for CHNMOL
China Mathematical Olympiad
China Mathematical Competition for Secondary
Schools
‘China Mathematical Competition and its preliminary round
‘Canada Mathematical Olympiad
China Northern Mathematical Olympiad
Columbia Mathematical Olympiad
Croatia Mathematical Olympiad
China Southeaster Mathematica Olyiad
China Western Mathematical Olympia
International Competitions Czech-Polish-Slovak Match
Estonia Mathematical Olympiad
Finland Mathematical Olympi
Germany Mathematical Olympiad GREECE
HONG KONG
HUNGARY
Imo
INDIA
IRAN
IRE
TTALY
JAPAN
KOREA
KOREAN MC
MACAO
MOLDOVA
NEW ZEALAND.
NORTH-EUROPEAN
POLAND
ROMANIA
RUSMO
SLOVENIA
sssMo
Mo
sssmoq)
‘THAILAND,
TURKEY
TST
SAMO
VIETNAM
_Asbreviains ond Notation
atical Olympiad
cre vg MathratialOlpiad
Hong Kong Ma tition
Hungary Mathematical Competition |
{ntemaonal Mathematical O17
India Mathematical Olympiad
a ahematcal Olympiad
Ireland Mathematical Olympiad
Italy Mathematical Oly
Japan Mathematical Olympiad
Korea Mathematical Olympiad
Korean Mathematical Competition
Macao Mathematical Olympiad
‘Moldova Mathematical Olympiad
‘New-Zealand Mathematical Olympiad
‘Nort-European Mathematical Olympiad
Poland Mathematical Olympiad
Romania Mathematical Olympiad
A-Russia Olympics Mathematical Competitions
Slovenia Mathematical Olympiad
Singepore Secondary Schools Mathematical Olympiads
{or Senior Secon
Singapore Mathematical Olympiads
Singapore Secondary Schools Mathematc
Reptfore Secondary Schools Mathematical Olympiads
Thailand Mathematical Olympi
ds
ke Maen! Opa
eam Selection Test (in i
Daas clection Test (including related training tess)
td tae Ansan Ma
etm Material Oympiag St OV™PIAG Abbreviations and Notations
Notations for Numbers, Sets and Logic Relations
Z
No
Z
zt
Q
o
long
R
Rt
RE
[a,8]
(a,b)
°
=
ACB
A-B
AUB
ANB
acA
the set of positive integers (natural numbers)
the set of non-negative integers
the set of integers
the set of positive integers
the set of rational numbers
the set of positive rational numbers
the set of non-negative rational numbers
the set of real numbers
the set of positive real numbers
the set of non-negative real numbers
the closed interval, i. all x such thata y?-3y+2=05 (9 -2Hy-1)
2
ry
0.80%) = Lar = 2,
‘When y = 1, then 2x? —x
1 _
When y = 2,then 23? 20-3 = 0,809 = 3 V7),x4= jatvh.
Example 5. (SSSMO(I)/2006) Suppose that the two roots of the equation
1
10x09 * ¥
area and B. Find the value of a +B.
Solution Let y = x? — 10x ~ 45, the given equation then becomes
1 oyll2
yti6* y~ y-28"
ee
PHiGy ~ y-
y= 16y 192 = y? + Iy + y
x2 10x = 45 = —6 > x? — 10x -3}
‘Thus, by Viete’s Theorem, « + B = 10.
Sometimes the manipulations on the given equations are needed for finding
the desired substitution, as shown in the following examples.
Example 6, (CHINA/2000) Solve the system for (x, y):
xy ot Wy Lt
Set2dy 8 Wxe+3y 7
Solution By taking reciprocals to two sides of each equation it follows that
24
er
+
eI
y
a
> Lecture 1 Fractional Equations
1
peangi = Been or
2u +3u =8,
feat
‘= 2. Then, returning to (x, y),
BBy solving them, itis obtained that w = 1,
1
xel and y= 5
4ttxtd +1 3
wed PE E+T
Solution Write the given equation in the form
Example 7. Solve equation
: tose!
eghytieg eg st!
+ayit! txt) SH gt
ws
oa
rE aetei
Pt
awe ile
ao
w wel 6
w(w +1) = 69 w? + w—
2.@-2(w+3)=0, namely w
6 wetsre tenon G I etenenel
; 1
i ow dapat 2-3, theas? + 3x +1 = 0,40
mes yt
SF ne HH
a
Example 8, Solve equation ~= %
ot cavation 5 om
Solution When both sides are multiplied by 15, the given equation becomes
(2) =mG-2) Lecture Notes on Mathematical Obmpiad 5
12
— 5p by completing square it follows that
3? ~ ly +24 = 0,
0-4-6)
Sy = 4or6,
12
yada S45 (-O+2) =O, tem
6x
0, ie, x3 = 3 VII, x4 =3 + V2i.
1
Ley =x4 <, then 2y?-3y—4
®
or-1.
5
). Thus, y = 5
=05 @r-1)e-2)=0
@ yy 1 => x? +x +1 = 0, no real solution.
2
Examplet0, Soveequaions? + (25) =
Solution By completing the square onthe lft hand sie, i follows that
x Pe 2x?
(-Fa) +e
ay
-3=0
(Fa) #9
x
Laty = then y? +2y-3= 0 6 +30“ = 0.809
3
Bork.
1
2
= a ate art3
xe
® » 20 real solution. Lecrure 1 Fractional uations
2
i) y= a @ax-1s09n=
@) yata Ap elatos
1+ v5
>.
