ELECTRICAL

SIMULATION LAB
MANUAL
S.NO NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT MARKS DATE SIGN

10
MATLAB PROGRAMS
1. STABILITY FOR A GIVEN PULSE TRANSFER FUNCTION USING
BODE PLOT IN MAT LAB

%h=tf(1,-1),(1,4,5),'input delay'0.3);
%hd=c2d(h,0.1,'foh');
%zero/pole/gain=(z+0.2)/(z+0.5) (z^2+z+0.4)
% Sample time=0.1
ts=0.1
h=zpk(-0.2 ,-0.5,1,ts)*tf(1,[1,1,0.4],ts)
hc=d2c(h)
bode(hc)
figure, rlocus(hc)
sgrid
figure,margin(hc)
grid
figure, nyquist(hc)
axis equal
[GM,PM,WPC,WGC]=margin(hc)
GMdb=20*log10(GM)
if(WPC>WGC)
if((GMdb>0)&(PM>0))
disp('System is Stable')
else
disp('System is Unstable')
end
else if(WPC==WGC)
disp('System us Marginally Stable')
else
disp('System is Unstable')
end
end
ts =

0.1000

Zero/pole/gain:
(z+0.2)
-----------------------
(z+0.5) (z^2 + z + 0.4)
Zero/pole/gain:
-33.6556 (s-6.273) (s^2 + 28.29s + 1041)
--------------------------------------------
(s^2 + 9.163s + 637.3) (s^2 + 13.86s + 1035)
GM =
0.1688
PM =
-88.3467
WPC =
27.8061
WGC =
52.3564
GMdb =
-15.4545

System is Unstable
clc
clear all
num=input('Enter numerator coefficients of G(s) H(s)');
den=input('Enter denominator coefficients of G(s) H(s)');
gh=tf(num,den)
figure,rlocus(gh)
sgrid
figure,margin(gh)
grid
figure,nyquist(gh)
axis equal
[GM,PM,WPC,WGC]=margin(num,den)
GMdb=20*log10(GM)
if(WPC>WGC)
if((GMdb>0)&(PM>0))
disp('System is Stable')
else
disp('System is Unstable')
end
else if(WPC==WGC)
disp('System is Marginally Stable')
else
disp('System is Unstable')
end
end
Enter numerator coefficients of G(s) H(s)[-0.002015 -0.4597 10]
Enter denominator coefficients of G(s) H(s)[0.204 1 0]

Transfer function:
-0.002015 s^2 - 0.4597 s + 10
-----------------------------
0.204 s^2 + s

GM =

2.1753

PM =

21.2412

WPC =

10.4392

WGC =

6.3912

GMdb =

6.7505

System is Stable
2. POWER FLOW SOLUTION OF A POWER SYSTEM USING MATLAB

Program:
%FORMATION OF YBUS BY DIRECT INSPECTION METHOD
zdata=[1 2 0.05 0.15;1 3 0.10 0.30;2 3 0.15 0.45;2 4 0.10 0.30;3 4 0.05 0.15];
fb=zdata(:,1);
tb=zdata(:,2);
r=zdata(:,3);
x=zdata(:,4);
n=max(max(fb),max(tb));
el=length(fb);
ybus=zeros(n,n);
for i=1:el
z(i)=complex(r(i),x(i));
y(i)=1/z(i);
end
%formation of off diagonal elements
for i=1:el
ybus(fb(i),tb(i))=ybus(fb(i),tb(i))-y(i);
ybus(tb(i),fb(i))=ybus(fb(i),tb(i));
end
%formation of diagonal elements
for ii=1:n
for i=1:el
if fb(i)==ii
ybus(ii,ii)=ybus(ii,ii)+y(i);
else
if tb(i)==ii
ybus(ii,ii)=ybus(ii,ii)+y(i);
end
end
end
end

