FILTRATION

T. Balakrishna M.Pharm
Assistant professor
Chebrolu Hanumaiah Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences
Chowdavaram,Guntur-522019.
DEFINITION

◼ Filtration: It may be define as a process of separation

of solids from a fluid by passing the same through a
porous medium that retains the solids but allows the
fluid to pass through.

◼ Clarification: When solid are present in very low

concentration, i.e., not exceeding 1.0% w/v, the
process of its separation from liquid is called
clarification.

2
TERMS USED IN FILTRATION

Slurry • Suspension
to be filtered

Filter • Porous
medium medium used
to retain solid

Filter • Accumulated
solids on the
cake filter

• Clear liquid
Filtrate
passing through the
filter
3
PROCESS OF FILTRATION

Pores of filter
Filter medium
medium are Slurry is placed
(filter paper) is
smaller than size over the filter
placed on a
of particles to be medium
support (mesh)
separate.

Due to pressure
So solids are
Gravity is acting difference across
trapped on the
over the liquid the filter, fluid
surface of the
medium flows through the
filter medium
filter medium

4
APPLICATIONS OF FILTRATION

◼ Production of sterile products:

✓ HEPA filters or laminar air bench
✓ Membrane filters.
◼ Production of bulk drugs
◼ Production of liquid dosage
◼ Effluents and waste water treatment

5
MECHANISM OF FILTRATION

◼ The mechanism whereby particles are retained by a filter is

significant only in initial stages of filtration.

• Similar to sieving, i.e., particles of larger size can’t pass

Straining through smaller pore size of filter medium.

• Solids having the momentum move along the path of

Impingement streaming flow and strike (impinge) the filter medium. Thus
the solids are retained on the filter medium.

• Particles become entwined (entangled) in the masses of

fibres (of cloths with fine hairy surface or porous felt) due to
Entanglement smaller size of particles than the pore size. Thus solids are
retained within filter medium.

Attractive • Solids are retained on the filter medium as a result of

forces attractive force between particles and filter medium, as in
case of electrostatic filtration. 6
 TYPES OF FILTRATION

◼ Surface/ screen filtration ◼ Depth filtration

➢ It is a screening action by which ➢ In this slurry penetrates to a point
pores or holes of medium prevent where the diameter of solid
the passage of solids. particles is greater than that of
➢ Mechanism involved : straining the tortuous void or channel.
and impingement ➢ Mechanism : Entanglement
➢ For this, plates with holes or ➢ The solids are retained with a
woven sieves are used. gradient density structure by
➢ Efficacy is defined in terms of physical restriction or by
mean or maximum pore size. adsorption properties of medium.

7
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SURFACE AND DEPTH
FILTRATION

 Surface filtration Depth filtration

◼ The size of particles retained is ◼ The size of particles retained is
slightly higher than the mean pore much smaller than the mean pore
size of medium. size of medium.
◼ Mechanical strength of filter ◼ Mechanical strength of filter
medium is less, unless it is made of medium is high.
stainless steel. ◼ It has high capacity.
◼ It has low capacity. ◼ The size of particles retained is
◼ The size of particles retained is less predictable.
more predictable. ◼ Equipment is cheaper because
◼ Equipment is expensive because ancillary equipment is not
ancillary equipment such as edge required.
clamps is required. ◼ Ex. Ceramic filters and sintered
◼ Ex. Cellulose membrane filter. filters.
8
THEORIES OF FILTRATION

◼ The flow of liquid through a filter follows the basic rules that
govern the flow of any liquid through the medium offering
resistance.
◼ The rate of flow may be expressed as-
Rate = driving force / resistance

◼ The rate of filtration may be expressed as volume (litres) per unit

time (dv/dt).
◼ Driving force = pressure upstream – pressure downstream
◼ Resistance is not constant.
◼ It increases with an increase in the deposition of solids on the
filter medium.
◼ Therefore filtration is not a steady state.
9
 CONTINUE……..

◼ The rate of flow will be greatest at the beginning of filtration

process, since the resistance is minimum.
◼ After forming of filter cake, its surface acts as filter medium and
solids continuously deposit adding to thickness of the cake.