‘Testing Questions (A)
4x24 2x8 P+ Sx? +4)
1. Solve the equation? = ees
x+5
x46
atl
a+
Solve the equation
1 1 1 u
3. Solvetheequation —— > + eg t+ GaHEsID =D
1 1
4. Solvethe equation 3g + ay ag TE
#
5. Solve the equation x? + —~
equation x? + 2
cop 382+
6. Solve the equation 55a = Sa
7. Find all the real solutions (x,y,z) of the following system
gxt_ 3 gy? 3 ot
T+ 9x7 1+ 9y? “2 T4927
8. (RUSMOY1993) Find all positive solutions of the system of fractional equa tions
atx
b+x
ath ate 2@tb+e)
9. Solve the equation in x:
|. Solvethe equation inx: ate _ o 0
10, Solvetheesuationinx: S724 SFE = ACEO ES (whereatb,0-+
cb+ea-+b +e areal nat ze).
11. Given that the equation —*— + 241 — 4° *4 has only one real root,
xl" x x@+))
find the value of real number a.
‘Testing Questions (B)
ax+1 xl
xet2 xox FT
22+ Tx? 4 24x +30 _ 2nF + Mx? + 36x +45
wt5x+13 ote Tx +200"
3. (RUSMO/200S) It is known that there is such a number s such that if real
numbers a, b,c, d are all neither O nor 1, satisfyinga +b +e+d = sand
eee 1 : I 125, Finds,
ata eta
4. (VIETNAM/2007) Solve the system of equations
22 2 i 1s
yee ve ye
1. Solve equation
2. Solve equation Lecnre 1 Fractional Equations
(BELARUS/2005) Fin all ples (x, 2) with , 9,2 € (0,1) satisfying
= )O+5—) +e -)
has 4-1)(24+ 5-1
(+x N43; 2
») (1-22) (1-2
=(-2)0-%) (0-9):
(NORTH-EUROPEAN/2006) Given that x,y,z are real numbers which are
not all equal, satisfying
where k is a real number. Find all possible values of k.
(GREECE/TST/2009) Find all real solutions (x, y, 2) of equation
@+P | +4? | E+6P
36,
yee ztx xty—
siving x, yz >3.
(BULGARIA/2004) Given the system of equations
a +2,
@eR),
(@ Solve the system when a = 0;
(©) Find range ofa such thatthe system has exactly two solutions.
(CZECH-POLISH-SLOVAK/2004) Solve the system of equ:
1x 1
wath
where x, y, 2 are real numbers Lecture 2
Higher Degree Polynomial Equations
‘A polynomial equation is said to be a higher uation if i
Alecia degree equation if its degree is
Since the general and systemic approach of polynomial equations involves
knowledge of complex mumbers, in this chapter, we only discuss the kind of higher
degree polynomial equations which can be converted to quadratic equations or can
be dealt with special methods, for example by completing squares,
‘These are usual methods for reducing a higher degree to 1 or 2:
(@ Factorization Methods.
Here all kinds of skill for factorization that up to now we have leamed are
needed, including those by finding roots of a polynomial, by using division
of polynomials and by exchanging the postions of variable and parameter,
Gi Stistitution of vartables or expressions.
Substitution of variables and expressions plays important role in simpli-
fying a polynomial equation and reducing its degree. However itis not
always easy to find the right substitution, and, sometimes, manipulationon
polynomials (for example, the Binomial expansion) is often necessary for
finding the appropriate substitution.
Inrecent years, some problems on solving system ofhigher degree polynomial
equations have appeared in MO competitions of countries. It is possible to reduce
the dopreeof equations by operations on equations and the techniques of inequali=
ties, which are different from those used for solving single higher degree equation.
Example 1. (CROATTA/2005) Find al the real solutions (x, y,2) of the equation
“4
Axyz—x* 10 Lecture? Higher Degre Polynomial Eavations
Solution
tart ale ottD+ Ot +2) ~ 47 50
2y2a? +24) + 2(x? —2xyz + 9727) = 0
exadly=szx—y2
1; CLL.
faye oat
@ (x4 — 2x? +1) + 0% =
3 (218407 =27 +206 92
B Gey2) = 1D; QLD Che
‘Example2. Find the maximum real roots of equation 327 —
0.
30x54 10x74
30
Solution By factorizing the left hand side,
32264 — 10x? + 1) — (4 = 10x? +1) = 0,
Gx? — Det — 10x? +1) = 0.
1
@ 3°-1=05%5
Gi) xt 10x? 41205? 10k 196 5 22V6 = (/34 V3", 00
x= £(/3+ v2).
‘Thus, the maximum rootis v3 + V2.
Example 3. (CROATIA/2004) Solve equation (6x + 7)?@3x +4)(x + 1
Solution Multiplying both sides by 12, then
(Gx +77 [(6x + 8)(6x + 6)] = 72,
(Gx +7%[6x +7? - 1 = 72.
(6x +7), then y > O and
3048-9 =O y =9> 6x tT = 43.
-y-2=
@ 6e47=35%
@) 64723402
Example 4, Find product of all real roots of the equation
6
Hae
22x
Solution Let y = x4-2x—12, then the given equation becomes Y—
so
y-6=0> (y-3(y +2) =O y= Sory Lecrre Notes on Matematica! Obmplad "
@ ya3axtb2x-1
pete goon SP GOIE4) moon 3.x2
(i) _y=—29 x8 4 2e— 12-29 a9 = =I Ve a1 $ VI
Thus, produto al the reotsis @)(-5)e-A — Wii)ei + Vi) = 150.
Example 5. Find the value of the maximum real root minus the minimum real
root of equation (x? — 5)* + (x? ~7)¢ = 16.
Solution Let y = x? ~6, then (y + I¢ + (y ~ 1) = 16. The binomial
expansions
rt It sah + 4y? + 6y? + 4y +1 and (9-14 = y*—4y3 + 6y? Ay +
yield yf + 6)? +1 = 8or y* + 6)? 7 = 0. Thea
=03(7+70?-) 505 yale y=4h
=lon vy
HL 3 = -V5, x6 = V5.
yf +6)? =
@ ysl oe a
@ ye-se-
‘Thus, the answer is 7+ V7 = 2v/7.