%Calculation of bus voltages by GS method

% Bus No p q v
a= [1 0 0 1.04
2 0.5 -0.2 1
3 -1.0 0.5 1
4 0.3 -0.1 1];
bno=a(:,1); %
p=a(:,2);
q=a(:,3);
v=a(:,4);
n=max(bno);
slackbus=input(‘Enter slack bus number: ‘);
noitt=input(‘Enter no of iterations that need to be performed: ‘);
for itt=1:noitt
flags=[0 0 0 0];
v1=[0 0 0 0];
v1(slackbus)=v(slackbus);
 flags(slackbus)=1;
for j=1:n
if (j~=slackbus)
sumyv=0;
for k=1:n
if (j~=k)
if (flags(k)==0)
sumyv=sumyv+(ybus(j,k)*v(k));
else
sumyv=sumyv+(ybus(j,k)*v1(k));
end
end
end
apppower=complex(p(j),q(j));
temp=conj(apppower)/conj(v(j));
v1(j)=(1/ybus(j,j))*(temp-sumyv);
flags(j)=1;
end
end
v=v1;
disp(‘Bus voltage at the end of iteration: ‘);
disp(v1);
end
PSCAD EXPERIMENTS
3. ANALYSIS OF THREE PHASE CIRCUIT REPRESENTING THE
GENERATOR, TRANSMISSION LINE AND LOAD USING PSCAD
4. FAULT ANALYSIS OF A POWER SYSTEM USING PSCAD
MATLAB/SIMULINK
 5. SIMULATION OF OP- AMP BASED INTEGRATOR &
DIFFERENTIATOR CIRCUITS USING MATLAB

Aim: To simulate an OP-Amp based integrator and differentiator circuits using MATLAB
software
Apparatus:
Personal computer
MATLAB software

DIFFERENTIATOR
In differentiator, the output –voltage is always the differentiator of input voltage.
Ic =C1*
In ideal case, has the positive terminal is given zero voltage then voltage at node is Va=0
By applying KVL, Ic+If=0
C1* + =0 V0=-Rf*Ci*
By applying Laplace transform, Vo(s) =-Rf.C1.S.Vi(s)
=-Rf.C1.s [s=jw]

=-jw.Rf.C1
A=-jw.Rf.C1
|A|=w.RF.C1
|A|=2πfRfC1 [w=2πf]
Gain |A|= [Fa= ]
Gain of differentiator increases it the frequency i.e.; if “f” increases then ‘A’ increases, Gain
is increased by the rate of 20db/decade with increase in frequency.
To eliminate instability and high noise problem we have to add the other parameters to the
basic differentiator circuit.
Procedure:-
1. The circuit is built as observed in the circuit diagram.
2. The programmer is typed in MATLAB software
3. Saving the programme as filename. And then reopen the file.
4. Trace the output and note down the output voltage across Rl and input voltage across Vin.
Considering,
Feedback resistor value as 1KΩ
Input capacitor value as 20ηF
PWL Voltage source: Time = [0 1 2 3 4] msec
Voltage= [0 1 0 1 0]V
DIFFERENTIATOR:-Vo=-Rf C1.
Rf=2.5kΩ
Vo=-2.5*10^-3*10^-6* (10^4t)*4=-2.5v*4=10v

Rf=0.5kΩ
Vo=-0.5*10^3*10^-7* (10^4t)=0.5v*4=2v
Rf=8kΩ
Vo=-8*10^3*10^-7* (10^4t)=32v

RESULT:
INTEGRATOR
Simulation tools required:-
Pc with MATLAB software
Theory:-
OP-AMP:-It is refers to operational amplifier .It is a direct coupled high gate
amplifier .OP-Amp is used to compute the mathematical functions such as addition
,subtraction ,multiplication ,integration and differentiation. This amplifier is used to solve
many operations i.e., why it is call as “OPERATIONAL-AMPLIFIER”. It has wide
applications in the comparators, active filters, voltage regulators, oscillators etc...
Integrator:- Integrator is obtained from the basic inverting Op-Amp circuit. In this, Rf is
replaced by Cf in integrator. Output of integrator is [ Vo=-1/R1*Cf ] The integrator circuit
is also known as Rc low pass circuit. As in the case of integrator, the positive terminal is
grounded, voltage is zero. As we are considering the ideal case, the potential at ‘a’ is Va=0
v.
Apply KCL at point ‘a’,
I1=If
+ Cf * =0