Powder or granule bed visualized as a bundle of capillaries

Upstream pressure, P1 Downstream

pressure, P2

Surface area Length (L) Viscosity

Flow rate:
m3 / unit time
Fig.: Filtration process parameters.
▪ Resistance to flow is related to several factors given in fig.

Resistance to movement={pressure upstream- pressure downstream}/ length of capillaries

10
 POISEULLIE’S EQUATION

◼ Poiseullie considered that filtration is similar to

the streamline
 flow of liquid under pressure through capillaries.

◼ Poiseullie’s Equation is-

◼ Where, V = rate of flow, m3/s (l/s)

ΔP= Pressure difference across
the filter, Pa r = radius of
capillary in the filter bed, m
 L = thickness of filter cake (capillary 11
length), m
DARCY’S EQUATION

◼ Poiseullie's law assumes that the capillaries found in the filter

are highly irregular and non-uniform.
◼ Therefore, if the length of capillary is taken as the thickness of
bed, a correction factor for radius is applied so that the rate is
closely approximated and simplified.
◼ The factors influencing the rate of filtration has been
incorporated into an equation by Darcy, which is:

◼ Where, K = permeability coefficient of cake, m2

A = surface area of porous bed (filter medium), m2
Other terms are same as previous equation
◼ K depends on characteristics of cake, such as porosity, specific
12
surface area and compressibility.
 CONTINUE
….
◼ Permeability may be defined quantitatively as the flow rate of a
liquid of unit viscosity across a unit area of cake having unit
thickness under a pressure gradient of unity.
◼ This equation is valid for liquids flowing through sand, glass
beds and various porous media.
◼ This model is applied to filter beds or cakes and other types of
depth filter.
◼ This equation is further modified by including characteristics of K
by Kozeny-Carman.

13
KOZENY-CARMAN (K-C) EQUATION
◼ Kozeny-Carman equation is widely used for filtration.

◼ Where,
𝝴= porosity of cake (bed)
S = specific surface area of particles comprising the cake m2 / m3
K = Kozeny constant (usually taken as 5)
Other terms are same as previous equations
◼ Limitations:
➢ It does not consider the fact that depth of granular bed is lesser
than the actual path traversed by the fluid.
➢ The actual path is not same through out the bed, but it is
sinuous or tortuous. 14
 FACTORS INFLUENCING FILTRATION

Properties of Properties of Properties of Objectives Temperature

solid liquids solid in slurry
• Particle shape • Density • Rate of • Whether the • Temperature
• Particle size • Viscosity formation of solid or liquid of suspension
• Particle charge • corrosiveness filter cake or both are to
especially in be collected
• Density
early stage of
• Particle size filtration
distribution
• Rigidity or
compressibility
of solid under
pressure
• Tendency of
particle to
flocculate or
adhere
together

15
SURFACE AREA OF FILTER MEDIUM

Inversely proportional to specific surface of filter bed

Rate of (According to K-C equation)
filtration
Directly proportional to surface area of filter medium
(According to Darcy’s equation)

◼ Rate can be increased either using large filter or connecting a

number of small units in parallel.
◼ Filter press works on principle of connecting units in parallel.

16
 PRESSURE DROP ACROSS THE FILTER
MEDIUM
◼ According to K-C equation the rate of filtration is proportional to
the overall pressure drop across both the filter medium and filter
cake.
◼ The pressure drop can be achieved in a number of ways:
• A pressure difference could be obtained by maintaining a head of slurry above
the filter medium.
Gravity
• The pressure developed will depend on the density of the slurry

• The pressure below the filter medium may be reduced below atmospheric
Vacuum pressure by connecting the filtrate receiver to a vacuum pump and creating a
(Reducing pressure difference across the filter.
pressure)

• The simplest method being to pump the slurry into the filter under pressure.
Pressure

• The gravitational force could be replaced by centrifugal force in particle

Centrifugal separation 17
force
VISCOSITY OF FILTRATE

◼ According to K-C equation rate of filtration is inversely

proportional to the viscosity of the fluid.
◼ Reason behind this is an increase in the viscosity of the filtrate
will increase the resistance of flow.
◼ This problem can be overcome by two methods:
➢ The rate of filtration may be increased by raising the
temperature of the liquid, which lowers its viscosity. However, it
is not practicable if thermolabile materials are involved or if the
filtrate is volatile.
➢ Dilution is another alternative but the rate must be doubled.

