Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics, 2020, 8, 2801-2823

https://www.scirp.org/journal/jamp
ISSN Online: 2327-4379
ISSN Print: 2327-4352

Decoherence of a Damped Anisotropic

Harmonic Oscillator under Magnetic Field
Effects in a Two-Dimensional Noncommutative
Phase-Space

Martin Tcoffo1,2, Germain Yinde Deuto1, Issofa Nsangou1, Armel Azangue Koumetio1,
Lylyane S. Yonya Tchapda1, Alain G. Tene1

Research Unit of Condensed Matter, Electronics and Signal Processing, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
1

Centre d’Etude et de Recherche en Agronomie et en Biodiversité, FASA, Université de Dschang, Dschang, Cameroun
2

How to cite this paper: Tcoffo, M., Yinde Abstract

Deuto, G., Nsangou, I., Azangue Koumetio,
A., Yonya Tchapda, L.S. and Tene, A.G. In this paper, decoherence of a damped anisotropic harmonic oscillator in the
(2020) Decoherence of a Damped Aniso- presence of a magnetic field is studied in the framework of the Lindblad
tropic Harmonic Oscillator under Magnetic
theory of open quantum systems in noncommutative phase-space. General
Field Effects in a Two-Dimensional Non-
commutative Phase-Space. Journal of Applied
fundamental conditions that should follow our quantum mechanical diffu-
Mathematics and Physics, 8, 2801-2823. sion coefficients appearing in the master equation are kindly derived. From
https://doi.org/10.4236/jamp.2020.812207 the master equation, the expressions of density operator, the Wigner distribu-
tion function, the expectation and variance with respect to coordinates and
Received: October 27, 2020
Accepted: December 7, 2020
momenta are obtained. Based on these quantities, the total energy of the sys-
Published: December 10, 2020 tem is evaluated and simulations show its dependency to phase-space struc-
ture and its improvement due to noncommutativity effects and the environ-
Copyright © 2020 by author(s) and
mental temperature as well. In addition, we also evaluate the decoherence
Scientific Research Publishing Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative
time scale and show that it increases with noncommutativity phase-space ef-
Commons Attribution International fects as compared to the commutative case. It turns out from simulations that
License (CC BY 4.0). this time scale is significantly improved under magnetic field effects.
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Open Access Keywords
Decoherence, Noncommutative Phase-Space, Lindblad Theory, Wigner
Distribution

1. Introduction
The theory of open quantum systems has become one of the main interests of
physicists during the last few decades due to their strong applications in several

DOI: 10.4236/jamp.2020.812207 Dec. 10, 2020 2801 Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics
M. Tcoffo et al.

domains of physics, especially in solid state physics [1], quantum optics [2], na-
notechnology [3], quantum measurement theory [4], etc. Indeed, various re-
search works conducted in the field proved that perfect isolated quantum system
does not exist, since any realistic system permanently interacts with its environ-
ment, which typically presents a large number of degrees of freedom [5]. A
physical system interacting with the environment is referred to an open system
[6]. Thus, every physical system is affected by the presence of its surroundings
leading to dissipation, thermalization and in the quantum case, decoherence [6].
Many reasons lead scientists to pay particular attention to the above mentioned
phenomena, here, we refer particularly to decoherence and dissipation, which
are the main obstacle in the realization of quantum computers and other quan-
tum devices on one hand [7] [8] [9]. On the other hand, several interesting pro-
posals to exploit the interaction between quantum systems and their environ-
ment to dissipatedly engineer challenging state of matter have emerged very re-
cently [6].
In fact, dissipation in an open system results from microscopic reversible in-
teractions between the observable system and the environment. It implies irre-
versibility and therefore, a preferred direction in time. However, we are particu-
larly interested in this work on the phenomenon of decoherence, which some-
what “regroups dissipation” and introduces the (partial) destruction of quantum
coherence through the interaction of quantum mechanical system with its sur-
rounding [10]. From the theoretical analysis point of view, decoherence can be
described with the help of microscopic models based on the interaction of
quantum mechanical systems with a collection of an infinite number of har-
monic oscillators, representing the environment [11] [12]. The strength and na-
ture of the coupling with environment play a crucial role in selecting the pre-
ferred states leading to a distance-dependent nature of typical interaction. Fur-
thermore, decoherence simply characterizes the transition of a given quantum
system to classical one due to interactions, thus, the particular time that a quan-
tum system starts behaving classically is known as “decoherence time” [12] [13]
[14]. Whereas, the decoherence time scale defines the time during which quan-
tum interferences between quantum states disappear (i.e. loss of quantum prop-
erties) [13] [15]. Deep studies have been made to determine this particular time
and to see whether or not it can be controlled due to its relevance in many inter-
esting physical problems such as quantum computation and quantum informa-
tion processing [16], heavy ion collisions [17], etc. In many cases, physicists are
also interested in understanding the specific causes of quantum decoherence in
order to prevent it from damaging quantum states and protect the information
stored inside [18]. Thus, it was discovered that, for most of superposed quantum
states, the associated decoherence time is often found to be smaller than the cor-
responding relaxation (damping) time. Several research works have been suc-
cessfully investigated to determine this time in the literature, many of them
found that the main tool for its investigation is the master equations (ME) dy-
namics approach, which describes the evolution in time of the density operator

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 M. Tcoffo et al.