= -Cf *

V0 =

V0 = +c
C= initial output-voltage at t=0
Hence,since the output is integral of input voltage,it is called as “integrator”
By applying laplace transform,gain can be found|A|=Fb/F
Procedure:-
1.The circuit is build as observed in the circuit diagram.
2.The programmer is typed in MATLAB software
3.Saving the programme as filename. And then reopen the file.
4. Trace the output and note down the output voltage across Rl and input voltage across Vin.
Considering,
Feedback capacitor value as 0.1µF with internal resistance 1Ω
Input resistor value as 1KΩ
Pulse Voltage source: square wave with 5V peak with pulse width 1msec and pulse period
2msec
THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS:-
INTEGRATOR:- Vo=
R1=2.5kΩ,
Vo= =-2*2*10^-3*10^4=-40v
R1=0.5kΩ
Vo= =-200v
R1=8kΩ
Vo= =-12.5v

Result:-

THEORETICAL SIMULATED
VALUES VALUES
Vo(v) Vo(v)
Integrator:-0.5kΩ
2.5kΩ
8kΩ
Differentiator:-
0.5kΩ
2.5kΩ
8kΩ
6. SIMULATION OF D. C. CIRCUIT FOR DETERMINING THEVENIN‘S
EQUIVALENT USING MATLAB

Aim: To calculate load current in a given circuit by using thevenin’s and Norton’s theorem
using MATLAB software
Apparatus:
Personal computer
MATLAB software

THEORY:
THEVENIN STATEMENT: “Any two terminal bilateral linear D.C circuit can be replaced
by an equivalent circuit consisting of a voltage source and a series resistor”.
PROCEDURE FOR THEVENINS:
 Switch on the personal computer.
 Open the simulation software.
 Connect the thevenin’s circuit as shown in the figure by dragging the different
components.
 Run the circuit and note down the ammeter reading.
 Compare the practical values to the theoretical value.

 THEORITICAL CALCULATIONS FOR THEVENINS CIRCUIT:

=?
I = V/
=I
(R1//R3)+R2

THEVENIN’S EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT:

 Take the electrical elements resistor from the simpower system and the resistor element
is copied as required number of times.
 Drag the current measurement element from the measurements of simpower systems,
also voltage measurement along it.
 Drag the display from the sinks.
 Connect the components to get the complete circuit so that we can get resistance using
.

 We have to take the AC voltage source from the sources of simpower systems.
 Use the continous power gui from the simpower systems.
 Click on RUN to start simulation and observe the values of voltage and current.

PROCEDURE FOR SIMULINK:

 Open the MATLAB Software New file Model View Library browser
Select the components from the sim power systems.
 Click on the Simulink library.
 The components which we need are
A. Resistors B. Voltmeter. C. Ammeter. D. Voltage source E. Current source.
 Open the library browser and then click on the sim power systems Elements Series
RLC branch and right click on it and add it to the saved file under the workspace.
 Double click on the series RLC branch and select only ‘R’ in that and represent its value
as 100Ω and presenter. Click on name series RLC branch and edit the name of it.
 Drag the components which are required for the current network and connect the
network along with a scope & display.
 Drag the voltage source from the simpower system click on electrical elements and select
the dc voltage source.
 Connect the components to get complete circuit and click on run the output is displayed
on the display utility.
NORTON STATEMENT: “A linear active network consisting of independent and or
dependent voltage source and current source and linear bilateral network elements can be
replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a current source in parallel with a resistance,
the current source being the short circuited current across the load terminal and the
resistance being the internal resistance of the source network looking through the open
circuited load terminals”.
PROCEDURE FOR NORTONS:
 Switch on the personal computer
 Open the simulation software
 Connect the Norton’s circuit as shown in the circuit diagram by dragging the different
components.
 Run the circuit and note down the ammeter reading.
 Compare the practical values with the theoretical values.
NORTON EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT:
 Take the electrical elements resistor from the simpower system and the resistor element
is copied as required number of times.
 Drag the current measurement element from the measurements of sim-power systems,
also voltage measurement.
 Drag the display from the sinks.
 Connect the components to get the complete circuit so that we can get Norton resistance
using .
 Connect the components in order to get the complete circuit and observe the value of .
 Take the dc current source from the electrical sources of simscope browser.
 Drag the resistor elements from the Electrical elements of simscope.
 Take the current sensor from the Electrical sensors.
 Take simulink converter and solver configuration from the utilities.
 Drag the Electrical reference from Electrical elements and display from the sinks.
 Connect the circuit and click on run to start simulation.
 Observe the output values and compare it with the theoretical values.
PROCEDURE FOR SIMULINK:
 Open the MATLAB Software New file Model View Library browser
Select the components from the sim power systems.
 Click on the Simulink library.
 The components which we need are
B. Resistors B. Voltmeter. C. Ammeter. D. Voltage source E. Current source.
 Open the library browser and then click on the sim power systems Elements Series
RLC branch and right click on it and add it to the saved file under the workspace.
 Double click on the series RLC branch and select only ‘R’ in that and represent its value
as 100Ω and presenter. Click on name series RLC branch and edit the name of it.
 Drag the components which are required for the current network and connect the
network along with a scope & display.
 Drag the voltage source from the simpower system click on electrical elements and select
the dc voltage source.
 Connect the components to get complete circuit and click on run the output is displayed
on the display utility.
Results:
PSIM MODELS
 7. SIMULATION OF BUCK CHOPPER & RESONANT PULSE
COMMUTATION CIRCUIT USING PSIM

a. SIMULATION OF RESONANT PULSE COMMUTATION CIRCUIT

Aim: To Simulate the Resonant Pulse Commutation Circuit Using PSIM

Apparatus:
Personal computer
PSIM software

Theory:

The commutation circuit comprises of Capacitor C, Inductor L and an auxiliary thyristor

TA. Initially thyristor T1 and TA are in off state and capacitor C is charged to voltage Vs
with left hand plate positive as shown in figure. Positive direction of capacitor voltage and
capacitor current ic are shown in figure and taken as reference.
Now, at t=0, the main thyristor / SCR is gated and turned on. Load current equal to I0 starts
flowing through the main thyristor T1 and Load. Now, we want to turn this thyristor off. To
do this, we fire the auxiliary thyristor TA at t=t1. Till time t=t1, the capacitor is charged
with source voltage Vs i.e. vc = Vs, capacitor current ic = 0 and current through main
thyristor T1 i.e. i0 = I0. This is shown in figure below.
When auxiliary thyristor TA is fired, it starts conducting and provides a path for the
discharge of capacitor C. L, C and TA forms a resonating circuit. The resonating
current ic for this circuit is given as

Negative sign in the above expression of resonating current is given as the actual current flows in a
direction opposite to the direction of current ic shown in the first figure.
Carefully observe the waveform of ic. It can be seen that, after half cycle, the value of
icreduces to zero at t=t 2. This means, the current through the auxiliary thuristor TA reduces

to zero. Let’s check if the auxiliary thyristor gets reversed biased after t=t 2. Why are we
checking this? This is because, the current through TA is zero at t=t 2 and if it gets reversed
biased after t=t 2 then TA will get turned off. The voltage across TA equals the voltage
across capacitor. The expression for capacitor voltage can be calculated as

From the above expression of voltage across capacitor, if we put ωt = π then value of Cosωt
will -1. This means, the capacitor voltage will get reversed after half a cycle of capacitor
current i.e. at t=t 2. Thus, the auxiliary thyristor TA is reversed biased after t=t 2. Hence it will
get turned off at t=t 2.
Now, TA is OFF and capacitor C is charged up to source voltage Vs with its right hand plate
positive. This means, the diode D is now forward biased and hence resonating current ic will
now flow through least resistive path i.e. through C, L, D and main thyristor T1. But this
resonating current ic will flow through the main SCR T 1 from cathode to anode i.e. in
reverse direction. This simply means, the current I through the main thyristor T 1 will be
given as
I = I0 – ic
When the magnitude of ic reaches I0, the current through the SCR T1 will become zero. This
can be seen at t=t 3. Now, you might ask, when the resonating current will attain a value of
I0? This can easily be calculated from the equation of the resonating current. Let’s find it.