Example 6. Solve equation 3x4 + 2x? —72? = 2x +3=0.
Solution It’s clear that 0 is not a root, therefore the given equation can be
wien in the form
3(?+4)+2(*-3)- 0
® x
Let y = x— + and by completing square on the left hand side, then it follows
that 3y? + 2y — 1 = 0. Thus
1
ay? $2y-1= 05 Gy- DOF) =O y=—Lory
=1+¥5.
nag
1 147
@ y=5930 ae
For factorizing the f(x, 4) in the equation J (x, a) = 0, sometimes it may be
needed to consider the parameter @ asa variable and the variable x asa parameter
temporarily, s shown in the following example.
34.2(10—a)x? +9ax-+a? = Oforx, where
Example. Solve equation x* 9x"
@ > Oisa parameter. 2 Lectre?- Higher Degree Polynomial Equations
Solution For the sake of factorizing the left hand side, if considering a ay
the variable and x as parameter, it follows that
9x3 42(10~a)x? + 90x +a?
2 — (2x? = 9x)a + (x4 — 9x? + 20x2)
2 —xQx —9a + x42? — 9x +20)
2 — xQx —9)a + x%(x 4x -5)
= x(e—S)]la— x(x —4)] = (a — 3? + Sx)(@— 2? +42)
(2 5x —a)(x? 4x —a),
‘Therefore the given equation can be written in the form
(x? — 5x —a)(x? —4x—a) =0,
The
obrnanden LEE,
x? -4x-a=0> x3 =2- Vb Fa, x
‘Below are some examples for systems of higher degree equations.
Example 8. (CMO/2003) Find all real positive solutions (if any) to
Sayed axtysz, and
4 424 aye,
Solution Without loss of generality, we may assume that x > y =z >0.
From xyz = x? + y? +2? > 2ry, wehave z > 2, sothat x, y,z>2and
G+ y? +2)—@ ty +2) =xQ?-1) + yO? = 1) 4267-1) > 6
therefore no required solution tothe given system.
Example 9, (AUSTRIA/2005) Find all real a,b,c, de, f that satisfy the system
4asbtc+d te),
4ba(ctd+e+ fy,
4c=(d tet Sta,
4d =(@+f+a+b),
4e=(ftatb+o)*,
Af s@+bt+e+dy
Solution That righthand side of each equation is non-negative implies that
a,b,c, d,e, f are all non-negative, Lecture Noes on Mathematical Opmplad 3
Since these variables are cyclic in the equations, if two are different, there
rust be two consecutive variables different, say a < (the discussion for case
a> bis similar), then
acbobtctdte 3y? = 48 > y = +4, and from (2.1) again, since x #0,
2x? + Ddxy — 49x —49 = O-=p Dx? + Dhxy — 49x = x? + By?
= 2x + 2dy 49 = x? +3)? > (1 430-4)? = 0
Srely=
‘Thus, the original system has two solutions for (x, y): (1,4) and (1,—4)..
Example 11, (CZECH-POLISH-SLOVAK/2005) Given the pt
find all the non-negative real numbers x, x2)... %, such that
aitaptxd tetas
n(n +1)
art Dea + Baa bee tinsy = SE.
Solution When the first equation minus the second and then move all the
ferms to the left hand side, itis obtained that “ Lecture? Higher Deree Polynomial Equations
_ mn +1)
Oem tagtad tect al- -[» dag + Bas test te oP]
we (ef -2ep 42-1) +} 3 $3—D Hot Pe HAD).
1a tneinegert 22 ands 2 0 by AM-OM inl,
He koLaxt st 12 AGF = he,
wttk-1= geste +1Ek Var
80.42 = ay So = hq = 1. Then
and the equality holds if and only if x
the given fist equation yields x; = 1
Thus, x1 = a2 ="
‘Testing Questions (A)
Solve equation (x + 1)(x +S)(x +9) = 231
Solve equation (x + 2)(x +4)(x + 6x +8) = 48.
Solve equation (x — 1)* + (x — 7) = 272.
Solve equation 2x* + 7x3 + 6x2 47x42 =0.
has four di
Ifthe equation x4 — (k —1)x? 42
the range of possible values of the real k.
6. (SWEDEN/2002) Given that real numbers a, 8 satisfy
a! 30? + Sa—17
B36? +5841
respectively, find the value of + B.
7. (POLAND/2006) Find all the real solutions ofthe system
inct real roots, find
x5 = 5y3 —42,
yf = 523 x,
Ba 5x—4y
8. (GERMANY/2003) Find all the pairs (x,y) of two teal numbers satisfying
the system of equations
Pty = 7,
xy@ty) = 2. enennneenmneliaeiemme el
9, (USAMO/TST/2001) Find all pairs of integers (x, y) such that
+P =Oty
10, (AUSTRALIA/2008) a is a given postive number, and n is an integer >
4, Find all the n-tuples (1, x2, ..., Xn) of positive numbers satisfying the
system
xia — 2x3
xaxsGa—2x4)
Xn-2%n-1(30 ~ 2x9) = 03,
Aa-1tn Ga ~ 2) = a4,
xq%1 Gd — 2x2) = a,
11. (CZECH-SLOVAKIA-POLAND/2008) In the range of real numbers solve
the system of equations
x+y?
y+x
Testing Questions (B)
1. (BULGARIA/2003) Find the number of real solutions (x, y, 2) to the system
xtytz = dy,
shyt = ax,
ait yite? = 3yz.
2. (AUSTRIA/2005) Find the conditions on k and d such that the system of
equations
tyra?
yaketd
has no rel solution (x, 9).