18
FILTER MEDIA

◼ The surface upon which solids are deposited in a filter is called

the “Filter medium”
◼ Properties of ideal filter medium:
◼ It should-
1) be capable of delivering a clear filtrate at a suitable production
rate.
2) have sufficient mechanical strength.
3) be inert.
4) retain the solids without plugging at the start of filtration.
5) Not absorb dissolve material.
6) Sterile filtration imposes a special requirement since the pore
size must not exceed the dimension of bacteria or spores.
19
MATERIAL USED AS FILTER MEDIA

Woven material
• Made up of wool, silk, metal or synthetic fibres (rayon, nylon etc.).
• These include a- wire screening and b- fabrics of cotton, wool, nylon.
• Wire screening e.g. stainless steel is durable, resistance to plugging and easily
cleaned.
• Cotton is a common filter ,however, Nylon is superior for pharmaceutical use,
since it is unaffected by mold, fungus or bacteria and has negligible absorption
properties .
• The choice of fibre depends on chemical
Perforated sheet metal
• Stainless steel plates have pores which act as channels as in case of meta filters.

Bed of granular solid built up on supporting medium

• In some processes, a bed of graded solids may be formed to reduce resistance

of flow.

• Ex. Of granular solids are gravel, sand, asbestos, paper pulp and keiselgur. 20
• Choice of solids depends on size of solids in process.
 PREFABRICATED POROUS SOLID
UNITS

• Used for its convenience and effectiveness.

• Sintered glass, sintered metal, earthenware and porous plastics are used for
fabrication.

Membrane filter media

• These are cartridge units and are economical and available in pore size of 100
μm to even less than 0.2 μm.
• Can be either surface cartridges or depth type cartridges.
• Surface cartridges
• These are corrugated and resin treated papers and used in hydraulic lines.
• Ceramic cartridges and porcelain filter candles are examples.
• Can be reuse after cleaning.
• Depth type cartridges:
• Made up of cotton, asbestos or cellulose.
• These are disposable items, since cleaning is not feasible.

21
FILTER AIDS

◼ The objective of filter aid is to prevent the medium from becoming

blocked and to form an open, porous cake, hence, reducing the
resistance to flow of the filtrate.
◼ Filter aid forms a surface deposit which screens out the solids and also
prevents the plugging of supporting filter medium.
Characteristics of filter aids:
◼ Chemically inert and free from impurities.
◼ Low specific gravity, so remain suspended in liquids.
◼ Porous rather than dense, so that pervious cake can be formed.
◼ Recoverable.
Disadvantages:
◼ Remove the coloured substances by absorbing them.
◼ Sometimes active principles such as alkaloids are absorbed on filter
aid.
◼ Rarely, filters are source of contamination such as soluble iron salts,
22
which can provoke degradation of sensitive ingredient.
HANDLING OF FILTER AIDS

◼ Filter aids may be used in either or both two ways:

1) Pre- coating technique: by forming a pre-coat over the filter
medium by filtering a suspension of the filter aid .
2) Body- mix technique: A small proportion of the filter aid (0.1-
0.5 %) is added to the slurry to be filtered. This slurry is
recirculated through the filter until a clear filtrate is obtained,
filtration then proceeds to completion.
◼ Different flow rates can be achieved depending on grade of
aid-
1.Low flow rate: fine grade filter aids- mainly used for clarity
2.Fast flow rate: coarse grade filter aids- acceptable filtrate.
Examples of filter aids
◼ Diatomite (Keiselgur) , obtained from natural siliceous deposits.
◼ Perlite , it is an aluminium silicate. Cellulose, Asbestos,
charcoal, talc, bentonite , fullers earth etc. 23
CLASSIFICATION OF FILTRATION
EQUIPMENTS
◼ Based on application of external force:

filters

Pressure Vacuum Centrifugal

filters filters filters

Plate and
frame filter Meta filter Filter leaf centrifuges
press
24
BASED ON OPERATION OF FILTRATION