Now, at t=t3, the current through the main thyrsistor T1 is zero. Let’s check, if it is reversed
biased at this instant of time. Again, the voltage across the main SCR T1 at this instant of
time (t=t3) is equal to the capacitor voltage. The capacitor voltage after ωt = π is negative.
This means, the right hand plate is positive whereas left hand plate is negative. Hence, the
main thyristor T1 is reversed biased. Thus, main thyristor T 1 will turn off at t=t3 as the
current through it is zero and it is reversed biased after this instant of time.
From the above discussion, it should have been clear that the peak value of resonating
current ic i.e. Im in the expression of ic, must be more than load current (I0) for reliable
commutation of thyristor / SCR. As SCR is commutated by the gradual build-up of the

resonating current ic in the reverse direction of SCR, this method of commutation is called
the current commutation, resonant pulse commutation or Class-B commutation.
Simulation Diagram:
Output:
7. b. SIMULATION OF BUCK CHOPPER CIRCUIT

AIM: To simulate buck chopper circuit and to observe its wave form using PSIM software
Apparatus: PSIM software
Personal computer
Theory: A chopper is static circuit that converts fixed dc input voltage to a variable dc
output voltage directly. A buck converter is a dc to dc power converter that steps down the
voltage from its input supply to its output load.
These converter provide much greater power efficiency than linear regulators which are
simpler circuit but lower voltages by dissipating power as heat, which does not step up
output current. The basic operation of the buck converter has the current in an inductor
controlled by two switches a transistor and diode.
The increase in current during ON –STATE is given by

Decrease in current is given by

For reliable communication peak resonant current must be greater than load current
as the thyrister is commutated by the gradual build up of reasonant current in the reversed
direction this method of commutation class-B (OR) reasonant commutation.
Procedure:
1. Initially we need a PSIM dongle in order to use the software on our PC
2. Open the PSIM software and take new file from that
3. Drag the components from elements, source and then connect them as observed in the
circuit.
4. Insert all the parameters that are required to the components according to the theoretical
survey.
5. Take simulation control component and adjust the total time and then finish your
connections using pencil.
6. Perform simulation and observe the output waveforms corresponding to buck chopper.
Theoretical calculations:

Simulation Diagram:

Output and Input waveforms:

 8. SIMULATION OF SINGLE PHASE INVERTER WITH PWM
CONTROL USING PSIM

Aim: To simulate a 1-Ø inverter using PWM control technique using PSIM
Apparatus:
Personal computer
PSIM software
Theory:
In a PWM inverter, the output voltage waveform has a constant amplitude whose polarity
reverses periodically to provide the output fundamental frequency. The source voltage is
switched at regular intervals to produce a variable output voltage.
The output voltage of the interval is controlled by varying the pulse width of each cycle of
the output voltage.
A full-bridge inverter can be considered to be a combination of two half-bridge circuits. The
first half-bridge consists of two switches S1 & S4 whereas the second one consists of
switches S2 & S3.
The PWM bipolar switching scheme that is used with half-bridge inverter can be used more
efficiently with the full-bridge inverter. A triangular wave of peak amplitude ‘Ec’ is
compared with a sine-wave of peak amplitude ‘Em’ to generate the base-drives for the two
devices in half-bridge circuit.
Basically, inverter is a device that is used to convert dc voltage into ac and harmonics can be
reduced by pulse width control.
Procedure:
1. Open the PSIM software and take new case file project.
2. Drag the components from the elements and connect the circuit as shown in the figure.
3. Run the circuit and then observe the output waveforms.
4. Observe the theoretical and practical values of the PSIM 1-phase inverter using the PSIM
software.
Simulation Diagram:

OUTPUT

Result:
PSPICE
 9. RESPONSE OF AN RLC CIRCUIT BY PARAMETRIC ANALYSIS
USING PSPICE

Aim: - To write and simulate a PSPICE program to find the response of an RLC series
circuit by parametric analysis.
Apparatus: - 1. Personal computer
2. PSPICE software
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

THEORY:- The sources are transient sources since they are varying with time.
Types of transient voltage sources:-
1.piece wise linear
The analysis of behaviour of electronic circuit renders that soon as a circuit is
Switched from one condition to another either by change of source or by alternation of
circuit elements,branch currents and voltage drop change tasks a short spell of time to settle
to permanent values till further switching or circuit alternation is attempted.
The brief spell of the time is called as transient time and response occurred during this time
period is called as transient response.
The linear differential equation of transient response of series rlc circuit is
V(t)=R.i(t)+L. + .
Apply Laplace transform on both sides we get,
V(S) =R.I(S)+L.SI(S)+ .

V(S)=I(S)[R+LS+
TRANSIENT RESPONSE IN RLC CIRCUIT:-
Characteristic equation in Laplace domain is

The roots of the quadratic equation is

equations of a order system are

1.Damping factor 2.resonant frequency

CASE:-1 IF the roots are complex and conjugate and the circuit is said to be
underdamped. The roots are
The solution is:- I(t)=

is called a ringing frequency.

CASE:-2 IF the roots are equal and the circuit is said to be critically
damped. The solution is :-
I(t)=(
CASE:-3 IF the roots are real
and distinct and negative and the circuit is said to be over damped.
The solution is :-

FOR STEP INPUT:-

I(t)= where and b=

Initial conditions are i(

THEN +

)
THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS: -
CASE-I
CRITICALLY DAMPED
R

2L
1

LC
Current response i(t) =
Peak Time tp =
Peak Current ip =
CASE –II
UNDER DAMPED
R

2L
1

LC
Current response i(t) =
Peak Time tp =
Peak Current ip =
CASE-III

OVER DAMPED
R

2L
1

LC
Current response i(t) =
Peak Time tp =
Peak Current ip =
MODEL GRAPHS:-
CASE – I
R 1

2L LC
400mA

300mA

200mA

100mA

0A
0s 50us 100us 150us 200us 250us 300us 350us 400us 450us 500us
I(C1)
Time

CASE – II
R 1

2L LC
 400mA

300mA

200mA

100mA

0A

-100mA

-200mA
0s 50us 100us 150us 200us 250us 300us 350us 400us 450us 500us
I(C2)
Time

CASE – II
R 1

2L LC
120mA

100mA

0A
0s 50us 100us 150us 200us 250us 300us 350us 400us 450us 500us
I(C3)
Time

Program: -
/* Response of RLC series circuit
V1 1 0 PWL (0 0 1NS 1V 1US 1V 1MS 1V 1S 1V)
V2 4 0 PWL (0 0 1NS 1V 1US 1V 1MS 1V 1S 1V)
V3 7 0 PWL (0 0 1NS 1V 1US 1V 1MS 1V 1S 1V)
R1 1 2 2
L1 2 3 10UH
C1 3 0 10UF
R2 4 5 1
L2 5 6 50UH
C2 6 0 10UF
R3 7 8 8
L3 8 9 50UH
C3 9 0 10UF
.TRAN 10US 500US
.PROBE
1.5V

Under damped

1.0V

Critically damped

Over damped

0.5V

0V
0s 50us 100us 150us 200us 250us 300us 350us 400us 450us 500us
V1(C1) V1(C2) V1(C3)
Time

Output voltage across capacitor of RLC series circuit for under damped, over damped and
critically damped cases.
400mA
Critically damped

Under damped
200mA

Over damped

0A

-200mA
0s 50us 100us 150us 200us 250us 300us 350us 400us 450us 500us
I(C1) I(C2) I(C3)
Time

Output current through capacitor of RLC series circuit for under damped, over damped and
critically damped cases.
10. PSPICE SIMULATION OF SINGLE – PHASE FULL CONVERTER
USING RLE LOADS & SINGLE PHASE AC VOLTAGE
CONTROLLER USING RL& RLE LOADS

a. SIMULATION OF SINGLE – PHASE FULL CONVERTER USING

RLE LOADS

Aim: - To write and simulate a PSPICE program to get the controlled DC output voltage
from single phase full bridge rectifier with RLE load and single phase ac voltage controller
using RL& RLE loads