of a given particle. The ME approach allows describing various physical pheno-

mena such as entanglement [19], decoherence and quantum to classical transi-
tion [20]. The most general ME approach was developed by Lindblad [5] [19]
[21].
Indeed, the Lindblad formalism ME approach has been used to solve many
concrete theoretical two modes systems and applied to various physical pheno-
mena, for instance, in treatments of damped collective modes, in deep inelastic
ions collisions, in nuclear physics [22] [23], or in the description of quantum
dissipation in one dimensional harmonic oscillator [16]. But almost all the above
studies have been conducted considering a commutative phase-space (i.e. the
space-time coordinates and momenta can be measured simultaneously accord-
ing to the Heisenberg principle). However, it was demonstrated that, the above
mentioned problems including decoherence, could be treated in a noncommut-
ing phase-space with significant results. For this reason, Dragovich et al. [24]
investigated the influence of noncommutativity (NCty) on the occurrence of the
so-called decoherence effect with external magnetic field, and they found that
the decoherence can be highly affected when the external control (magnetic field)
is constrained by the noncommutative (NC) effects. Ghorashi et al. [25] discov-
ered that, by modifying the master equation of two-dimensional harmonic oscil-
lators under the Brownian motion, the NCty effects lead to increase the rate of
decoherence. Moreover, Tchoffo et al. [26] in their investigation on kinematical
Brownian motion of harmonic oscillator in NC space showed that the structure
of Fokker Planck’s equation is not modified (i.e. the factorization theorem is
conserved in both commutative and NC space). In the same idea, Santos et al.
[27] found that, NCty induces a non-vanishing correlation between both coor-
dinates at different times. Very recently in our previous works on decoherence
of quantum Brownian particle in NC space, we realized that the NCty effects in-
tervene in the system as a disruption and therefore, increase the rate of decohe-
rence in the system [28]. Although significant results were achieved in the above
mentioned works, they usually considered only the space coordinates as NC and
the question that emerges is to know what could happen if beside coordinates
the momentum was also NC. An answer to this question is the main objective of
this research paper, with the approach consisting of deriving the decoherence
time scale of our system in NC phase-space by the Lindblad theory for open
quantum systems in NC phase-space approach.
To achieve this objective, we structure the paper as follows. In Section 2, we
present a general model of the system under magnetic field effects in NC
phase-space. We review the Lindblad ME approach of the density operator of the
considered open system in the same section. The dynamical equation of the co-
variance matrix associated to the system state is derived in Section 3. We deter-
mine in Section 4 the density matrix and the Wigner function of the considered
system. Section 5 is devoted to our main results where therein the decoherence
time scale and the total energy of the considered system in NC phase-space are

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M. Tcoffo et al.

derived. Finally Section 6 presents some concluding remarks.

2. Model Hamiltonian
The model described in this work forms the standard pattern of a damped
quantum harmonic oscillator in NC phase-space. Similar model was already in-
troduced in the literature [29] [30] [31] [32] [33], but with different approach
and for different motivations. For instance, in [30] it was used to analyze the
Landau diamagnetism in NC space, while in [32] it was introduced to study the
connection between dissipation and NCty. However, in this work our oscillator
is assumed to be a non-relativistic charged particle of mass m moving in a
two-dimensional NC phase-space under the effect of a homogeneous magnetic
field, and confined by a damped anisotropic harmonic potential with frequencies
ω1 and ω2 in the x and y directions respectively. The Hamiltonian of this sys-
tem is given by:
2 2
1  e ˆ  1  e ˆ  m 2 2
H=  pˆ1 − A1  +
2m  c  2m 
 pˆ 2 − A2  +
c  2
( )
ω1 qˆ1 + ω22 qˆ22 + k12 qˆ1qˆ2 , (1)

where ( Aˆ , Aˆ )
1 2 are the components of the potential vector of the magnetic field,
k12 the damping parameter, ( qˆ1 , qˆ2 ) and ( pˆ1 , pˆ 2 ) are respectively the non-
commutative coordinates and momenta of the quantum oscillator satisfying the
following commutation relations [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [ qˆk , qˆl ] = iθε kl ,
 θη 
[ pˆ k , pˆ l ] = iηε kl , [ qˆk , pˆ l ] = i δ kl , with =
  1 + 2  the effective Planck constant,
 4 
θ and η the NC parameters with respect to the coordinates and momenta,
respectively. Due to the fact that the NCty structure of the phase-space is a pure
geometrical property, its physical effects are independent of the particle nature.
Therefore, NCty between momenta arises naturally as a consequence of NC
coordinates, since momenta are defined to be partial derivatives of the action
with respect to the NC coordinates. The NC parameters θ and η have the
dimensions of ( length ) and ( momentum ) respectively [35] [39]. The NC
2 2

coordinates and momenta in terms of the commuting ones are defined as:

 θ θ
qˆ1 =q1 −
2
p2 , qˆ2 =
q2 +
2
p1
 (2)
 pˆ = η η
p1 + q2 , pˆ 2 = p2 − q1
 1
2 2

where the coordinates qk and momenta pk obey the usual commutation rela-
tions [ qk , ql ] = 0 , [ pk , pl ] = 0 and [ qk , pl ] = iδ kl ,
k , l = 1, 2 . By the gauge
symmetric relation, the vector potentials of the magnetic field Aˆk can be de-
fined as:
 B B 
Aˆ =  − qˆ2 , qˆ1  (3)
 2 2 

Using the latest relation and Equation (2), the Hamiltonian (1) can be rewrit-

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 M. Tcoffo et al.

ten as follows:
1 2 1 2 m 2 2
H=
2m1
p1 +
2m2 2
(
p2 + ϖ 1 q1 + ϖ 22 q22 )
 θ θ2 
+ k12  q1q2 + ( q1 p1 − q2 p2 ) − 2 p1 p2  (4)
 2 2 
− ( λ1q1 p2 − λ2 q2 p1 ) ,
where
 ωc2 ωcη η2
ϖ 1 = ω12 + + + ,
 4 2 m 4m 2  2

 ωc2 ωcη η2
ϖ 2 = ω22 + + + ,
 4 2 m 4m 2  2
(5)
 mθ  2 ωc2  ωc  θη  η
λ=1  ω1 +  + 1 + 2  + ,
 2   4  2  4   2 m

 mθ  2 ωc2  ωc  θη  η
 λ=
2  ω1 +  + 1 + 2  + ,
 2  4  2  4   2 m
m m
with m1 = 2 2
and m2 = 2 2
. It is
 mωcθ   mθω2   mωcθ   mθω1 
 1 + 4  +  2   1 + 4  +  2 
       
important to notice that the effective masses m1 and m2 are different due to
eB
the anisotropy of the system, and ωc = is the cyclotron frequency. The last
mc
term appearing in the Hamiltonian (4) is due to the NCty effects. This term in-
troduces some difficulties to solve the eigenvalue equation of the corresponding
Hamiltonian, thus the whole Hamiltonian requires further transformations. For
this reason, let’s define a canonical transformation involving the set of coordi-
nates-momenta ( q1 , q2 , p1 , p2 ) [31] [32] [40] by:
 1  1
q1 = χ cos ( Φ ) Q1 + sin ( Φ ) P2 ,  p1 = − ρ sin ( Φ ) Q2 + cos ( Φ ) P1 ,
 ρ  χ
 and  (6)
q = 1  1
 2
χ cos ( ) 2
Φ Q + sin ( ) 1
Φ P , p
 2
= − ρ sin ( ) 1
Φ Q + cos ( ) 2
Φ P .
ρ χ
The new coordinates ( Q1 , Q2 ) and momenta ( P1 , P2 ) also satisfy the ca-
nonical commutation relations:
[=
Q1 , P1 ] [Q
=2 , P2 ] i , (7)

while all other permutations vanish. Using the transformations of Equation (6),
the Hamiltonian (4) becomes:
1 1 M M
H
= P12 + P22 + 1 Ω12 Q12 + 2 Ω 22 Q22 + c12 Q1Q2
2M1 2M 2 2 2 (8)
+ µ11Q1 P2 + µ22 Q2 P2 + d12 P1 P2 ,
where
1 1
M
= 1 2
, M=
2 ,Ω
=1 2 I1 K1 , Ω=
2 2I2 K2 , (9)
2 I1 2 I 22

with

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M. Tcoffo et al.