Filters

Discontinuous
Continuous filtration filtration

Discharge of filtered solid is

Discharge and filtrate are intermittent.
separated steadily and
uninterrupted Filtrate is removed continuously.
Operation should be stopped to collect
solid. 25
BASED ON NATURE OF FILTRATION

Filters

Cake filters Clarifying filters Cross- flow filters

Feed of suspension
Remove large Remove small flows under
pressure at fairly
amount of solid amounts of solids
high velocity across
the filter medium
26
LABORATORY SCALE FILTRATION

◼ Filter paper and funnel

◼ Buchner funnel and filter paper
◼ Sintered glass filter
◼ Seitz filter
◼ Membrane filter

27
SELECTION OF FILTERS DEPENDS UPON

below listed factors

Equipment and process

Material related
related

Properties of fluid- viscosity

Flow rate
Nature of solids- size, shape, distribution
and packing characteristics of particles
Should be absolute in sense, limit to size
of particles passing through the filter
Conc. Of solid in suspension should be known.

Quantity of material to be handle Should be sterilisable by heat, radiation

or gas
Whether it is necessary to wash the solid

Whether any form of pretreatment will be Should be economical.

helpful. 28
 PLATE AND FRAME FILTER PRESS

Principle:
◼ Mechanism is surface filtration.
◼ The slurry enters the frame by pressure and flows
through filter medium.
◼ The filtrate is collected on the plates and send to
outlet.
◼ A number of frames and plates are used so that
surface area increases and consequently large
volumes of slurry can be processed
simultaneously with or without washing.
29
DIAGRAM

30
ASSEMBLY OF PLATE AND FRAME FILTER

31
CONSTRUCTION

◼ The Filter press is made of two types of units, plate and frames.
◼ Usually made of aluminium alloy.
◼ Sometimes, these are also lacquered for protection against
corrosive chemicals and made suitable for steam sterilization.
◼ Frame
➢ It contains a open space inside wherein the slurry reservoir is
maintained for filtration and an inlet to receive the slurry.
➢ It is indicated by two dots in description.

Slurry inlet

Handle to rest on rod

32
 CONTINUE
….
◼ Frames of different thickness are available.
◼ It is selected based on the thickness of cake formed during
filtration.
◼ Optimum thickness of frame should be chosen.
◼ Plate
➢ The plate has a studded or grooved surface to support the filter
cloth and an outlet.
➢ It is indicated by one dot in description.

Through channel

Filtrate outlet
33
 CONTINUE
….
◼ Plate supports the filter medium, receiving the filtrate and outlet.
◼ The filter medium usually cloth is interposed between plate and
frame.
◼ Plate, filter medium, frame, filter medium and plate are arranged
in sequence and clamed to a supporting structure.
◼ It is normally described by dots as 1.2.1.2.1 so on.
◼ A number of plates and frames are employed so that the
filtration area is as large as necessary.
◼ Number of filtration units are operated in parallel.
◼ Channels for slurry inlet and filtrate outlet can be arranged by
fitting eyes to the plates and frames, these join together to form
a channel.
◼ In some types only one inlet channel is formed, while each plate
34
is having individual outlets controlled by valves.
WORKING

◼ Working can be divided into two steps-

1. Filtration operation
2. Washing of cake (if desirable)

◼ Filtration operation

Frame- marked by 2 dots

Plate – marked by 1 dot

Plate and frame filter press, principle of filtration operation 35

 CONTINUE……

Slurry enters the frame The thickness of the cake

from the feed channel and The solid forms a filter cake is half of the frame
passes through the filter thickness, because on
medium on the surface of and remain in the frame each side of frame filtration
the plate occurs

As filtration proceeds, the The filtrate drains between Thus two filter cakes are
resistance of the cake the projections of the formed , which meet
increases and filtration rate surface of the plate and eventually in the centre of
decrease escape from the outlet the frame

At a certain point process is

stopped and press is
emptied and cycle is 36
restarted
WASHING OPERATION

◼ When washing of cake is also required modified plate and frame

filter is used.
◼ For this purpose an additional channel is included called as
washing plate and are identified by 3 dots.
◼ In the half of the washing plate, there is a connection from wash
water cannel to the surface of plate.
◼ The sequence of arrangement of plates and frames can be
represented by dots as 1.2.3.2.1.2.3.2.1 so on (between 1 and
1, 2.3.2 must be arranged.

