Experiment-1

TRANSIENT AND SMALL SIGNAL STABILITY ANALYSIS – SINGLE MACHINE INFINITE

AIM

To become familiar with various aspects of the transient and small signal stability analysis of
Single-Machine-Infinite Bus (SMIB) system

PROGRAM REQUIRED: MATLAB 7.6

THEORY

Stability:

Stability problem is concerned with the behavior of power system when it is subjected to
disturbance and is classified into small signal stability problem if the disturbances are small and
transient stability problem when the disturbances are large.

Transient stability:

When a power system is under steady state, the load plus transmission loss equals to the
generation in the system. The generating units run at synchronous speed and system frequency,
voltage, current and power flows are steady. When a large disturbance such as three phase fault, loss
of load, loss of generation etc., occurs the power balance is upset and the generating units rotors
experience either acceleration or deceleration. The system may come back to a steady state condition
maintaining synchronism or it may break into subsystems or one or more machines may pull out of
synchronism. In the former case the system is said to be stable and in the later case it is said to be
unstable.

Small signal stability:

When a power system is under steady state, normal operating condition, the system may be
subjected to small disturbances such as variation in load and generation, change in field voltage,
change in mechanical toque etc., the nature of system response to small disturbance depends on the
operating conditions, the transmission system strength, types of controllers etc. Instability that may
result from small disturbance may be of two forms, (a) Steady increase in rotor angle due to lack of
synchronizing torque. (b) Rotor oscillations of increasing magnitude due to lack of sufficient damping
torque.

FORMULA
PROCEDURE

1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB

2. Create a new M – file by selecting File - New – M – File

3. Type and save the program

4. Execute the program by pressing Tools – Run

5. View the results

EXERCISE

1. A 60Hz synchronous generator having inertia constant H = 5 MJ/MVA and a direct axis transient
reactance Xd1 = 0.3 per unit is connected to an infinite bus through a purely reactive circuit as shown
in figure. Reactances are marked on the diagram on a common system base. The generator is
delivering real power Pe = 0.8 per unit and Q = 0.074 per unit to the infinite bus at a voltage of
V = 1 per unit.

a)A temporary three-phase fault occurs at the sending end of the line at point F.When the fault is
cleared, both lines are intact. Determine the critical clearing angle and the critical fault clearing time.

.
b)Verify the result using MATLAB program

RESULT

Transient and small signal stability analysis of Single-Machine-Infinite Bus (SMIB) system was
studied and simulated using simulation software.
 Experiment-2

FORMATION OF BUS ADMITTANCE MATRIX USING MATLAB

Aim:

To determine the bus admittance matrix for the given power system Network

Apparatus: MATLAB 7.7

Theory:

Formation of Y BUS matrix

Bus admittance matrix is often used in power system studies.In most of power system studies it is
necessary to form Y-bus matrix of the system by considering certain power system parameters
depending upon the type of analysis. For example in load flow analysis it is necessary to form Y-bus
matrix without taking into account the generator impedance and load impedance. In short circuit
analysis the generator transient reactance and transformer impedance taken in account, in addition to
line data. Y-bus may be computed by inspection method only if there is no natural coupling between
the lines. Shunt admittance are added to the diagonal elements corresponding to the buses at which
these are connected. The off diagonal elements are unaffected. The equivalent circuit of tap changing
transformer may be considered in forming[ybus] matrix.

There are b independent equations (b = no. of buses) relating the bus vectors of currents and voltages
through the bus impedance matrix and bus admittance matrix:

EBUS = ZBUS IBUS

IBUS = YBUS EBUS

The relation of equation can be represented in the form

IBUS = YBUS EBUS

Where, YBUS is the bus admittance matrix, IBUS & EBUS are the bus current and bus voltage
vectors respectively.

Diagonal elements: A diagonal element (Yii) of the bus admittance matrix, YBUS, is equal to the
sum total of the admittance values of all the elements incident at the bus/node i,

Off Diagonal elements: An off-diagonal element (Yij) of the bus admittance matrix, YBUS, is equal
to the negative of the admittance value of the connecting element present between the buses I and j, if
any.