 2 1  ρ2 λρ 
= I1 2 
cos 2 ( Φ ) + mϖ 22 sin 2 ( Φ ) + 2 sin ( 2Φ )  ,
 2 ρ  m1 χ 2
χ 

I 2 1  ρ2 λρ 
=  cos 2 ( Φ ) + mϖ 12 sin 2 ( Φ ) + 1 sin ( 2Φ )  ,
 2 2 ρ 2  m2 χ 2 χ 
 (10)
 2 χ  ρ
2 2
λρ 
=  K1  sin 2 ( Φ ) + mϖ 12 cos 2 ( Φ ) + 1 sin ( 2Φ )  ,
2  m2 χ 2 χ 

 χ  ρ2 λρ 
=  K 22  sin 2 ( Φ ) + mϖ 22 cos 2 ( Φ ) + 2 sin ( 2Φ )  ,
 2  m1 χ 2
χ 
and

 ρ  χ 2 θ 2  θχ 
= µ11 k12  2 + 2  sin ( 2Φ ) + ,
 2χ  ρ 4  ρ 

 ρ  χ 2 θ 2  θχ 
= µ22 k12  2 + 2  sin ( 2Φ ) − ,
 2 χ  ρ 4  ρ 
(11)
  θ 2ρ2 
=c12 k12 χ cos 2 ( Φ ) − 2 2 sin 2 ( Φ )  ,
2

  4  χ 

 k12  2 θ ρ
2 2

sin ( Φ ) − 2 2 cos ( Φ )  .
2
= d12 ρ2  4 χ
 
The set ( ρ, χ, Φ) satisfies the following relations:


ρ = (
mm1m2 λ2ϖ 12 + λ1ϖ 22 )
χ m2 λ1 + m1λ2

 (12)
 (
2 m1m2 ( m1λ2 + m2 λ1 ) λ2ϖ 12 + λ1ϖ 22 )
 tan ( 2Φ ) =
 (
m m2ϖ 12 − m1ϖ 22 )
Equation (8) is the Hamiltonian of a harmonic oscillator in two-dimensional
NC phase-space, where the mass varies in terms of the NC parameters, which
can provide simple solution to the eigenvalues equation. Table 1 depicts the
values of all the parameters and constants that appear in this Hamiltonian and in
the entire work, and which will be necessary for numerical simulations in Sec-
tion 5. In order to investigate the dynamics of two bosonic modes (Harmonic
oscillators) in weak interaction with thermal reservoir in NC phase-space, we
employ the axiomatic formalism based on the completely positive quantum dy-
namical semigroups [41].

3. Derivation of the Variance and Covariance Matrices

Generally, the simplest dynamics for an open system which describes an irre-
versible time evolution is given by the Gorini-Kossakowski-Linblad-Sudarshan
(GKLS) quantum master equation [41] [42]. Indeed, the GKLS method is based
on the non-Markovian approximation, meaning that there are no memory ef-
fects. The GKLS quantum non-Markovian master equation for the density oper-
ator ρ ( t ) in the Schrodinger representation is given [42] [43] [44] by:

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 M. Tcoffo et al.

Table 1. Recapitulation of all the parameters and constants that are used in this work.

Parameter Symbol Value Unit

Charge of electron e 1 C

Magnetic field B ∝ 10 −2
T

Reduced Planck constant  1 j∙s

Frequency in the x-direction ω1 1.5 s−1

Frequency in the y-direction ω2 2.5 s−1

Effective mass m 1 kg
Light constant c 1 m∙s−1
Squeezing parameter δ 0.5 s−1

Friction coefficients α kl , β kl , λkl between 0 and 1 dimensionless

Boltzmann constant k 1 m2∙kg∙s−2∙K−1

Temperature T between 0 and 20 K
NC-parameter along the coordinates θ ∝ 10 −38
m2

NC-parameter along the momentum η ∝ 10−60 kg2∙m2∙s−2

dρ i 1
L(ρ) =
dt
− [H , ρ ] +
=
 2 j 
(
∑ V j ρ ,V j  + V j , ρV j  , ) (13)

where H denotes the open system’s Hamiltonian and the operators Vk and Vk†
defined on the Hilbert space of H, describe the interaction of open system with
the environment. Given that, we have an interest in the set of Gaussian states, we
introduce such quantum dynamical semi group that preserves this set. Conse-
quently, H is considered to be a polynomial of second degree in coordinates Q1 ,
Q2 and momenta P1 , P2 of the quantum oscillators. In this case, V j and
V j† are taken as polynomials of first degree in these canonical observables. Then,
in the linear space spanned by the coordinates and momenta, there exist only
four linearly independent operators V j ( j = 1, 2,3, 4 ) [16] [44]. Moreover, the
operators are non-Hermitian and describe the dissipation and decoherence due
to interaction between the system and its environment. Using the transforma-
tions (2) and (6), the Lindblad operators in the NC phase-space, are given by [42]
[43]:
V j = Aj1 P1 + Aj 2 P2 + B j1Q1 + B j 2 Q2
 † * * * *
(14)
V j = Aj1 P1 + Aj 2 P2 + B j1Q1 + B j 2 Q2
with
 1 θ  1 η 
= A j1  a j1 + b j 2  cos ( Φ ) +  b j 2 + a j1  sin ( Φ ) ,
 χ 2  ρ 2 
 1 θ  1 η 
= Aj 2  a j1 − b j1  cos ( Φ ) +  b j1 − a j 2  sin ( Φ ) ,
χ 2  ρ 2 
 (15)
 B =− ρ  a − b θ  sin ( Φ ) + χ  b − a η  cos ( Φ ) ,
 j1  j2 j1   j1 j2 
 2   2 

 B j 2 =− ρ  a j1 + b j 2 θ  sin ( Φ ) + χ  b j 2 + a j1 η  cos ( Φ ) ,
  2   2 

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M. Tcoffo et al.