37
 PROCEDURE FOR WASHING THE PRESS

• Filtration proceeds in the ordinary way until the frames are filled with cake.
Step 1

• To wash the filter cake, the outlets of washing plates are closed.
Step 2

• Wash water is pumped in the washing channel.

Step 3 • The water enters through the inlets on the surface of washing plate.

• Water passes through the filter cloth and enters frame which contains the
cake.
Step 4 • Then water washes the cake, passes through the filter cloth and enters
the plate down the surface.

Step 5 • Finally washed water escapes through the outlet of that plate.
38
DIAGRAMMATIC PROCEDURE

39
THINGS TO BE NOTED

◼ Water – wash is efficient only if the frames are full with filter
cake.
◼ If the solid do not fill the frame completely, the wash water
causes the cake to break (on the washing plate side of the
frame), then washing will be less effective.
◼ Hence it is essential to allow the frames become completely
filled with washing cake.
◼ This helps not only in emptying the frames but also helps in
washing the cake correctly.

40
 SPECIAL PROVISIONS AND USES

 Special provisions:
 1. Any possible contamination can be observed by
passing the filtrate through a glass tube or sight
glass from the outlet on each plate.
◼ This permits the inspection of quality of filtrate.
The filtrate goes
 through the control valves to an outlet channel.

 2. The filtration process from each plate can be

seen.
◼ In the event of broken cloth, the faulty plate can
be isolated and filtration can be continued with
one plate less.
heating/cooling coils in the press.
 Uses:
41
ADVANTAGES

◼ Construction of filter press is very simple and a variety of

materials can be used.
I. Cast iron – for handling common substances.
II. Bronze - for smaller units.
III. Stainless steel – contamination can be avoided.
IV. Hard rubber and plastic- used where metals must be avoided.
V. Wood- for lightness though it must be kept wet.
◼ Provide large filtration area in relatively small floor space. The
capacity being variable according to thickness of frames and
number used.
◼ Sturdy construction permits the use of considerable pressure
difference. (2000 Kilopascals normally used)
◼ Efficient washing of cake is possible.
◼ Operation and maintenance is easy.
42
◼ It produce dry cake in form of slab.
DISADVANTAGES

◼ It is a batch filter, so it is a time consuming.

◼ The filter press is an expensive filter, the emptying time, the
labour involved, and the wear and tear on the cloths resulting in
high costs.
◼ Operation is critical, as the frames should be full, otherwise
washing is inefficient and the cake is difficult to remove.
◼ The filter press is used for slurries containing less about 5 %
solids
◼ In view of the high labour costs , it is most suitable for expensive
materials e.g. the removal of precipitated proteins from insulin
liquors.

43
CHAMBER PRESS

Principle
◼ Mechanism is surface filtration.
◼ The slurry enters the frame by pressure and flows through the
filter cloth.
◼ The filtrate is collected on the plates and send to the outlet.
◼ A number of head plates are used, so that the surface area can
be increases and consequently large volumes of slurry can be
processed simultaneously.

44
DIAGRAM

45
 CONSTRUCTION

◼ It consist of heavy fixed head plate made of cast iron and

mounted on
 suitable frame.

◼ Extending from the head plate, two horizontal bars support on both
ends.
◼ The bar supports the plate by lugs.
◼ At the center of the each plate, a hole is provided for
introducing the
 feed.
◼ The holes of the all plate are connected on the head of the press.
◼ Over each press plate, a sheet of filter cloth with a hole cut in the
centre and is placed.
◼ The filter cloth is fastened by means of rings called grommets and
 either screwed together or locked.
◼ These draw down the cloth, so that it is shaped round the plate.
◼ The cloth serves as a gasket between the adjacent plates. 46
◼ All such plates are arranged and a heavy follower plate is
placed behind and tighten.
WORKING

Runs down the

The slurry is pumped corrugations on the
through the hole The slurry passes face of the plates and
connected at the through the cloth escape through the
centre. holes cored in the
bottom of each plate

The space between

The external outlet
the plates is the The filtrate passes
usually discharges into
volume available for through the outlet
an open launder.
the formation of cake