This is the principle of the rule of inspection. Thus the algorithmic equations for the rule of
inspection are obtained as: Yii = Σ yij (j = 1,2,…….n) Yij = - yij (j = 1,2,…….n)

For i = 1,2,….n, n = no. of buses of the given system, yij is the admittance of element connected
between buses i and j and yii is the admittance of element connected between bus i and ground
(reference bus).
MATLAB PROGRAM

Calculations:

Result:

Signature of the faculty

LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS BY GAUSS SEIDEL METHOD

Aim:

To carry out load flow analysis of the given power system network by Gauss Seidel method

Apparatus: MATLAB

Theory:

Load flow analysis is the study conducted to determine the steady state operating condition of
the given system under given conditions. A large number of numerical algorithms have been
developed and Gauss Seidel method is one of such algorithm.

Problem Formulation

convergence is carried out by comparison with the voltages obtained at the end of previous iteration.
After the solutions is obtained. The stack bus real and reactive powers, the reactive power generation
at other generator buses and line flows can be calculated.
Step13: Stop.
Procedure

– file by selecting File - New – M – File.

Result

Signature of the faculty

LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS BY NEWTON RAPSHON METHOD

Aim

To carry out load flow analysis of the given power system by Newton Raphson method.
Apparatus: MATLAB 7.7 Theory: The Newton Raphson method of load flow analysis is an iterative
method which approximates the set of non-linear simultaneous equations to a set of linear
simultaneous equations using Taylor’s series expansion and the terms are limited to first order
approximation. The load flow equations for Newton Raphson method are non-linear equations in
terms of real and imaginary part of bus voltages.

Algorithm

Step1: Input the total number of buses. Input the details of series line impendence and line charging
admittance to calculate the Y-bus matrix.

Step2: Assume all bus voltage as 1 per unit except slack bus.

Step3: Set the iteration count as k=0 and bus count as p=1.

Step4: Calculate the real and reactive power pp and qp using the formula

P=ΣvpqYpq*cos(Qpq+εp-εq)

Qp=ΣVpqYpa*sin(qpq+εp-εa)

Evalute pp*=psp-pp*

Step5: If the bus is generator (PV) bus, check the value of Qp*is within the limits.If it Violates the
limits, then equate the violated limit as reactive power and treat it as PQ bus. If limit is not isolated
then calculate,

|vp|^r=|vgp|^rspe-|vp|r ;

Qp*=qsp-qp*
Step6: Advance bus count by 1 and check if all the buses have been accounted if not go to step5.
Step7: Calculate the elements of Jacobean matrix.

Step8: Calculate new bus voltage increment pk and fpk

Step9: Calculate new bus voltage ep*h+ ep* Fp^k+1=fpK+fpK

Step10: Advance iteration count by 1 and go to step3.

Step11: Evaluate bus voltage and power flows through the line .

Procedure

d window of the MATLAB.

– file by selecting File - New – M – File.

– Run.

busout

lineflow

Calculations:

Result

Signature of the faculty

FORMATION OF BUS IMPEDANCE MATRIX USING MATLAB

Aim:

To determine the bus impedance matrix for the given power system Network

Apparatus: MATLAB 7.7

Theory:

Formation of Z BUS matrix

Z-bus matrix is an important matrix used in different kinds of power system study such as short circuit
study, load flow study etc. In short circuit analysis the generator uses transformer impedance must be
taken into account. In quality analysis the two-short element are neglected by forming the z-bus
matrix which is used to compute the voltage distribution factor. This can be largely obtained by
reversing the y-bus formed by inspection method or by analytical method. Taking inverse of the y-bus
for large system in time consuming; Moreover modification in the system requires whole process to
be repeated to reflect the changes in the system. In such cases is computed by z-bus building
algorithm.

Algorithm

Step 1: Read the values such as number of lines, number of buses and line data, generator data and
transformer data.

Step 2: Initialize y-bus matrix y-bus[i] [j] =complex.(0.0,0.0)

Step 3: Compute y-bus matrix by considering only line data.

Step 4: Modifies the y-bus matrix by adding the transformer and the generator admittance to the
respective diagonal elements of y-bus matrix.

Step 5: Compute the z-bus matrix by inverting the modified y-bus matrix.

Step 6: Check the inversion by multiplying modified y-bus and z-bus matrices to check whether the
resulting matrix is unit matrix or not.

Step 7: Print the z-bus matrix.

– file by selecting File - New – M – File.

ogram by pressing Tools – Run.

Fault analysis using MiPower Software

Aim:

To conduct fault analysis using Mipower software.

Theory:

POWERSCS module is designed to perform the short circuit study for the given system. Short
circuit studies are performed to determine the magnitude of the currents flowing throughout the power
system at various time intervals after a fault occurs. The magnitudes of current flowing through the
power system after a fault vary with time until they reach steady state condition. This behavior is due
to system characteristics and dynamics. The short circuit information is used to select fuses, breakers
and switchgear ratings in addition to setting protective relays. The short circuit program computes the
steady state fault current for the impedance considered.