where a j1 , a j 2 , b j1 , b j 2 are complex numbers. The constant term is omitted

because its contribution to the generator L is equivalent to the linear terms of the
Hamiltonian in Pk and Qk . Then, the harmonic oscillator’s Hamiltonian (8)
can be rewritten in the form:
H 0 c12 Q1Q2 + µ11Q1 P1 + µ22 Q2 P2 + d12 P1 P2 ,
H =+ (16)
with
1 1 M M
H
= 0 P12 + P22 + 1 Ω12 Q12 + 2 Ω 22 Q22 . (17)
2M1 2M 2 2 2
Under the above conditions, Equation (13) becomes [5] [45]:
dρ i i
− [ H 0 , ρ ] − ( µ11 + λ11 ) [Q1 , ρ P1 + P1 ρ ]
=
dt  2
i i
− ( µ22 + λ22 ) [Q2 , ρ P2 + P2 ρ ] − λ12 ([Q1 , ρ P2 + P2 ρ ]
2 2
i
− [ P2 , ρ Q1 + Q1 ρ ]) − λ21 ([Q2 , ρ P1 + P1 ρ ] − [ P1 , ρ Q2 + Q2 ρ ])
2
i i
− ( d12 + α12 ) [ P2 , ρ P1 + P1 ρ ] − ( c12 + β12 ) [Q2 , ρ Q1 + Q1 ρ ]
2 2
i i
+ ( λ11 − µ11 ) [ P1 , ρ Q1 + Q1 ρ ] + ( λ22 − µ22 ) [ P2 , ρ Q2 + Q2 ρ ]
2 2
i i
+ (α12 − d12 ) [ P1 , ρ P2 + P2 ρ ] + ( β12 − c12 ) [Q1 , ρ Q2 + Q2 ρ ]
2 2 (18)
1 2
− 2 ∑  DPk Pl Qk , [Ql , ρ ] + DQk Ql  Pk , [ Pl , ρ ]
 k ,l =1
( )
− DQk Pl Qk , [ Pl , ρ ] +  Pk , [Ql , ρ ] 

where
 2  2   
DQl Ql =
2
∑ j
A jl , DPl Pl = ∑ j B jl , D=
2
Q1Q2 D=
Q2 Q1 Re  ∑ A*j1 A j 2  ,
2  j 
     
D=
P1 P2 D=
P2 P1 Re  ∑ B*j1 B j 2  , DPl Ql = DQl Pl = − Re  ∑ A*jl B jl  ,
2  j  2  j 
     
DP1Q2 = DQ2 P1 = − Re  ∑ A*j 2 B j1  , DP2Q1 = DQ1P2 = − Re  ∑ A*j1 B j 2  ,
2  j  2  j 
   
α12 = − Im  ∑ A*j1 A j 2  , β12 =
−α 21 = − Im  ∑ B*j1 B j 2  ,
− β 21 =
 j   j 
   
λ11 = − Im  ∑ A*j1 B j1  , λ22 = − Im  ∑ A*j 2 B j 2  ,
 j   j 
   
λ12 = − Im  ∑ A*j1 B j 2  , λ21 = − Im  ∑ A*j 2 B j1  .
 j   j 
The quantities DPk Pl , DQk Ql , DPk Ql and DQk Pl ( k = l = 1, 2 ) are known as
the diffusion coefficients, λkl , α12 , α 21 , β12 and β 21 the frictions constants.
From the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, the above coefficients satisfy the following
fundamental constraints [2]:

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 M. Tcoffo et al.

 The coefficients DPl Pl , DQl Ql , must be positive ∀l . 2 2

λ 
 DPl Pl DQl Ql − DQ2l Pl should be greater than the ratio ll ∀l .
4
α 
2 2
 DQ1Q1 DQ2Q2 − DQ21Q2 must be greater than 12 , and
4
β 2 2

 DP1P1 DP2 P2 − DP21P2 must be greater than 12 .
4
In the particular case, we suppose that the asymptotic state of the considered
 
 H
− 0 
 e kT 
open system is a Gibbs state  ρG ( ∞ ) =  , corresponding to a
  − HkT0  
Tr e 
  
  
quantum harmonic oscillator in thermal equilibrium at temperature T in
two-dimensional phase-space. Under this assumption, the above quantum diffu-
sion coefficients take the forms [45]:
 λ + µll  Ωl 
 D=
Pl Pl M l Ωl ll coth  ,
 2  2kT 
 (19)
D λ − µll   Ω l 
= ll coth  ,
 Ql Ql 2 M l Ωl  2kT 
other combinations being zero. In this case, the previous fundamental con-
 Ωl 
straints are satisfied for example only if: λll > µll and ( λll − µll ) coth   ≥ λll ,
2

 2 kT 
∀l =1, 2 .
2
Let σ
= AA A2 − A the dispersion (variance) of a given operator A, where
A = Tr [ ρ A] is the expectation value of the operator A, ρ the statistical
AB + BA
operator (density matrix), = and σ AB − A B the correlation
2
(covariance) of the operators A and B. It was demonstrated in [46] [47] that, for
any Hermitian operators A and B, and for pure quantum states, the following
generalized uncertainty relation holds:
1 2
σ AAσ BB − σ AB
2
≥ [ A, B ] . (20)
4
From the master Equation (18), we obtain the following equation of motion
for the expectation values of coordinates and momenta [22] [48]:
dn ( t )
= Xn ( t ) , (21)
dt
T
where n ( t ) = σ Q1 , σ Q2 , σ P1 , σ P2  denotes the expectation vector and X a 4×4
matrix defined by:
 1 
 −λ11 + µ11 −λ21
M1
−α12 + d12 
 
 1 
X =  −λ12 −λ22 + µ22 α12 + d12
 (22)
M2
 
 − M 1Ω1
2
β12 − c12 −λ11 − µ11 −λ12 
 −β − c − M 2 Ω 22 −λ21 −λ22 − µ22 
 12 12

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M. Tcoffo et al.

Solving Equation (21), we obtain

=n ( t ) N=
( t ) n ( 0 ) exp ( Xt ) n ( 0 ) , (23)
where n ( 0 ) denotes the initial conditions. The matrix n ( t ) must fulfill the
condition
lim n ( t ) = 0. (24)
t →∞

However, for this limit to exist, X must have only negative real eigenvalues
parts. For this reason, we set k12 = 0 , such that µ=
ll d=
12 c=
12 0 , which lead
the system to uncoupled oscillators. Under these conditions, the matrix X be-
comes:
 1 
 −λ11 −λ21
M1
−α12 
 
 1 
X =  −λ12 −λ22 α12  (25)
 M2 
 − M 1Ω12 β12 −λ11 −λ12 
 
 − β12 −M 2Ω 2
2 −λ21 −λ22 
In order to evaluate the exponential matrix N ( t ) , it is important to first di-
agonalize the matrix X by solving the corresponding secular equation i.e.
det ( X − z  ) =
0, (26)

where z is the eigenvalues of X and  the unit matrix. From Equation (26), one
obtains an equation of fourth order with respect to the eigenvalues z, which can
be easily solved. Let us for simplicity consider the particular case where
β=
12 α=
12 λ=
12 λ=
21 0 , then the secular equation obtained is:
( λ11 + z )2 + Ω12  ( λ22 + z )2 + Ω 22  = 0. (27)
  
