ET0436 AIRCRAFT INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS

SINGAPORE POLYTECHNIC

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL AND

ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

ET0436 AIRCRAFT INSTRUMENT

SYSTEMS

AIRCRAFT FLIGHT
INSTRUMENTS: PILATUS PC-21

NAME: PAUL KHOO BOB JUNE

ADMISSION NUMBER: P1941197
CLASS: DASE/FT/3A/22
SERIAL NUMBER: 17

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

A. Introduction 3

B. Objective 3

C. Overview of the aircraft: Pilatus PC-21 4

D. Cockpit of the Pilatus PC-21 5

E. Aircraft Instruments on the Pilatus PC-21 7

F. Conclusion 12

G. References 13

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A. INTRODUCTION

Aircraft instruments are considered some of the most vital parts and components in an
aircraft in which lacking of any would cause the whole aircraft to be unable to operate or
function ideally. The purpose of these instruments are to advise pilots of the many different
environmental conditions existing within and outside the aircraft which may include altitude,
attitude, cabin temperature, pressure, present position etc. Examples of aircraft instruments
include artificial horizon, directional gyro, altimeter, airspeed indicator, vertical speed
indicator alongside turn and slip indicator. They are normally located within the cockpit in two
basic layouts namely Basic Six or Basic T Layout.

Moreover, there are four main elements in an aircraft instrument system which further
explain how it operates, namely detecting element, measuring element, coupling element and
indicating element. The functions of the respective elements are reflected below:

1. Detecting element: Detects changes in value while physical quantities and conditions are
presented
2. Measuring element: Measures the value of the physical quantity or condition in terms of
translatory or angular displacements
3. Coupling element: Displacements are magnified and transmitted to their respective systems
4. Indicating element: Exhibits the value of the measured quantity by the relative positions of
a scale and a pointer

In this report, we will be discussing the aircraft instrument systems that are present on
the Pilatus-PC 21 aircraft in terms of various aspects such as layout, orientation, elements and
their respective function etc.

B. OBJECTIVE
The objective of this report is to search, study, familiarise and understand the information
of the flight instruments present on the Pilatus PC-12. On another note, we are expected to also
conduct research on the layout and presentation of the instruments on the aircraft cockpit itself.
Both research and report were completed through the following three stages namely
Information Gathering Stage, Report Writing Stage and Evaluation Stage.

1. Information Gathering Stage - Analysing of study requirements

- Listing of items for information to be gathered
- Deciding on sources of information
- Execution of information gathering process
2. Report Writing Stage - Consolidation of all information gathered
- Arranging and organising of information for report
writing
- Further verification and research on information if
necessary to fulfil requirements
3. Evaluation Stage - Looking ahead on other relevant information with
respect to the aircraft’s flight instruments or systems such
as trend of progress

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C. OVERVIEW OF THE AIRCRAFT: PILATUS PC-21

The Pilatus PC-21 is a turboprop-powered advanced trainer aircraft equipped with a
stepped tandem cockpit manufactured by Pilatus Aircraft based in Switzerland. It was
introduced in April 2008 and it is still actively in use mainly in the training of fighter jet pilots.
The aircraft carried out its first flight in 1 July 2002 and its operators consist mainly of the air
force of various countries such as Singapore, Australia, France, Spain, Switzerland, United
Arab Emirates, United Kingdom etc.

Figure 1. Pilatus PC-21 Trainer Aircraft

Being one of the world’s most advanced pilot training aircraft, it also boasts state-of-the-
art technologies that are incorporated into its instruments and systems which include
pressurised cockpits, air conditioning, anti-G system and on-board oxygen generation. The
picture below provides indication to some of the vital parts and systems on-board this particular
aircraft.

1. Scimitar 5-blade graphite propeller

2. Anti-G system
3. On-board oxygen generating system
(OBOGS)
4. Pressurised, stepped, tandem cockpit with
bird strike resistant canopy
5. 0-0 ejection seats
6. Automatic yaw compensation
7. 1,600 kW Pratt and Whitney PT6A engine with power management software
8. 8G, high-speed profile wing with hydraulic ailerons and spoilers
9. Open architecture mission computer with AMLCD monitors and separate critical and non-
critical software
10. Pressurised refuelling

The table below encompasses some of the basic information regarding the aircraft in
terms of general characteristics and performance.