Apparatus:-
Personal Computer
PSPICE Software
Theory:

A Single phase consisting of four SCR’s as shown in the circuit diagram. The load is
assumed to be of RLE type where E is the load emf and it may also be due to a battery in the
load circuit or due to emf generated from a dc motor. Thyristors T1 and T2 are
simultaneously triggered and ∏ radians later pair T3 and T4 is to be triggered. Load current
or output current is considered to be continuous throughout the operation.
In positive half cycle thyristors T1 & T2 are fired at an angle α .
When
T1&T2 conducts Vo=Vs
IO=is=Vo/R=Vs/R
In negative half cycle of input voltage, SCR's T3 &T4 are triggered at an angle of (π+α)
Here output current & supply current are in opposite direction
∴ is=-io
T3 & T4 becomes off at 2π.
Circuit Diagram:-

Fig. 1 Single Phase Full Bridge Rectifier

Fig. 2 PSPICE Thyristor Model

PROCEDURE:
1. Represent the nodes for the given circuit.
2. Write PSPICE program by initializing all the circuit parameters as per given flow chart.
3. From the desktop of the computer click on START menu followed by “programs” and by
clicking appropriate program group as DESIGN LAB EVAL8 followed by “DESIGN
MANAGER “.
4. Open the run text editor from microsim window and start writing PSPICE program.
5. Save the program with .cir extension.
6. Open the run spice A/D window from microsim window.
7. Open the file menu from run spice A/D window and then the saved circuit file.
8. If there are any errors, simulates will be displayed as “simulation error occurred”.
9. To see the errors click on o/p file icon and open examine o/p.
10. To make changes in the program, open the circuit file, modify, save and run the
program. 11. If there are no errors simulation will be completed & a statement “simulation
completed” will be displayed.
12. To see the o/p, click on o/p file icon and open examine o/p and note down the values.
13. If probe command is used in the program, click on o/p file icon and open run probe.
Select variables to plot on graphical window and observe the output plots.
VS1 10 0 SIN(0 240V 50HZ)
VDC 10 1 DC 0V
VDC1 5 3 DC 80V
R245
L 4 5 10MH
VG1 6 2 PULSE(0 10V 3333.33US 1NS 1NS 100US 20000US)
VG2 7 0 PULSE(0 10V 3333.33US 1NS 1NS 100US 20000US)
VG3 8 2 PULSE(0 10V 13333.33US 1NS 1NS 100US 20000US)
VG4 9 1 PULSE(0 10V 13333.33US 1NS 1NS 100US 20000US)
XT1 1 2 6 2 SCR
XT2 3 0 7 0 SCR
XT3 0 2 8 2 SCR
XT4 3 1 9 1 SCR
.SUBCKT SCR 1 2 3 2
S1 1 5 6 2 SMOD
RG 3 4 50
VX 4 2 DC 0V
VY 5 7 DC 0V
DT 7 2 DMOD
RT 6 2 1
CT 6 2 10UF
F1 2 6 POLY(2) VX VY 0 50 10
.MODEL SMOD VSWITCH(RON=0.0125 ROFF=10E5 VON=0.5V VOFF=0V)
.MODEL DMOD D(IS=2.2E-15 BV=1800 TT=0 CJO=0)
.ENDS SCR
.TRAN 10US 100MS
.PROBE
.END

300

200

100

-100
0s 10ms 20ms 30ms 40ms 50ms 60ms 70ms 80ms 90ms 100ms
v(2,3) I(R)
Time

Load Voltage and load current waveforms

 10 b. SINGLE PHASE AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLER FOR RL AND RLE LOAD