3. (GERMANY/2005) Find all real solutions (x, y) ofthe system of equations
Btl-ay
y+ 1aaty-a? =,
@3)
@ay iis Lecture 2 Higher Degree Polnomiel Equations
(KOREAN MC/2000) Let 3 + 5 + Sy
(CROATIA/TST/2007) In the range of real numbers solve the system
xtytr=2,
+O +)+O+IEt+E+E+)=L
PY +2) +E +) +O $y) = 6
(AUSTRALIA/2002) When ¢ is positive real number, find the number of
positive real solutions (a, c,d) ofthe system of equations
a(—B2)=1,
bd) =1,
(l=?) =,
dda) =r.
9, (USAMOYTST/2001) Find all ordered pairs of real numbers (x, y)40# which
4nd +x) +24 = 1497,
and + +70 $y) = 1437
10. (CZECH-POLISH-SLOVAK/2008) Find all positive triples (x, 9.2) waieh
satisfy the system
2x3 = 2y(x? + 1)- 2+,
2yt = 3269! + 1)- 207 +1)
225 = 4x(2? + 11)- 3? +1). Lecture 3
Irrational Equations
Definition 3.1. An equation is called an irrational equation if in the equation
some expressions containing unknown variable(s) is (are) under surd form(s).
Methods for Solving irrational Equations
(The key for solving an irrational equation is removing the surd form with
unknown variables. In this aspect, taking powers, completing squares, factor-
ization are often applied.
(i) _ Use substitution of variables or expressions is one powerful tool for removing
surd forms, and by substitution, the degree of equation can be reduced at the
same time,
Examples
Example 1. Solve equation ¥3x —3 + V7x — 12— 10x +9 = 0.
Solution Move the third term on the left hand side to the right hand side,
then
Vix—3 + VTx—12 = Vi0x +9.
‘Taking squares to both sides, and simplifying them, then
VRRAITEAD = 12.
7 8 Lecture Irrational Equations
‘Taking squares again to both sides, it follows that
21x? = 57x —108
Gx- 12) +9)
Wm e4, =
By checking, only x = 4 satisfies the original equation
Example 2 Solve equation Ye=1+ Yx=3+ Ye-5=0.
Solution Considering the formula: a+b +c) = Babe ifatb+,
the given equation gives
(e+ @-3) + (&—5) =3YE—DE-DE=D,
x-3= Y@-De-DE-D
Ux YR —3F - YE-DE
Yy—3 =03 11 =3.
Yoe— 3 - YO—DE=5) = 0 9 = 5, so no solution
‘Thus, x = 3 is the unique solution.
Example. Solve equation 2 /x(e4 6) ~ V¥— VE FO = 14-24.
Solution Considering (JX + VE 6)? = 2x-+2y/x(x +6) +6, watethe
given equation in the form
x +2V x0 +5) +6) — (WE + VETO) -20=0.
Lety = VF + VE FG, then y > Oand y? — y — 20 = 0.
O-90+4=
“J
thus,
2
fir FF a52x46=4425- 1084 2= (75)
xample4, Solve equation VEFT + y¥+ Vz=4 = 272 HF,
Solution By completing squares,
Veale it ves =the
oy $1 2FFT HN + -2VF +) +E —4-2VE=4 4170
og (/EFI- D+ WFD + (VERE=1)' = 0, Lecture Noes on Mathematica! Obmpid »
therefore
Vetta
Example. Solve equation x? — 4x 44.29 =2y-2 = 0,
VEn4=1, ie =Oyalz—
Solution Lety = V3?=2x—2, then 2y? 4 xy —x? = 0, and
ay txy 37 = 03 Qy- NO ENROL Y= 5 ory
@ 9-57 Bn Sop 3x? 81-8 = Oand x20
Sn oe & £22070 ot acepibl)
x =p 2x -2 = Oand x <0 2
s2vi0,
(i) Vera 2e-2
‘Thus, the solutions are xy =
Example 6, Solve equation V2s-+ Vx 1+ 2x —VBe—1=2
Solution Let u = Vey Vana i,v = V2x— VEe=1, then wv = 0
= 2
=" a vaA1
ure
utv=2 and w
+ Vix=
2Viee Jina = 24+ VAT
m9 4Qx + Vea i) = 4420-14421
S6xa35x=
therefore 2u = Returning tox,
2
Uso at enon
VGA ax 2 = 2%.
‘Solution It's obvious that x # 0, hence both sides of the equation can be
Aivided by / so that the given equati
Example 7, Solve the equation 4x? + 5x—2—~ 2» Lecture 3 tration Equations
2
it follows that
By the subsition y= 4x —
Vyt3-vy=3
Ay FS— JP F3 =I IFS = VV—342
Syeseytisavy-33 vy-3
ayn
Retuming tox then
By checking, the two values are reall roots of the original equation,
Example. Solve equation YF +18 YT=3F = BVI
Solution It is obvious that x? # 1, Therefore, by moving /T— x to left
‘hand side, the given equation can be written inthe form
We i=
Vis digs
vite 15
or.
= Bic. y?—8y 415
The substitution.
its solutions are y
ofS wsetexem-non
Fm
co yas [EE esa terenst-non-%
‘Example 9. (SSSMO/2001) Ix andy are ral number satisfying
VPI T E+ VO hea FS = VP ERED PETES,
find the value of x + y.
Solution Since (x? +x +3) +2)~ (7 +2944) = + y—2)
(e2t2x + 3)— (a? + x— J +5)the given equation canbe writen in the form,
[FE Iy At VEER HS = VETTE Paap PEGG, Lecture Notes on Mathematical Obmplad a
where Bx ty—2,
For any solution (x, ), the right hand side isa strictly increasing
4, 501s geste than the left and side if > O andi et than te eit had se
if5 < 0. $0.6 =0 for any solution (x, ). Thus x+y = 2.