Procedure to enter data for performing studies using Mipower:

1. Draw single line diagram and enter data simultaneously in database manager.

2. Open power system network editor. Select menu option Database-configure. Configure database
dialog box is popped up. Click browse button.

3. The elements can be selected from the power system tool bar.

4. The element ID can be selected by double click the element in the file. Enter the details of the
elements in detailed form.

5. Save and close the library screen.

6. To solve short circuit studies choose menu option solve-short circuit analysis.

7. Select the suitable fault in the fault type and select the bus no.

8. Click execute and short circuit study will be executed.

9. Click on report to view the report.

Result: The results obtained for fault analysis using Mipower software was verified.

Signature of the faculty

Load Flow analysis using ETAP Software

Aim:

To conduct the load flow analysis by using an ETAP power station.

Theory:

ETAP power station is a fully graphical electrical transient analyzer program that can operate
under the Microsoft windows 98, NT4-0, 2000 and XP environments. The Windows 2000 and XP
Professional platforms provide the highest performance level for demanding applications, such as
large network analysis requiring intensive computation and online monitoring and control
applications. PowerStation allows us to work directly with graphical one-line diagrams, underground
cable raceway systems, ground grid systems and cable pulling systems. Power station combines the
electrical, logical, mechanical and physical attributes of system elements in the same data base. ETAP
can simulate various power system problems like load flow analysis, short circuit analysis, Harmonic
analysis, Transient Stability analysis, Optimal power flow analysis, motor acceleration analysis,
Battery sizing discharge, DC load flow and DC short circuit analysis. Power station organizers and
accesses its database using Microsoft open database connectivity (ODBC)

General steps for ETAP Simulation:

Step 1: (To create a new project)

1. To start power station, double click on the power station icon on desktop. This will open the
window.

2. To create a new project, select the file menu option from the start up menu Bark click on the first
button on the project tool bar

3. The user information dialog box comes up after you click on ok from the create project file.

4. Enter the user name, full name and description and password click on ok in dialogue box.

Step 2: (Project Properties)

Under the project menu there are some options as follows to give or edit the properties. The
information and standard of the projects can be edited from this menu.

Step 3: (Edit a one line diagram)

One line diagram menu bar contains a comprehensive collection of menu options. This menu bar is
displayed when a one line diagram is active. In the one line diagram presentation (OLV1), we

can graphically construct our electrical system by connecting the buses, branches motors etc. from the
one line diagram Edit tool bar.

Step 4: (For adding Components)

Click on the required symbol on the edit tool bar which changes the cursor shape to the elements
picture.
Step 5: (Rotation)

For this right click to bring up the menu and select one of the orientation

Edit Properties of the elements:

To change or edit properties of an element right click and select the properties to get the editor.

Relocate elements:

Select an element and move the cursor on top of it, the cursor becomes a move symbol. Now drag the
element to a new position and release the left button.

Load Flow Analysis:

The PowerStation Load Flow Analysis program calculates the bus voltages, branch power factors,
currents, and power flows throughout the electrical system. The program allows for swing, voltage
regulated, and unregulated power sources with multiple utility and generator connections.

Run Load Flow Studies:

Select a study case from the Study Case Editor. Then click on the Run Load Flow Study icon to
perform a load flow study. A dialog box will appear to specify the output report name if the output
file name is set to Prompt. The study results will then appear on the one-line diagram and in the
output report.

Update Cable Load Current:

Selecting the Update Cable Load Current icon will transfer cable load current data from the
previously run load flow study. The data is transferred to the Operating Load Current in the Cable
Editor for each cable associated with the load flow study.

Load Flow Display Options

The results from load flow studies are displayed on the one-line diagram. To edit how these results
look, click on the Load Flow Display Options icon.

Alert View:

After performing a load flow study, you can click on this button to open the Alert View, which lists
all equipment with critical and marginal violations based on the settings in the study case.

Load Flow Report Manager:

Load flow output reports are provided in two forms: ASCII text files and Crystal Reports. The Report
Manager provides four pages (Complete, Input, Result, and Summary) for viewing the different parts
of the output report for both text and Crystal Reports. Available formats for Crystal Reports are
displayed in each page of the Report Manager for load flow studies. Choosing any format other than
Text Report in the Report Manager activates the crystal reports.

Result:

The results obtained for load flow analysis using ETAP power station was verified.