When sufficient cake is

accumulated in the The plates are Then, the plates are
chamber , the closing dismantled and the reassembled. 47
screw is released cake is discharged
USES, ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

Uses:
◼ used for clarification of syrups and filtrating of injection solutions.
Advantages:
◼ Provide large filtering area in relatively small floor space.
◼ A number of head plates can be increased or decreased as per
need.
◼ Operation and maintenance are straight forward (no moving part).
◼ Filter cloths are easily renewable.
Disadvantages:
◼ Not adaptable for washing of cake.
◼ The wear of cloth is severe.
◼ The filtrate is usually not clear.
48
FILTER LEAF

Principle:
◼ It is an apparatus consisting of a longitudinal drainage screen
covered with a filter cloth.
◼ The mechanism is surface filtration and acts as sieve or strainer.
◼ Vacuum or pressure can be applied to increase the rate of
filtration.
Construction:
◼ The leaf filter is consisting of a frame enclosing a drainage
screen or grooved plate.
◼ The frame may be any shape circular, square or rectangular.
◼ The whole unite being covered with filter cloth.
◼ The outlet for the filtrate connects to the inside of the frame
through suction. 49
DIAGRAM

50
 WORKING AND USES

Working:

Air is passed
Finally
to flow in
filtrate enters
Vacuum The slurry reverse
The filter leaf the drainage
system is passes direction
is immersed canal and
connected to through the which
in the slurry goes through
the outlet filter cloth facilitates
the outlet
removal of
into receiver
cake

Use:
◼ Use for the filtration of slurry which do not contain high solid
51
content, about 5%, i.e. dilute suspensions.
ADVANTAGES

◼ Simplest form of filter used for batch process.

◼ A number of units can be connected in parallel to increase the
surface area of filtration.
◼ Pressure difference can be obtained either with vacuum or using
pressure up to the order of 800 kilopascals.
◼ Labour costs for operating the filter leaf are fairly moderate.
◼ The efficiency of washing is high.
◼ The slurry can be filtered from any vessel.
◼ The cake can be washed simply by immersing the filter in a
vessel of Water.

52
SWEETLAND FILTER (VARIANT OF FILTER LEAF)

◼ An alternative method is to enclose the filter leaf in a special

vessel into which the slurry is pumped under pressure.
◼ A number of leaves are connected to a common outlet, to
provide a large area for filtration.

53
 METAFILTER

Principle:
◼ Mechanism is surface filtration.
◼ In this, metal rings contain semicircular
projections, which are arranged as a nest to form
channels on the edges.
◼ This channel offers resistance
(strainer) to the flow of solids
(coarse particles).
◼ The clear liquid is collected into receiver from the
top.
54
CONSTRUCTION

◼ Metafilter consists of a series of metal rings.

◼ These are threaded so that a channel is formed on the edges.
◼ It contains a grooved drainage column on which a series of
metal rings are packed.
◼ These rings are usually made up of stainless steel and have
dimensions of about 15.0 mm internal diameter and 22.0 mm
external diameter.
◼ Each metal ring has a number of semicircular projections (0.8
mm in thickness) on one side of surface.
◼ The projections are arranged as a nest to form channels on the
edges.
◼ These rings are tightened on the drainage column with a nut.
◼ Metafilters are also known as edge filters. 55
DIAGRAM

56
 WORKING

Slurry is pumped
Slurry passes
under pressure or The clear liquid
Filters are placed in through the
occasionally by rises up and
channels formed on
a vessel applying reduced collected from the
the edges between
pressure to the outlet into receiver
the rings
outlet side

▪ For separation of fine particles, a bed of suitable materials

such kieselguhr is first built up.
▪ The pack of rings serves essentially as a base on which the
57
true filter medium is supported.
USES

◼ Metafilters can be used for-

➢ Clarification of syrups
➢ Filtration of injection solutions
➢ Clarification of insulin liquors
➢ Filtration of viscous liquids can be achieved by applying
pressure.