The resolution of this equation provides z1 =−λ+ + iΩ + , z2 =−λ− + iΩ − ,
z3 =−λ+ − iΩ + and z4 =−λ− − iΩ − , where λ+ = λ11 , λ− = λ22 , Ω + =Ω1 , and
Ω − =Ω 2 . To fulfill the condition of Equation (24), only the positive values of
λ+ and λ− are considered. Thus, using the eigenvalues zn of X, the
time-dependent matrix N ( t ) can be obtained as follows:
N ij ( t ) = ∑ M in exp ( zn t ) M nj−1 , (28)
n

where the matrix M constitutes the eigenvectors of X:

∑ X ij M jn = zn M in . (29)
j

Under the conditions N ij (=

t 0= ) δ ij and dNij ( t ) dt t =0 = X ij . The expres-
sions of the matrix elements N ij , can subsequently be obtained as:
 − λ11t 1 
 e cos Ω1t 0 e − λ11t sin Ω1t 0 
M 1Ω1
 
 1 
N (t ) =  0 e − λ22t cos Ω 2 t 0 e − λ22t sin Ω 2 t  . (30)
 M 2 Ω2 
 − M 1Ω1e − λ11t sin Ω1t 0 e − λ11t cos Ω1t 0 
 
 0 −M 2 Ω2 e − λ22 t
sin Ω 2 t 0 e − λ22 t
cos Ω 2 t 

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 M. Tcoffo et al.

Considering Equation (23) and the initial conditions defined above, one get:
 −λ t  1 
σ Qk ( t ) e kk σ Qk ( 0 ) cos ( Ω k t ) +
= σ Pk ( 0 ) sin ( Ω k t )  ,
  M k Ωk  k = 1, 2. (31)
  − M k Ω k σ Qk ( 0 ) sin ( Ω k t ) + σ Pk ( 0 ) cos ( Ω k t )  ,
σ Pk ( =
t) e − λkk t
 
Thus, we can observe that, the expectation values of the coordinates and mo-
menta decay quickly due to the exponential factors e − λ11t and e − λ22t and va-
nish when t → ∞ . Let us now determine the variance and covariance matrices.
For this reason, let σ ( t ) and D be respectively the covariance and the diffusion
coefficients matrices where the elements are defined as follows:
 DQ1Q1 DQ1Q2 DQ1P1 DQ1P2   σ Q1Q1 σ Q1Q2 σ Q1P1 σ Q1P2 
  
 DQ2Q1 DQ2Q2 DQ2 P1 DQ2 P2   σ Q2Q1 σ Q2Q2 σ Q2 P1 σ Q2 P2 
=D = and σ ( t ) ,
 DP Q DP1Q2 DP1P1 DP1P2   σ PQ σ P1Q2 σ P1P1 σ P1P2 
 1 1   1 1 
 DP2Q1 DP2Q2 DP2 P1 DP2 P2   σ P2Q1 σ P2Q2 σ P2 P1 σ P2 P2 
(32)
Thus, from the master Equation (18), the equations of motion corresponding
to the quantum correlations of canonical observables Q1 , Q2 and P1 , P2 are the
following [48] [49]:
dσ
=X σ + σ X T + 2 D, (33)
dt
where the matrix X is defined in Equation (25), with X T its transposed matrix.
The time-dependent solution of (33) is given by:
σ ( t ) N ( t ) (σ ( 0 ) − σ ( ∞ ) ) N T ( t ) + σ ( ∞ ) ,
= (34)

where N ( t ) is defined in Equation (30). The matrix σ ( ∞ ) is time indepen-

dσ
dent and solves the static problem Equation (33) (i.e. = 0 ). Assuming that
dt
the limit of σ ( t ) exists as t goes to infinity (i.e. lim σ ( t ) exists), then one has
t →∞
σ ( ∞ ) =lim σ ( t ) . We can therefore, obtain the solutions of Equation (33) giving
t →∞
the elements of σ ( t ) . For illustration, the elements σ Qk Qk , σ Pk Pk and σ Pk Qk
( k = 1, 2 ) are given by:
  1
σ=Qk Qk ( t ) (
e −2 λkk t  cos 2 ( Ω k t ) σ Qk Qk ( 0 ) − σ Qk Qk ( ∞ ) + )
M
(
sin ( 2Ω k t ) σ Qk Pk ( 0 ) − σ Qk Pk ( ∞ ) )
  k Ωk
 1 

 M k Ωk
( )
+ 2 2 σ Pk Pk ( 0 ) − σ Pk Pk ( ∞ ) sin 2 ( Ω k t )  + σ Qk Qk ( ∞ ) ;


Pk Pk ( t )
σ= ( ( ) (
e −2 λkk t M k2 Ω k2 sin 2 ( Ω k t ) σ Qk Qk ( 0 ) − σ Qk Qk ( ∞ ) − M k Ω k sin ( 2Ω k t ) σ qk pk ( 0 ) − σ qk pk ( ∞ ) )
(35)



( ) )
+ σ Pk Pk ( 0 ) − σ Pk Pk ( ∞ ) cos 2 ( Ω k t ) + σ Pk Pk ( ∞ ) ;
  M Ω
σ Pk Qk =(t ) ( ) (
e −2 λkk t  − k k sin ( 2Ω k t ) σ Qk Qk ( 0 ) − σ Qk Qk ( ∞ ) + cos ( 2Ω k t ) σ Pk Qk ( 0 ) − σ Pk Qk ( ∞ )
 2
)

 1 


+
2M k Ωk
( )
σ Pk Pk ( 0 ) − σ Pk Pk ( ∞ ) sin ( 2Ω k t )  + σ Pk Qk ( ∞ ) ,


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M. Tcoffo et al.

where the remaining elements can be easily found following the same approach.
It can be observed that the matrix elements σ ij decay rapidly to zero due to the
exponential terms exp ( −2λ11t ) , exp ( −2λ22 t ) and exp ( − ( λ11 + λ22 ) t ) . The
matrix elements of σ ( ∞ ) depend on X and D, thus should be evaluated using
the relation [22]:
∞
σ ( ∞ ) =2∫0 N ( t ′ ) DN ( t ′ ) dt ′.
T
(36)

