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Mechanical Operations

Sedimentation and filtration are common physical water treatment processes. Sedimentation involves particles settling out of water through gravity in basins. Filtration separates solids from liquids using a porous medium, leaving behind a filtrate. There are different filtration methods like hot, cold, and vacuum filtration. Filtration can occur through surface, depth, or cake filters using various equipment like filter presses, pressure filters, vacuum filters, and fabric filters. Proper filter selection depends on factors like particle size and chemistry.

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206 views3 pages

Mechanical Operations

Sedimentation and filtration are common physical water treatment processes. Sedimentation involves particles settling out of water through gravity in basins. Filtration separates solids from liquids using a porous medium, leaving behind a filtrate. There are different filtration methods like hot, cold, and vacuum filtration. Filtration can occur through surface, depth, or cake filters using various equipment like filter presses, pressure filters, vacuum filters, and fabric filters. Proper filter selection depends on factors like particle size and chemistry.

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MECHANICAL OPERATIONS – SEDIMENTATION AND FILTRATION

SEDIMENTATION
Sedimentation- the condition whereby the solids are already at the bottom
and in the process of sedimenting.

In the physical treatment of water and wastewater, settling is normally carried out in
settling or sedimentation basins.
Settling- a unit operation in which solids are drawn toward a source of attraction. Settling is not
yet sedimenting, but the particles are falling down the water column in response to gravity.
Generally, two types of sedimentation basins (also called tanks, or clarifiers) are used:

FILTRATION
It is any of various mechanical, physical or biological operations that separate solids
from fluids (liquids or gases) by adding a medium through which only the fluid can pass.
The fluid that passes through is called the filtrate. In physical filters oversize solids in the
fluid are retained however, the separation is not complete; solids will be contaminated with
some fluid and filtrate will contain fine particles (depending on the pore size ,filter thickness and
biological activity).

METHODS OF FILTRATION
Hot filtration method is mainly used to separate solids from a hot solution.

The apparatus and the solution used are heated iN order to prevent the rapid decrease
in temperature which in turn, would lead to the crystallization of the solids in the funnel and hinder
the filtration process

Cold filtration method is the use of ice bath in order to rapidly cool down the solution to
be crystallized rather than leaving it out to cool it down slowly in the room temperature. This
technique results to the formation of very small crystals as opposed to getting large crystals by
cooling the solution down at room temperature

Vacuum filtration technique is most preferred for small batch of solution in order to
quickly dry out small crystals. This method requires a buchner funnel, filter paper of smaller diameter
than the funnel, buchner flask, and rubber tubing to connect to vacuum source.

MECHANISMS OF FILTRATION

Surface Filter
A solid sieve which traps the solid particles, with or without the aid of filter paper (e.G.
Buchner funnel, belt filter, rotary vacuum-drum filter, cross-flow filters, screen filter) allows the solid
particles, (i.E. The residue) to be collected intact.

Depth Filter
A bed of granular material which retains the solid particles as it passes (e.G. Sand filter).
It is less prone to clogging due to the greater surface area where the particles
can be trapped.
When the solid particles are very fine, it is often cheaper and easier to discard
the contaminated granules than to clean the solid sieve.

Cake Filters
- separate relatively large amounts of solids as cake of crystals or sludge. Often they
have provisions for washing cake or removing some of the liquid from the solids
before discharge.
Clarifying Filters
- these filters remove small amounts of solids to produce a clean gas or sparkling clear
liquids. Most solids are trapped inside filter medium. Such filters differ from screens
in that the pores of the filter medium are much larger than size of the particles to be
removed.
Cross Flow Filters
- feed suspension flows under pressure at a fairly high velocity across the filter
medium. High liquid velocity keeps the layer of solids from building up. Filter
medium used generally is – ceramic, polymer or metal with pores small enough to
exclude most of the suspended particles. Some of the liquid passes through the filter
medium, leaving more concentrated suspension behind.
-
The filter medium or membrane in any filter must meet the following requirements
1. It must retain the solids to be filtered, giving a reasonably clear filtrate.
2. It must not plug or blind
3. It must be resistant chemically and strong enough physically to withstand process conditions
4. It must permit the cake formed to discharge cleanly and completely
5. It must not be prohibitively expensive filter media

Filter aids
Slimy or very fine solids that form a dense impermeable cake quickly plug any filter
medium that is fine enough to retain them. In practice, to filter such materials, porosity of the
cake is increased to permit the passage of the liquid at a reasonable rate. This is done by adding
filter aids such as purified wood cellulose, inert porous solids, diatomaceous silica to the
slurry before filtration. Another way of using a filter aid is by precoating, that is, depositing a
layer of it on the filter medium before filtration

TYPES OF FILTRATION EQUIPMENT


Filter press
Also known as plate and frame filters, are some of the oldest and most common filters
used for liquid-solid separation.
Filter press consist of several filter plates in series. These plates are metal frames
containing large sheets of filter cloth, usually polypropylene. These plates are squeezed
together and the slurry is filtered through the press.

Pressure filter
In pressure filters, a pressure drop pushes the filtrate through the filter medium.
Vacuum filter
It uses the application of suction on the filtrate side of the filter medium during
filtration.
There are two main types of vacuum filters: horizontal belt and rotary drum
filters, both of which operate continuously.

Horizontal belt vacuum filter includes a conveyor belt,


while rotary drum filters rotate about an axis as a vacuum pulls the
filtrate through its walls.

Fabric filters
Fabric filters, also known as baghouses, are primarily used in dust collection.

Types of Bag Filters

Shaker- cleaned Bag Filter


Reverse Flow Filters
Reverse Jet Filters

Other Types:
Depth Bed Filters
Magnetic Filters
Ceramic Filters

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