‘The given equation has infinitely many real roots, for example, any pair (x, y)
‘of two positive real numbers with x + y = 2 isa solution, .
In mathematical competitions, some questions on irrational equations are to
analyze the parameters in equations under certain given conditions about their
real roots. The Viete's Theorem is often applied for dealing with this kind of
problems, as shown in the following examples.
Example 10, (CHINA/2005) Given that the irrational equat
lag 1
Vit 4 yt =
av +5 37°
bas exactly two distinct real roots. Find the range of the real number a
Solution The substitution w = “Vx? yields
au?-+ tw}
+5075 en
“The original equation has exactly two distinetreal solutions if and only if (3.1)
has exactly one positive solution
‘When a = 0, then w = 2 is the unique positive solution fr w.
‘When a # 0, by Viete’s Theorem, (3.1) has one positive root and one negative
root if and only if a > 0.
‘When a <0, then (3.1) may have two equal positive roots, and in that case
a-()-#6
‘Thus, the range of @ isa > Oora =
soa
16
Example 11, Solve equation [T=] = Ke, where k is a parameter with 0 <
kel
Solution Kx > 0 gives x > 0, and the given equation is equivalent
fx] =e, 2 Lecrre Irrational Equations
(On the interval O < x < 1, the equation becomes k2x? + x —1 2 g
discriminant A = 1-+ 4K > 0, s0 it has two roots ts
Via
2
rit vis aE
2a
4 x
Here
1< VIF4H < VIF 4 +4 = 142 > 0 14k? implies that 1-24? >
(1 =2k?) - VI= 4
a
therefore x5 > x4 > 1. Thus, x4, x5 are both roots,
Since (12k)?
so
>0, ie xe>I,
x4
‘Testing Questions (A)
(CHNMO/2005) If /Tx2$ 9x + 13 + V7x7 = 5x +13 = 7s, find x.
2. Solve equi
x tay tdeveF3 = 13.
3. (CHINA/2004) Solve equation
Sye@=2) Jy.
x Lectire Notes on Mathenarieat Obmpiad
4, Find the number of real roots ofthe irrational equation
Viti + Vaasa
alotey? +2745).
5. Solve equation
WaTet Vara
Va+x—Ja=x x’
where @ > O is a parameter,
6. Solve the equation
V8 —6x+9+ Vx tex a6
7. (CHINA/2005) Solve equation with parameter a
x + V2x—1+ yx—-V2x—1 = va,
(where a > 0), and discuss the solutions,
8 (CROATIA/2008) Find all real solutions of equation
ext Ve extT HS
9. (CROATIA/TST/2007) Find all real solutions of equation
Vixt1 + VE +3=34 Ve 47.
10. (VIETNAM/2007) Solve the system of equations
a2,
+3x Vx’
EF
yeax Vy
11, (USAMO/TST/2001) Let a,b, and ¢ be real and positive parameters. Solve
the equation
Vatbx+ Vbrex+ Jebax = Vb=ax+Ven~ba+ Janez. Py
Lecture 3 Irrational Equations
Tes
1 Questions (B)
Solve equation
Yat9=2-Ve4i.
(AUSTRALIA/2004) Find all real solutions of equation
4— x4 -2V14+ &—HR—D
(USAMO/TST/2001) Let a and b be given real numbers. Solve the system of,
‘equations
x-yyetay?
for real numbers x and y.
(BULGARIA/2007) Solve the system of irrational equations
{ P+ 16x + y)—Syt7 = y—-2,
xti3yx=y = y+42.
(VIETNAM/2008) Solve the system of equations
1 1
viet Vira ~ JTFEY"
xyiQ=2) + V9) = F
Find all real roots of the irrational equation
Vist pxcl + Vito de a3 = V3 Fae +54 VHS.
Find the number of real roots of the irrational equation
Je? —4]x] +5) = VI6— 8x FP
(CROATIA/TST/2008) Find al eal solutions of equation
(16x2°° + 1)(92°° +1) = 169)". Lecture 4
Indicial Functions and Logarithmic Functions
Definition 4.1. A function of the form y = a* is said to be an indicial function,
where ais constant called base) witha > Oand a # 1, and x is the independent
variable with the range (90, +00), je. R.
y = a" isa strictly increasing function with the domain (—o0, +-00) and the
range (0, +00) when a > 1; ands a strictly decreasing function with the domain
(Coo, +00) and the range (0, +00) when 0 0,a # 1 and
x > Ois defined as the inverse function of indicial function y = a*. So its domain
{s 0, +00) and its range is (00, ++00).
‘Similar to the indicial functions, y = log, x is a strictly increasing function
when a > 1; and is a strictly decreasing function when 0 < a <1.
‘The graph of y = a¥ and the graph of y = log, x are symmetric with respect
tothe line y = x, as shown in the following diagram.
ease 2 O Oanda #1,
25 2 Lecture 4 Indes Pancion and Logarithm actions
For M,N >0,m,n €R,a,b >Oanda # 1,6 41,
(Gy) logarithmic idemtity: x = a0 *;
(9) logy MN = logy M + logy
(i) Tons
(oi) tog, Me =
(iil) log, N = SE.
(iid) oR, N=
(a) MPN = NIM for MN #1,
In particular, log, b =
Examples
Example 1. (SSSMO/2003) Find the smallest natural number n which satisfies
the inequality 122 < 1300,
Solution Change the both sides to let them have same power, then compare
their bases.
1220 < 120 es (144)!0° < (n2)}9° ep 144 <
‘Then 5° < 144 < 6° implies that n = 6.
Example, How many integers x satisfy the equation (x?—2x 4) 49"? = 17
Solution For discussing the equation f(x)! = 1, there ae thee posible
cases: () g(x) = Obut f(a) # 05 Gi) fla) = 1s Gi) FC) = —L and g(x) isan
‘even number.