This relation is remarkably important, since it gives a very simple connection

between the asymptotic values ( t → ∞ ) of σ ( t ) and the diffusion coefficients
D. One observe that the asymptotic values σ Qk Qk ( ∞ ) , σ Pk Pk ( ∞ ) and
σ Pk Ql ( ∞ ) do not depend on initial values σ Qk Qk ( 0 ) , σ Pk Pk ( 0 ) and σ Pk Ql ( 0 ) .
The initial state represents a correlated coherent state with variance and cova-
riance of coordinates and momenta defined as [15]:
δ M k Ω k rk
σ Qk Qk ( 0 )
= = , σ Pk Pk ( 0 ) =and σ Pk Qk ( 0 ) . (37)
2M k Ωk (
2δ 1 − rk2
) 2δ 1 − rk2

Here, δ represents the squeezing parameter and rk the correlation coeffi-

σ Pk Qk
cient at t = 0 with rk < 1 , where rk = . In the case of a thermal
σ Qk Qk σ Pk Pk
bath where µll = 0 , with the coefficients (19) one can deduce that
  Ω k 
σ Qk Qk ( ∞ ) =
coth  ,
2M k Ωk  2kT 
(38)
M k Ωk   Ω k 
=σ Pk Pk ( ∞ ) = coth   and σ Pk Ql ( ∞ ) 0.
2  2kT 
The semigroup dynamics density operator which must hold for a quantum
Markovian process is valid only for the weak-coupling regime, with the damping
λkk obeying the inequality λkk  Ω k . Moreover, the diffusion coefficients
DQ1Q2 , DP2Q1 , DP1Q2 and DP1P2 are generally zero for uncoupled oscillators
interacting with an usual environment. Consequently, the expectation values
σ Q1Q2 , σ P2Q1 , σ P1Q2 and σ P1P2 vanish when t → ∞ . It is a very interesting
point that the general theory of Lindblad allows coupling via the environment
between uncoupled oscillators ( d12 = 0 , c12 = 0 , µll = 0 , ( l = 1; 2 )). Further-
more, according to the definition of the parameters in terms of the vectors A jk
and B jk , the diffusion coefficients above can be different from zero. In this case,
a structure of the environment is reflected in the motion of the oscillators.

4. Density Matrix and Wigner Distribution Function

In this section, the NC anisotropic oscillator interacting with the usual environ-
ment is considered in the same idea presented in the previous section, but with
k12 = 0 , α12 = 0 , β12 = 0 , λ12 = 0 , λ21 = 0 . Considering these conditions and
following the method developed by Lampo et al. [6] in the one dimensional case,
we derive the evolution in coordinate representation from Equation (18) as:

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 M. Tcoffo et al.

dρ 2   i  ∂ 2 ∂2  iM k Ω k2 2 
= ∑  M  2− − ( )
Qk − Qk′2  ρ
  k  ∂Qk ∂Qk′
2
dt k =1    2 
λkk  ∂ ∂  
− ( Qk − Qk′ )  − ρ
2 ∂Q
 k ∂Q ′
k  
2  
λ  ∂ ∂  
+ ∑  kk ( Qk + Qk′ )  +  + 2 ρ
 2
k =1    ∂Qk ∂Qk′  
 ∂ ∂ 
2
DPk Pk 
 ρ − 2 ( Qk − Qk′ ) ρ 
2
+ DQk Qk  +
 ∂Qk ∂Ql′   
2  iDQk Pl  ∂ ∂ 
+ ∑ − ( Qk − Qk′ )  +  ρ
k ≠l = 
1  ∂Q
 l ∂Ql′ 
 ∂ ∂  ∂ ∂  
+ DQk Ql  +  + ρ
 ∂Qk ∂Qk′   ∂Ql ∂Ql′   (39)
2 D
− ∑ k2 l ( Qk − Qk′ )( Ql − Ql′ ) ρ
PP

k ≠l =1 
2 2iD  ∂ ∂ 
−∑
Qk Pk
( Qk − Qk′ )  + ρ
k =1   ∂Qk ∂Qk′ 
Following [21], we can also transform the master Equation (18) for the density
operator into the following Fokker-Planck-type equation satisfied by the Wigner
distribution function W ( Q1 , Q2 , P1 , P2 , t ) :
∂W 2   P ∂W ∂W   ∂ ( PkW ) ∂ ( QkW )  
∂t
= ∑   − Mk + M k Ω 2k  + λkk  + 
∂Qk  
k =1   k ∂Qk ∂Pk   ∂Pk
2 
∂ 2W ∂ 2W ∂ 2W 
+ ∑  DQk Qk 2 + DPk Pk 2 + 2 DQk Pk  (40)
k =1  ∂ Qk ∂ Pk ∂Qk ∂Pk 
2  ∂ 2W ∂ 2W ∂ 2W 
+ ∑  2 DQk Ql
∂Qk ∂Ql
+ 2 DPk Pl
∂Pk ∂Pl
+ 2 DQk Pl .
∂Qk ∂Pl 
k ≠ l =1 

In Equation (40), the first four terms on the right-hand side give a purely uni-
tary evolutions, the second four terms are the dissipative terms and have a
damping effect (exchange of energy with environment), the last twelve terms are
diffusive (noise) terms and produce fluctuation effects in the evaluation of the
system. Moreover DPk Pk promotes diffusion in momentum and generates de-
coherence in coordinate Qk . It reduces the off-diagonal terms, responsible for
correlations between spatially separated pieces of the wave packet. Analogically,
DQk Qk promotes diffusion in coordinate and generates decoherence in momen-
tum Pk . The terms DQk Ql , DQk Pl , DQk Pk , and DPk Pl ( k ≠ l = 1, 2 ) are the
so-called “anomalous diffusion” terms. They promote diffusion in the variables
Pk Pl + Pl Pk , Qk Pl + PQ
l k , Qk Pk + Pk Qk , and Qk Ql + Ql Qk respectively. Just like
the other diffusion terms but they do not generate decoherence [5]. To solve
Equation (40), we have to first recall that the diffusion coefficients DQ1Q2 , DQ1P2 ,
DQ2 P1 , DP1P2 are well known and are generally zero for uncoupled oscillators. In
addition, introducing the matrix notation Qk Ql = Gkl , Pk Pl = Ekl and

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M. Tcoffo et al.