Theory:
AC voltage controllers are thyristor based devices ,which converts the fixed Ac voltage into
variable AC voltage with same frequency .The circuit diagram of Single phase AC voltage
controller is shown in figure .It consists of two SCR‟s connected in anti-parallel. The input
and output voltage waveforms are also shown.
The SCR‟s are gate controlled and gate pulses are obtained from firing unit.
A) For R-Load: For the first half cycle of input voltage waveform SCR T1 conducts and
gives controlled output to load. During the other half cycle of input voltage waveform SCR
T2 conducts. During the Positive half cycle T1 is triggered at a firing angle of wt= α .T1
starts conducting and source voltage is applied to the load from α to π. At wt= π both Vo
and Io falls tozero. Just after wt= π, T1 is reverse biased and therefore it is turned off by
self-commutation. During the negative half cycle of T2 is triggered at wt= π+α, then T2
conducts from wt = π+α Where Vorms
is the theoretical RMS value of the output voltage, Vph is the phase voltage of the input
voltage and α is the firing angle.
B) For RL –Load: During the first half cycle wt = 0 to π SCR T1 is forward biased and is
triggered at wt=α and output current starts building up through load .At wt=π, load and
source voltage are zero. But the output current is not zero because of inductive load. At wt=
(β>π), the load current reduces to zero, angle β is called extinction angle. After wt = π, SCR
T1 is reverse biased, but does not turn off because the output current is not zero. At wt=β,
only when output current is zero T1 turns off. During the negative half cycle SCR T2 is
forward biased and is triggered at wt = π+α. The output current flows through the load in
reverse direction. The operation of SCR T2 is similar as that of SCR T1 during the period
wt=π+α to wt = (2β-α) but in the negative direction. At wt= (2β-α) the SCR t2 is
commutated and the next positive half cycle will be regulated by SCR T1. In this way the
AC Voltage controller will be useful for regulating the AC voltage.

PROCEDURE:
1. Represent the nodes for the given circuit.
2. Write PSPICE program by initializing all the circuit parameters as per given flow chart.
3. From the desktop of the computer click on START menu followed by “programs” and by
clicking appropriate program group as DESIGN LAB EVAL8 followed by “DESIGN
MANAGER
4. Open the run text editor from microsim window and start writing PSPICE program.
5. Save the program with .cir extension.
6. Open the run spice A/D window from microsim window.
7. Open the file menu from run spice A/D window and then the saved circuit file.
8. If there are any errors, simulates will be displayed as “simulation error occurred”.
9. To see the errors click on o/p file icon and open examine o/p.
10.To make changes in the program ,open the circuit file, modify ,save and run the program.
11.If there are no errors simulation will be completed & a statement “simulation completed”
will be displayed.

12.To see the o/p , click on o/p file icon and open examine o/p and note down the values.
13.If probe command is used in the program,click on o/p file icon and open run probe.Select
variables to plot on graphical window and observe the output plots.

Circuit Diagram of AC Voltage Controller Sub Circuit of Thyristor

VS 1 0 SIN(0 169.7 50)

VG1 2 4 PULSE(0 10V 3333.33US 1NS 1NS 100US 20000US)
VG2 3 1 PULSE(0 10V 13333.33US 1NS 1NS 100US 20000US)
R 4 5 2.5
L 5 6 6.5MH
VX 6 0 DC 0V
CS 1 7 0.1US
RS 7 4 750
XT1 1 4 2 4 SCR
XT2 4 1 3 1 SCR
.SUBCKT SCR 1 2 3 2
S1 1 5 6 2 SMOD
RG 3 4 50
VX 4 2 DC 0V
VY 5 2 DC 0V
RT 2 6 1
CT 2 6 10UF
F1 2 6 POLY(2) VX VY 0 50 11
.MODEL SMOD VSWITCH(RON=0.01 ROFF=10E+5 VON=10V VOFF=0)
.ENDS SCR
.TRAN 10US 33.33MS
.PROBE

200V

100V

0V

-100V

-200V
0s 5ms 10ms 15ms 20ms 25ms 30ms 35ms
v(4,0)
Time

Load Voltage waveform for

50A

0A

-50A
0s 5ms 10ms 15ms 20ms 25ms 30ms 35ms
I(R)
Time

Load current waveform for