@ When 22 + 3x + 2.= 0 and x? ~2x—4 #0, then x
Gi) when x? - 2x — 4 = 1, then x = 1- V6 or1 + V6;
Gi) when x? ~2x — 4 = =] and x? +3x +2 is an even number, then x = 3
or-l
“Thus, there are 3 desired values of x.
Example 3. (KOREA MC/2000) Find all real numbers x satisfying the equation
1 or -2;
BEM
the given equation becomes
Solution Setting 2* = a and 3* =
14a? 46? -a—b—ab=0. Lecnure Notes on
Mathematical Olympiad 2
Multiplying both sides of the Last equation by 2 and completing squares, then.
(1a) + (a-b)? + 6-17 =o.
= Lynamely 2° = 3* = 1. Sox =
‘Therefore a is the unique solution.
Example 4. (USAMO/TST/2001) Find al real numbers x for which 10 + 11* +
= 13+ 14,
Solution Itis easy to check that x = 2 is a solution. We claim that it is the
only one. In fact, dividing by 13* on both sides gives
IOV", (MLY* | (12)* 14)*
(8) +(3) +(5) -+(5)-
The lefthand side isa still decreasing function of x and the sight hand side is
1a stcitly increasing function of x. Therefore the two curves can have at most one
point of intersection.
Example S. The number of solutions for x in equation
526.5% + 52 — 26-5" +26 = —24
is
Wl G2 ©3 M4 ws.
Solution The substitution y = V3 —26- 5°26 yields ? + y—2 = 0,
therefore y = 1. Then
FRG. SF 426 = 1 (5% —1)(5* -25) =0 4 x1 = 0 2 =?
The answer is (B).
‘Example 6, (SSSMO/2009/Q12) Suppose that a, b andc are real numbers greater
than 1. Find the value of
—1_, 1 ,_1_.
T+ logsay (S) ” 1 ¥Towexe (6) 1+ t0sc25 (2)
1 ituy>o
Solution ‘The formula for chenging base gives logy Y = jog,
and u,v # 1,30
1
1 al
TH ogee () * TF Tonse (8) * 1+ tone (8)
1 ay et
iogzin(@bo) * iogpac(abe) ~ Hoscre(abe)
= logge(a2B)(62e)(€2a) = lOBsbe(@be)* = 3. 8 Lecture 4 Indcial Functions and Logartvnle Functions
087 4(logy 5—
wvaluate 5°, where a = ~°87 S(108) 5 ~ log, 2)
Example. (SLOVANIA/2004) Evaluate 5 log; 25(0g, = toga)
Solution First of all, we simplify the index a:
Jog, (logy § log, 2 logs §
* jog, 250g; 8
therefore 5# = shis 4
Example 8. Solve equation x + logs(3* ~ 24) = 4.
Solution The given equation yields logs(3* — 24) =
81
a
=¥,803" > 24and
3m aot
Gn -24-3-a1
GF +36" 27)
VES 3
Example 9, Solve equation logyo(x + Y/%) = Hogs x
1
Solution Lett = 5 logy x, then x = 3% = 27! and
logan(27 +34)
27 +3! = 30,
(i) +(0) =
Define f(t) = (3) + (4) 1 © R, then f isa strictly decreasing function
on Rand f(1) = 1. Thus, ¢ =I, and hence x = 27! = 27.
Example 10, (CROATIA/2008) Solve the system of equations
an
«a
log, x + log, y =
xty=12.
Sitton The given sustions implies that x,y > O and x,y # 1 Fm
2(log, y)? ~ Slog, y +2
Glogs y —1)(log, y ~2) = 0,
log, y = 5 or2 > y = Yxorx?, Lecture Notes on Mathematical Obmpiad =
0) ya VE9 2-28 Fo Jin3e rns
@) yao D-xaPsre3sexcayes,
Thus, there are two solutions: (9,3) and @ 9)
‘Testing Questions (A)
(88SMO/2003) Which of the folowing numbers is the greatest?
(A) 2 (B) 37 (€) 440% 21 4. 3100 350 4.450,
1s?! 1 154
15201 4-7 OF 152
($88MO/2007/Q11) Suppose that
Which is bigger:
Joga[logs (og. )] = logs[log,(log, b)] = Log, log, (log, ¢)] =
Find the valueofa +b +0.
Given that a, b,¢ (a 0,y > O and 21g¢e —2y) = lps + Igy. then the vate of is
(4 1; (Clord; fs Cnone of precesing.
Mga gab 020 Lands #3 Te x ea
Os BL Or Ob Br
2 4/1229, find the value
igs
(SSSMo/2010) Ifa > 6 > Land
of
jog,
1
Togep® —loBes? 30 ecare 4 iil Fusions ond Logarithmic Punctions
10, Find the sum of all eal numbers x for which
GF -9) + GF 8 = OF + 3-907
11. (CROATIA/2007) Solve equation 15% *x!85*4* = 1.
‘Testing Questions (B)
(USAMO/TST/2001) Find all real numbers x for which
BF +27
+ 1S
2. (ROMANIA/2003) Given that the positive numbers a, b, c,d satisfy a > ¢ >
d >b > 1andab > cd, Prove that the function f : [0, +00) + R defined
by
Se) = a* +b —c* —d*
ies increasing.
3 (CROATIA/205) Prove tht foreach postive inegern > 2,
¥ (1oey +1) tog, @? 0) <
4. (ROMANIA/I990 Find al a sltions tothe equation
PHF a,
5. (THAILAND|2003) Find ll ordre pair (x, 9) of two real numbers which
nly peo of apatonn
a Pt, a>
wy = 1 aa
(SLOVENIA/2005) Calculate the value of
Vows 1] + Ulog22) + Log, 3] + +--+ [logs 256).