Qk Pl = Flk , which are the coefficients of the matrices G, E and F respectively,

then for an initial Gaussian, the density matrix solution of Equation 40) and the
Wigner function solution of Equation (40) are given by [21] [50] [51] [52]:
ρ ( Q1 , Q2 , Q1′, Q2′ , t )
   −1 i   
   G − H  
1  1
( )  
R −Q  i 2
 
exp −  ( R − Q ) , r T
T
=    + ∑ σ r  ,
2π det G  2 − i H T β   r    k =1 Pk k 
     2   
(41)
and
1  1 T
W ( Q=
1 , Q2 , P1 , P2 , t ) exp  − ( y − n ( t ) ) σ ( t ) ( y − n ( t ) )  , (42)
−1

det ( 2πσ ( t ) )  2 

 Q1 + Q1′ 
 2  σQ   Q − Q1′ 
where R =  , Q = 1 , r = 1 , H = G −1 F T and
 Q2 + Q2  ′  σ   Q − Q ′ 
   2Q 2 2

 2 
σ P P 0  σ Q1P1 0 
β= E − FG −1 F T , with E =  1 1 , F =  , and
 0 σ P2 P2   0 σ Q2 P2 
σ Q1Q1 0 
G=  , y = ( Q1 , Q2 , P1 , P2 ) . n ( t ) = (σ Q1 , σ Q2 , σ P1 , σ P2 ) denotes the
 0 σ Q2Q2 
expectation vector, and σ ( t ) is the dispersion (correlation) matrix defined by:
G F
σ (t ) =  . (43)
F E

Thus, in the case of a thermal bath and when the asymptotic state is a Gibbs
state and considering Equation (38), we obtain the following steady state solu-
tion:
Q1Q2 ρ ( ∞ ) Q1′Q2′ =
ρ1 ρ 2
  
M 1Ω1  − M 1Ω1  ( Q1 + Q1′ )2 2 
=  exp   + coth ε1 ( Q1 − Q1′ )   (44)
 π coth ε1  4  coth ε1  

 M 2 Ω2  − M Ω  ( Q2 + Q2′ )2  
2 
× exp  2 2
 + coth ε 2 ( Q2 − Q2′ )  
 π coth ε 2  4  coth ε 2  
 
and
W∞ = W1W2
 1  1  2 1  
=  exp −  M 1Ω1Q1 + P12   (45)
 π coth ε1   coth ε1  M 1Ω1  
 1  1  2 1  
× exp −  M 2 Ω 2 Q2 + P22   ,
 π coth ε 2   coth ε 2  M 2 Ω 2  
Ω k
with ε k = . We observe that, all stationary solutions to the evolution equa-
kT

DOI: 10.4236/jamp.2020.812207 2814 Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics

 M. Tcoffo et al.

tions obtained in the long time limit are possible as a result of a balance between
the wave packet spreading induced by the Hamiltonian and the localizing effect
of the Lindblad operators. Figure 1 and Figure 2 depict the behavior of the den-
sity matrix and the Wigner distribution functions respectively. It can be ob-
served that both exhibit a Gaussian behavior with the amplitudes which strongly
depend on the NC parameters. The diagonal elements of the density matrix (i.e.
Qk = Qkp , k = 1, 2 ) represent the probability of finding the system in this posi-
tion, while the off-diagonal elements introduce the correlation in the density
matrix between the points Qk and Qkp , k = 1, 2 .

5. Results and Discussion

In this section, we mainly focus on the decoherence time scale and the total
energy of a two-dimensional harmonic oscillator in an NC phase-space. For the
reasons of simplicity, let θ= α × 10−38 m 2 and η =β × 10−60 kg 2 ⋅ m 2 ⋅ s −2 , where
θ and η are the NC parameters, whose values are selected following the
works of refs. [38] [39]. It is worth noting that α and β are dimensionless.

5.1. Decoherence Time Scale

As previously mentioned, the diffusion coefficients in momentum DPk Pk pro-
duces decoherence along coordinates Qk . Mathematically, classical limit is of-
ten associated with the size of Planck’s constant. In the macroscopic limit, this

(a) (b)

Figure 1. Density matrix ρ ∞ with respect to the coordinates in the Q1-direction (Figure
1(a)) and in the Q2-direction (Figure 1(b)) respectively.

(a) (b)

Figure 2. Wigner function W∞ with respect to both the coordinates and momentum in
the Q1-direction (Figure 2(a)) and in the Q2-direction (Figure 2(b)) respectively.

DOI: 10.4236/jamp.2020.812207 2815 Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics

M. Tcoffo et al.

Planck constant  is negligible compared to other quantities with dimension of

action, such as DP1P1 ( Q1 − Q1′ ) + DP2 P2 ( Q2 − Q2′ ) . Thus, in this condition,
2 2

DP P
the terms of Equation (39) containing the quantity − k2 k dominate on others.

To kindly appreciate its effects, let us rewrite an explicit solution of the master
Equation (Equation (39)) approximating the right hand side by the dominating
terms. In that case, the following time depend evolution of the density matrix is
obtained:
Q1Q2 ρ ( t ) Q1′Q2′
  DP P DP P 2  
Q1Q2 ρ ( 0 ) Q1′Q2′ exp −  12 1 ( Q1 − Q1′ ) + 22 2 ( Q2 − Q2′ )  t 
2
= (46)
     
 1 
= Q1Q2 ρ ( 0 ) Q1′Q2′ exp − t .
 tdeco 

We can thus, easily deduce the decoherence time scale as:

2
tdeco = , (47)
DP1P1 ( Q1 − Q1′ ) + DP2 P2 ( Q2 − Q2′ )
2 2

which reduces to:

2
tdeco = , (48)
λ11 M 1Ω1σ Q1Q1 ( 0 ) coth ε1 + λ22 M 2 Ω 2σ Q2Q2 ( 0 ) coth ε 2

( Qk − Qk′ )
2
where the quantities are in order of the initial dispersion in coordi-
nates σ Qk Qk ( 0 ) , in the particular case of thermal bath (i.e. at zero temperature).
Considering Equation (37), Equation (48) becomes:
4
tdeco = , (49)
λ11δ coth ε1 + λ22δ coth ε 2
2kT 1 2kT 1
τ1
with= = τ2 =
and= . The quantity tdeco defines the so-called
Ω1 ε1 Ω 2 ε 2
decoherence time scale which as we previously mentioned defines the particular
time that the system initially quantum, starts behaving classically (i.e. the partic-
ular time that the system starts losing its quantum properties). Based on the
above analytical expressions, we have numerically simulated the decoherence
time scale as function of the temperature on one hand and as function of the
cutting frequency (magnetic field) on the other hand. One can easily observe on
Figure 3(a) that, the NCty effects present significant impacts on this time scale,
and thus, considerably affect decoherence in the system in the sense that, the
decoherence time scale increases as the NC parameters increase. However, this
time scale decreases asymptotically in the case of NC phase-space as well as in
the commutative phase-space case, and similar effects are also observed as in the
case of total energy since the NCty effects are not more observable for high tem-
perature. It is important to mention that, the NCty effects contribution to deco-
herence for zero temperature coincides with that of the commutative space since