58
ADVANTAGES

◼ Can be used under high pressures, without any danger of

bursting the filter medium.
◼ Running cost are low, as separate filter medium is not used.
◼ Can be constructed from a material that can provide excellent
resistance to corrosion and avoid contamination of sensitive
products.
◼ It is extremely versatile filter because fine as well as large both
type of particles can be separated.
◼ Removal of cake can be carried out by simply back- flushing
with water.
◼ Change over from one batch to another or one product to
another is easy.
◼ Sterile products can be handled.
59
CARTRIDGE FILTER

Principle:
◼ It is a thin porous membrane in which pre filter and membrane filter are
combined in a single unit.
◼ The filtration action is mainly sieve like and particles are retained on the
surface.
Construction:
◼ It has cylindrical configuration made with disposable or changeable
filter media.
◼ Made up of either plastic or metal.
◼ Consist of two membrane filters (sieve like) made of polypropylene: pre
filter and actual filter for filtration.
◼ A protective layer surrounds them.
◼ The cartridge are housed in a holder and a number of cartridges can be
placed in a same housing.
◼ The housing is closed with the lid.
◼ Housing has provisions for slurry inlet and outlets. 60
DIAGRAM

61
WORKING AND USES

Working:

It passes The clear

Slurry is Moves
through liquid
pumped up to
cartridge passes
into collect
filter unit through
cartridge through
by the
holder outlet
straining centre

Uses:
◼ Particularly useful for preparation of particulate free solutions for
parenterals and ophthalmic uses.
◼ This filter holder will process 1000 – 15000 litres of sterile
solution per hour.
62
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

Advantages:
◼ Autoclaving can be done for sterile operations due to stainless
steel construction.
◼ Cartridge with self cleaning devices are advantageous.
◼ Rapid disassembling as well as reusing of filter medium is
possible.
◼ Cartridge are not brittle, when they are dry.
◼ Used as in-line continuous filtration, which reduces handling of
solutions. It minimize chances of contaminations.
Disadvantages:
◼ A number of manufactures provide the components, which are
generally not interchangeable between suppliers.
◼ Cost of disposable elements offsets the labour saving in terms 63
of assembly and cleaning of cartridge clarifiers.
 ROTARY DRUM FILTER

 Principle:
◼ Slurry filtered through sieve like
mechanism on the rotation drum surface,
under the condition of vacuum.
◼ In addition compression, drying (using hot air),
and removing the filter cake (using knife) are
possible.
 Construction:

◼ It consist of a metal cylinder mounted

horizontally.
◼ The drum may be up to 3 meters in diameter and 64
3.5 meters in length and gives surface area of 20
meter square.
DIAGRAM

65
WORKING

◼ The drum is dipped into the slurry and vacuum applied to the
outlet, which is connected to the filtrate receiver.
◼ When the cake has formed, the cake drained or partially dried
by vacuum.
◼ The drum is sprayed with water to wash the cake.
◼ Retaining the vacuum connection drains the cake and produces
partial dryness then, removed by a doctor knife.
◼ When the solids of the slurry are too much that the filter cloth
becomes blocked with the particles, a pre-coat filter may be
used.
◼ A pre-coat of filter aid is deposited on the drum prior to the
filtration process.
66
 USES

◼ The rotary filter for continuous operation on large

quantities of
 slurry.

◼ Suitable for slurry contains considerable amounts

of solids in the range 15-30%.

◼ Examples of pharmaceutical application include

➢ the collection of calcium carbonate, magnesium
carbonate, and starch.
➢ The separation of the mycelium from the
fermentation liquor in 67
 the manufacture of antibiotics.
ADVANTAGES

◼ The rotary filter is automatic and is continuous in operation, so

that the labour costs are very low.
◼ The filter has a large capacity , so it is suitable for the filtration of
highly concentrated solutions.
◼ Variation of the speed of rotation enables the cake thickness to
be controlled.
◼ Pre-coat of filter aid could used to accelerate the filtration rate.
◼ Filter has large surface area.

68
 DISADVANTAGES

◼ The rotary filter is a complex piece of

equipment , with many
 moving parts and is very expensive,.

◼ In addition to the filter itself, some accessories

are connected
 ,e.g., a vacuum pump, vacuum
receivers , slurry pumpsand
agitators are required .
◼ The cake tends to crack due to the air drawn
through by the
 vacuum system, so that washing and drying are
69
not efficient.
◼ Being a vacuum filter, the pressure difference is
PRESSURE AND SAND FILTER

Principle:
◼ Depth filtration
◼ Mechanism is impingement and entanglement of solids on
account of low pressure differential.
◼ The slurry enters the sand bed and the clear liquid is collected
from the bottom outlet.