7. (BULGARIA/2007) Find range of the
ou ie ofthe real parameter a such thatthe inequal-
loga(a* +1) +
holds forall x € (0, 1.
1
ogecya S*— 1 +logg(a? — 1) Lecture 5
‘Trigonometric Functions
Definition 5.1. Trigonometric Functions For Acute Angles
31 Pi Lecture Tigonomenric Functions
2. Positive and negative angles: Angles measured from x-axis in an anti
clockwise direction are postive angles. Angles measured from x-axis #0
‘clockwise direction are negutive angles.
3, The signs ofeach trigonometric function function in different quadrants ©
$i sind & ose
all(s)
=: others
Fi tnd & cot | +: coxd & sec
=: others =! others
4, Bach of the six funtion are periodic wih «common period 2 (or 360")
Both sinx and eos x bave range [1,1], both tanx and cotx has range
(Cee, +20), and both |seex| and |esex| cannot be less than 1.
‘The functions sinx, tnx, sex are odd functions, and cos.x, cotx, sec x
are even functions.
Basic Properties of Trigonometric Functions.
1, The graphs of y = sinx,y = cosx, y = tanx,y = cotx are sketched as
follows: Lecture Nott on Mathematical Obmpiad 3
2, Bach of the six functions is a periodical function. y = sinx and y = cos
take 27 as their minimum period; and each has the range [—1. I]. » = tanx
nd y = cotx take 1 as their minimum period, and each has the range
(C20, +00)
4, y = sinx, x € Ris an odd fonction; and isan increasing on [—, J, with
the range [-1, 1]
y = cosx,x € Ris an even function, and is decreasing on (0, x], with the
‘ange [-1, 1)
yy = tan xis an odd function, nd is increasing on (—, $), withthe range
(ce, +90).
1y = cotx is an odd function, and is decreasing on (0,7), with the range
(0, +00),
4, The functions y = sin“! is increasing, it has the domain [—1, 1] and the
3h
‘The functions y = cos"? x is decreasing, it has the domain [-1, 1] and the
range (0,
sy = tan“ xis increasing, ithas the domain (~00, +0) and
=.
“The functions y = cot~! x is deereasing, ithas the domain (~20, +0) and
the range (0,
Below are their sketches, in that order:
jects Yat ™
Lecture Thigonometrc Functions
Examples
Example 1. For @ € (0, range (sina)°**, (cos a)*"@, since
Scending onden % © (0-4) arrange sina)", (cosa), (sina) in de-
Solution Since 0 (sinay"* and (ina) > (sina),
therefore
(Cosa)"*# > (sinay"* > (sina),
‘Example 2. Compare the values of cos(cos x) and sin(sin2x),if0 7 —cosx > Z—1>
Ie > 3 F-1>Oand
F008 —sinx =
isin (e+ 4) 2% Varo,
2
(0 When 2 = 3 theanges ax = % ~cosxa5 = sn are both in (0,4
Since sinwis increasing on [0], so
cos(o8x)-sin(inx) = sin ( —cosx)-sin(ins) = snay-rings > 8
) When Zc sm,
Zeca ate
Fa = 5 —cosx,
2
and
ay ta = 5 cose tsine = 5+ V2<2,
Sy < tap. Hence
sis
‘cos(cos x) = sin(a) > sin( —a2) = sinaz = sin(sin3x)
‘Thus, cos(cos x) > sin(sin x) for x € [0,1].
Example 3. (CMC/2009)n the following funtion, the even function with = as
its minimum period is
(A) y = sin2x +.c082x; (B) y = sin2xcos 2x;
(Oy =sintx+cos2x; (D) y = sin? 2x ~cos* 2x. Lecrre Nott on Mathie Obympiad 35
Soon In (A) tke x = Z then y = Landakex =
joy notan ve fction
ony
‘petucont ny = its soins.
fey a Lt SOS2e
‘The functionin (©) is y = ~* O°, 50 its minimum period is x.
‘The function in D) is.
Example 4. (CMC/2009) Find the range ofthe function f(x) = sin’ x -tanx +
cost x cotx.
cos 4x, 50 it satisfies the requirement
x cost _ sin? x-teostx _ 2— 3 sin?2x
Solution Since /(%) = Coy + sinx ~ sinxeosx sind
Aflect = sin2s, then € [-1,0)U @, I] and
-3e
0) = 40 =7
Since 2/1 and —3E are both decreasing on {—1,0) and (0, 1], 80 g(
decreasing on [-1, 0)U(O, Htherefore the range o gs (00, -f1UL}, +00)
Thus. erge of $6918 (= Ales +0).
ExampleS, Prove that the function f(x) = cosx",x € Ris not periodic.
Solution Forte sake of contradiction, suppose that Tis period off. Then
f(0) = fO S(Vikex) = f8tker +1), ke.
“Therefore there exists an integer m such that 7? = 2mm or T = °/Imm, where
1m 0. Similarly, for k = 2m, there exists ¢ Z such that
(aman +7) = Inn,
Thus,
(Virane + Ydmin) = Anz => 2ma(YE4 VP = Ie
> m2437443V24 Dan Vt V2 lo ¥4+ 7
=1€Q Thea
Leta = 9, then a? +a € @ Since a? = 2.€Q, 50.0? —
ata eT cea aee 36
Lecture SThigonometri Functions
Which is impossible: It is easy to show that /3 € Q* by contradic
0 show contradiction, Thus,
contadition proves the conclusion tat doce sono a
Example 6. For @ € [0,77] defined /(0) = sin(cos 0)
I 7] defi sin(60s 0), ¢(@) = cos(sin®). 1¢
a= max FO). b= min’ f(0),c'= stan. g(@). and d = min. #0), then
Which of the following relations is true? °=*" = (
Ajb 5 implies that a = sin 1 > cos 1
Thus, b ( Find the
domain and range of f; (ii) determine if f is an odd fuetion or even function.