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 M. Tcoffo et al.

the system receives very small feedback from the environment at this tempera-
ture. We can conclude that, even if the NCty effects increase decoherence in the
system at high temperature, the system losses its coherence properties and be-
comes decoherent, because the decoherence time goes to zero for high tempera-
ture. Moreover, it is observed in Figure 3(b) that, the decoherence time scale
increases as the magnetic field increases, in the case of NC phase-space as well as
in the case of commutative phase-space, but very slowly in the latest case. Under
lower magnetic field effects, the decoherence time scale is different from zero
implying that even at this temperature, the system still receives feedback from its
environment. In addition, the decoherence time scale increases asymptotically to
a fixed value in the case of NC phase-space as well as in the case of commutative
phase-space. This constant value defines the time during which the system loses
its coherence properties and becomes decoherent (the system exhibits classical
behaviour). The above results are confirmed by Figure 4, plotting the decohe-
rence time scale versus simultaneously the NC parameters in the x- and
y-directions, where we can easily observe that it increases with both parameters.

(a) (b)

Figure 3. Decoherence time scale of an harmonic oscillator in two-dimensional

phase-space with respect to the cutting frequency ωc and with respect to the
temperature T both as function of the NC phase-space parameters.

Figure 4. Decoherence time scale of an harmonic oscillator in two-dimensional

phase-space with respect to both the NC parameters in the x- and y-directions, for a fixed
temperature T = 5 K and a fixed magnetic field ωc = 1.5 .

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M. Tcoffo et al.

5.2. Total Energy of the System

The total energy of the anisotropic oscillator in a NC phase space can be derived
from the mean value of the Hamiltonian as:
σ P1P1 σ P2 P2 1 1
H= (t ) + (t ) + M 1Ω12σ Q1Q1 ( t ) + M 2 Ω 22σ Q2Q2 ( t )
2M1 2M 2 2 2
+ µ11σ P1Q1 ( t ) + µ22σ P2Q2 ( t ) + d12σ P1P2 ( t ) + c12σ Q1Q2 ( t )
1 1 1
+ σ P21 ( t ) + σ P22 ( t ) + M 1Ω12σ Q21 ( t ) (50)
2M 1 2M 2 2
1
+ M 2 Ω 22σ Q22 ( t ) + µ11σ P1 ( t ) σ Q1 ( t ) + µ22σ P2 ( t ) σ Q2 ( t )
2
+ d12σ P1 ( t ) σ P2 ( t ) + c12σ Q1 ( t ) σ Q2 ( t ) .

Since the expectation and variances values of the coordinates and momenta
decrease exponentially in time, the energy is dissipated to a minimum value.
Assuming that the conditions (38) hold, the minimum value of the total energy
of the system is given by the following expression:
Ω Ω1 Ω 2 Ω 2 
Emin = E ( ∞ )=   1 coth + coth . (51)
 2 2kT 2 2kT 
At zero temperature, i.e. T = 0 , the minimal energy becomes
Ω Ω 
Emin   1 + 2  , which corresponds to the energy of the system in its
=
 2 2 
ground state. In the particular case where ω1 = ω2 implying Ω1 =Ω 2 =Ω and
θ= η= 0 , the minimum energy of the ground state can be reduced to
′ = Ω , and we recover the ground state energy of the usual harmonic oscil-
Emin
lator in the commutative case. Figure 5 depicts therefore, the energy with re-
spect to the cutting frequency on one hand and with respect to the real temper-
ature on the other hand both for different values of NC phase-space parameters.
It can be observed that, for fixed values of the temperature T (the thermal bath
temperature), the total energy increases quickly with the magnetic field (cutting
frequency), and that under lower magnetic field effects, the total energy for

(a) (b)

Figure 5. Energy of an harmonic oscillator in two-dimensional phase-space with respect

to the cutting frequency ωc and with respect to the temperature T both as function of
the NC phase-space parameters.

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 M. Tcoffo et al.

different NC parameter values coincides. But under intense magnetic field ef-
fects, the NCty structure of the phase-space considerably affects the system since
the energy increase with these effects. In addition, it is observed that, for ex-
tremely low temperature, the total energy of the system increase significantly
with the NCty effects, however as the temperature increases, the energy increases
too and for high temperature, the energy of the system in NC phase-space coin-
cides with that of the system in commutative space (blue solid curve). This
represents the fact that, when the temperature increases in the system, the
coupling between the particle and the bath becomes considerably strong, the
whole system takes a large dimension and then, the effects of quantum gravity
manifest in NC phases-space are not more detectable. Similar results were found
by Tchoffo et al. [26] in the case of Brownian particle in NC space. Analogically
to the decoherence time scale, Figure 6 plots the energy of the system with re-
spect to simultaneously the NC parameters in the x- and y-directions, where we
can easily observe that it increases with both parameters, confirming the above
results.

6. Conclusions
In this paper, we studied decoherence of a damped anisotropic harmonic oscil-
lator under magnetic field effects in two-dimensional NC phase-space. For this
reason, the evolution of the system was studied within the framework of the
Lindblad ME theory for open quantum systems, considering the general case of
an environment consisting of a thermal bath at arbitrary temperature. Based on
the above mentioned theory, the damping of the expectation values of coordi-
nates and momenta was evaluated as functions of time. Then, from the ME of an
NC damped anisotropic oscillator approach, the time evolution of the density
matrix and the Wigner function were derived systematically. It turned out by
solving these equations that:
 The solutions follow Gaussian distribution. Moreover, from the expectation
values and the variances of coordinate and momenta, the total energy of the
system was evaluated.

Figure 6. Energy of a harmonic oscillator in two-dimensional phase-space with respect to

both the NC parameters in the x- and y-directions, for a fixed temperature T = 5 K and
a fixed cutting frequency ωc = 1.5 .

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M. Tcoffo et al.

 The total energy increases significantly with the NCty effects, and as the
temperature increases, the energy increases too. However, for high tempera-
ture, the energy of the system in NC phase-space coincides with that of the
system in commutative space. Similar effects were observed with the mag-
netic field effects.
 In addition, the decoherence time scale was analytically derived, and its si-
mulation proved that, the NCty effects present significant impact on this
time scale, and thus, considerably affect decoherence in the system in the
sense that, the decoherence time scale increases as the NC parameters in-
crease. It turned out therefore that, the decoherence time scale was improved
by NCty effects.
 The decoherence time was found to have a similar scale as the time after
which statistic fluctuations become comparable with quantum fluctuations as
expected, and the values of the scales become closer with the growth of tem-
perature, magnetic field, and NCty effects.

Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this pa-
per.

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