70
CONSTRUCTION

◼ It is a closed system and consists of cylindrical tank with a

bottom containing a number of brass strainers.
◼ These are mounted on false bottom or connected to a modified
embedded in concrete.
◼ The strainers have narrow slots sawed in them.
◼ Above this 6-12 m depth sand layer is placed, which acts as a
filter medium.
◼ Baffles are arranged at the point of feed inlet, in order to prevent
the disturbance of sand by direct stream.
◼ Provisions is made at the bottom for collecting the filtrate.

71
WORKING

The feed is introduced The feed is passed Filtration is achieved

from the top at smoothly at a uniform by straining
pressure through the rate onto the sand mechanism through
baffles. medium sand medium

Then, the feed is

passed through the
The filtrate is collected The precipitate is strainer, so that further
fro bottom discarded filtration takes place
and particles are
retained

72
 CONTINUE…..

◼ When the precipitate clogs the sand (indicated by reduced

filtration rate), back washing permits the regeneration of the filter
bed.
◼ During this operation, water moves up through the sand bed and
moves out from the inlet.
Uses:
◼ Used for filtration of boiler feed or water for similar purposes.
◼ Mainly used when solids are little and large volume of feed is to
be handled.
◼ They are applicable only to the separation of precipitates that
can be removed from the sand.

73
DISADVANTAGES

◼ Feed containing precipitates that are gelatinous or form a coat

on sand can’t be filtered through the sand, because back
washing does not permit regeneration.
◼ Feed containing finely divided solids can’t be separate by this.
◼ Can’t remove bacteria. In such cases, coagulants such as
ferrous sulphate, are added to feed before filtration.

74
STREAMLINE FILTER

Principle:
◼ It consists of column of filter elements held tightly together, so
that the slurry enters from the side of the column and passes
through vary narrow channels between the elements.
◼ The filters employ paper discs.
◼ The filter act as a strainer to retain solids.

75
ASSEMBLY

◼ It consists of specially treated filter paper discs arranged in the

form of a compressed pack on an upright rod or spigot.
◼ In assembling the filter, the two parts of the filter can be
unscrewed.
◼ The required quantity of rings are placed on the spigot portion
and two parts are then screwed together to give a compact
stack of filter elements.
◼ The extent of compression on the disc may be varied depending
on the size of particles to be removed.
◼ For small scale filtration, ebonite material made spigots are
used.
◼ The spigot is hollow and grooves run down the length.
◼ From hollow centre of the spigot, vacuum is applied.
76
WORKING

The clear liquid passes

through the grooves,
sucked through the After the last quantity of
Filter is immersed in the
hollow centre of spigot liquid is filtered, wash
liquid to be filtered
and filtrate passes to the water may be used
receiver

From the hollow centre The entire solid residue

of spigot vacuum is is left at the edge and
applied width of the pack

The roughness of the

Further, liquid also
paper surfaces offer
passes between the
narrow passage ways
surface of the paper
through which clear
discs
liquid flows
77
 CONTINUE
….
◼ Cleaning of streamline filter is attempted by connecting the
spigot to the water tap.
◼ The water is passed in opposite direction.
◼ The residue is washed away from the edges of the stack.
◼ If solid residue is required, air may be blown, so that solid is
peeled of, which may be collected.

78
USES AND ADVANTAGES

Uses:
◼ It removes suspended matter, trace of fines and even submicron
size colloidal matter from large volumes of the slurry.
◼ The two parts of spigots are screwed tightly and fine precipitates
can be separated for achieving high grade polishing.
◼ Oily, aqueous and alcoholic solutions which do not soften the
fibre of the pack can also be filtered.
◼ Heat resistant porcelain filters are used for strongly acidic or hot
strong alkaline solutions.
Advantages:
◼ Instead of vacuum, pressure may be applied.
◼ In this case, the container (in which assembly is immersed)
must be sealed and should be able to withstand applied 79
pressure.
80