By)
sin?x +2 _ Gsin?x~2)@sin®
cos 2x = ‘cos 2x
3 1
joosax +5.
Since cos2 x 0,s02x # kx +, ie. the domainof f is ix AE
Solution (i) ks
= 2—3sin? x = 3.005" x
rename ot e[-1. 06.2]
Gi) Since cos 2x is even function, so is f.
‘Example 8. (CMC/2008) Given that f(x) = 6082x—2a(1-+¢08 ) has minimum
value ~3, find the value of a.
2(cors-
Solution f(x) = 2cos? x—1—2a— 2acos
2a-1.
(1) When a > 2, the minimum value of f is 1~ 4a < ~7, and the value is
obtained when cos x = 1 —
(@) When a <2, the minimum value of f 381, andthe value ts obtained whe Lecture Notes on Mathematica
Notes on Mathematical Oyplad x
1
(@ When -2 < a < 2, the minimum value of f is 5a? — 2a — 1, and the
value is obtained when cos x
1
By solving 5a? — 2a — 1 = 5, itis obtained that a? + 4a +1 = 0,80
a=-24V3 oo a
‘since jal < 2,804 = -2+ V3.
2-3.
‘Testing Questions (A)
1, (USAMOFTST/2005) Let 0° < 9 < 45°, Arrange
fy = tan), t= (tan 9), t= (CORY, te = (OB,
in decreasing order.
2, Prove that cos(sin x) > sin(cos x) for x € [0,71]
4. Given f(x) = atanx — bsinx + 2and f(1) = 9. Find the value of /(—7-
axe" c= cosxt™ and
4 Rexe@.Z.ta scout =
d= sinxt™**, Arrange a, b,c, d in ascending order.
5. Find the minimum period of the function f(x) = cos(in x), where x € R.
& (€MC2008) Given thatthe lengths of thee ses BC, CA. AB of BANE
coer cqpecively, anda, ,¢ form a geometc progressioo. Find ibe
range ofthe value of the expression
sin AcotC +008 A
gin Boot C + 00s B™
‘yw n.xeosx + c08' x, x € R Find the range of /-
‘gh the inequality
7. Let f=
8. (CSMO/2004) Given that for any value of @ in
6
_ 6 ___asin29 < 3046
) + area
ViQa-+3)c08 (9 -
always holds. Find the range of @ 38
10
Lecture 5 Tigonometic Functions
Prove that the function f(x) = —x + sinx (x € R) is not periodic,
(CMCI2008)Let a = sin(sin(2008°), b = sin(cos 2008"), ¢
‘and d = cos(cos 2008"), then the order of their values is
Wax Joes
b+e
where, , 1
4 isthe semi-perimeter of AABC, ie. = (a +b+0).
Solution Let BD = p, DC = q. The angle bisector theorem gives a Lecture 6 Law of Sines and Ln of Cosines
‘Then the application of the Stewart's Theorem gives
Bessielih at
2 bel +0)? =a}
ap ab +e) OF G+
Ona EEL
+e?
rene AD = 525TH
Example 3. (Heron’s Formula) The area of ABC, denoted by [ABC),is given (
by
[ABC] = VsG=a)G—HE-O,
where s = 3(a +b +6).
Solution It suffices to find the height h on BC. Let AD BC at D, where
Dison the line segment BC, then
4
GaP -©-a)}- [le +a? 0]
GA@-atNb+a-Slate-Bate+s)
Bees
hae 2 Vae=BE=DE=S and [ABC|= Vae=ae=HE=0. Lecture Notes on Mathenatice!Obymplad “
Note: In above proof of Heron's Formula it was assumed that D i om the
tine sament BC, but Cis easy 10 ee thatthe formula i ail rue for any oihuse
triangles.
uanple. (BELARUS/2003) Given SPE w= SE SEK Otero a,b
nb ~ sind sinfb=d)
d € (0.x). Prove that, be=d.
Solution Since a = c implies that butt isimpossible, soa #c.
‘Suppose that a > c, then the given equalities implies that} > d, and
in
Lat the ABC sutisfy ZA = x a, LB = ¢,ZC =a ~c, and ADEF
satisy LD = x ~b, LE =a, Since SDA Hn
sine rue it follows thet
SnD ~ sinE
BC _ AC _ AB
EF DF DE’
therefore AABC ~ ADEF, £A = £D,ZB = LE, ie.
by
Example S, Ifthe engths a, b,¢ of thee sides of AABC satisly 2b = a +c,
find the value of Scos A — 4008 A cos + Sc0sC.
Solution By the sine rule, the elation 2b = a +e
sind +sinC. Then
that 2sin B=
= 2sintt
3 200s AEE = cos 95S
Therefore
S06 A 400s A.osC + Se08C = 5(C08 A + c0sC) — 4.008 A cos
= 10,054 $F cos AF afoot +-€) + e08(4—C)]
wine EC AZ oot AE 40 AS 1
= 19.09? SAE — sjeot AEE 4 door AEE y=,
Note: Inthe proof, applying the sine rule to convert the relation among sides
{o that among angles pays important role “ ectre§ Law ofSies and Lav of Casnes
Example 6. (CROATIA/2004) Prove thatthe inequality
SrA, coed ce
@ tp ts * aap.
holds for any tangle ABC, where a,b,c are the lengihs of thie sides, and
44, £8, ZC are ther opposite inner anges respectively
Solution The cosine role andthe inequality «++ > >for x > 0 give tha
cond | cosB cos _ Be
-x(lor-O)TO-ehler dt
Fagg +2+2-3)
Babe
Example 7. (CMCI2008) Let a,b, be lengths of three sides of ABC, and
¥ sin (4x— z)- >
Solution The cosine rule gives
aM teA—0 | 2ac—a0
2ac
1
2
Since 0