1. General Characteristics
Crew 2 Wing Area 11.221 m2
Length 11.233 m (36 ft 10 in) Empty Weight 2,270 kg (5,004 lb)
Wingspan 9.108 m (29 ft 11 in) Max take-off weight Aerobic - 3,100 kg (6,834 lb)
Height 3.74 m (12 ft 3 in) Normal - 4,250 kg (9,370 lb)
Engine Pratt and Whitney Canada PT6A-68B turboprop engine 1,200 kW (1,600 hp)

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2. Performance
Power / Mass 0.39 kW/kg (0.24 hp/lb) Maximum speed 685 km/h (426 mph, 370 kn)
Range 1,333 km (828 mi, 720 nm) Rate of climb 20.317 m/s (3,999.4 ft/min)
Service ceiling 11,580 m (37,990 ft) Wing loading 208 kg/m2 (43 lb/sq ft)
g limits +8.0 -4.0 aerobatic ; +5.0 -2.5 utility
Stall speed 170 km/h (110 mph, 92 knots) with gear and flaps up
Stall speed 20 km/h (12 mph, 11 knots) with gear and flaps down

D. COCKPIT OF THE PILATUS PC-21

The aircraft itself is equipped with a glass cockpit with seats configured in a tandem
pattern for both the pilot and co-pilot. However, the reason that makes the aircraft stand-out
is due to its design where the front and rear cockpits can be separated, thus allowing the
instructor to have access to various training modes. Apart from the incorporation of automatic
cockpit air-conditioning system, it also integrates other advanced instrument systems such as
anti-G system, on-board oxygen producing system along with a zero-zero Martin Baker Mark
16L ejection seat. Moreover, the canopy provides the pilot with a broad view while resisting
bird strikes.

Figure 2. Pilatus PC-21 Cockpit Internal Structure

Nevertheless, this report will focus on the aircraft instrument systems embedded within
the aircraft’s cockpit instrumentation panel. Firstly, the cockpit is installed with three 6 inch
by 8 inch active matrix liquid crystal displays (AMLCD) which makes up the Primary Flight
Display (PFD) that is embedded in the central shaft. Located above the PFD is the Up-Front
Control Panel (UFCP) equipped with bezel-mounted display buttons and control panel buttons
associated with the aircraft’s navigation, mission, system, and tactical data. Furthermore,
located on both sides of the UFCP are the secondary flight display and the engine monitoring
display respectively which is responsible displaying important system information and vital
engine data.

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As for both forward and rear cockpits, the former is equipped with a Flight Visions
SparrowHawk head-up display with the FVD-4000 HUD symbol generator while the latter is
equipped with a full-colour HUD repeater screen which displays real-time images from the
HUD camera overlaid with the HUD symbology information. The aforementioned CMC
Electronics FV-4000 mission computer is incorporated with a 500 MHz G4 Power PC
processor, each with 512 MB of memory for real-time data processing with high refresh rate.

Figure 3. Flight Visions SparrowHawk heads-up display (Left), CMC FVD-4000 Avionics
Computer (Right)

From the aspect of avionics systems, the aircraft is said to be highly flexible as it allows
adaptation, system enhancement, and modification to suit the pilot training phase especially its
navigation suite which encompasses an integrated laser inertia navigation sensor, global
positioning system and a Kalman filter. The above system uses the ARINC 1553B data bus
interface as well as certain military standards and protocols.

Figure 4. (Top) Kalman

filter incorporated in the
aircraft’s navigation
suite to stabilize
obtained sensor readings

Figure 4. (Bottom)
ARINC 1553B data bus
interface integrated into
the aircraft’s navigation
system (bottom)

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E. AIRCRAFT INSTRUMENTS ON THE PILATUS PC-21

In this section of the report, we will mainly discuss the aircraft instruments on board the
aircraft in terms of its position and function covering the following: Primary Flight Display
(PFD), Secondary Flight Display (SFD), Heads-Up Display (HUD), Up-Front Control Panel
(UFCP), Heads-Up Display Repeater (HUDR), Engine Monitoring Display, Multifunctional
Displays, Dedicated Warning Panel, Flight Management System, Autopilot Control Panel and
Mission Data Recorder.

(a) Primary Flight Display (PFD) - Center

Encompasses two main indicators including Artificial Horizon (Gyro Horizon, Horizontal
Situation Indicator) and Directional Gyro (Direction Indicator, Attitude Director Indicator) that
aims to reduce pilot workload and enhance situational
awareness by means of combining several information
indicators and instruments onto a single electronic display. The
Artificial Horizon, is a gyroscopic instrument that displays the
orientation of the aircraft (ascent or descent) with respect to the
Earth’s horizon (horizontal plane) for navigational purposes in
incidents where the natural horizon is obscured. On the other
hand, the Directional Gyro is a gyroscopic instrument that
informs the pilot of the aircraft’s heading or otherwise direction.

Figure 5. Primary Flight Display

(above), Artificial Horizon and
Directional Gyro (Left)

(b) Primary Flight Display (PFD) – Left

Encompasses one main indicator which is the aircraft’s

navigational display that aims to reduce pilot workload
and enhance situational awareness by means of
combining several information indicators and instruments
onto a single electronic display. The navigational display
is an instrument which has the ability to display different
modes and carry out different functions with a variety of
colours each representing different characteristics. In this
instance, the display shows the route flown by the aircraft,
Very High Frequency Omni Range (VOR), Automatic
Finding Direction (AFD), Instrument Landing System
(ILS), Weather Radar and Traffic Collision Avoidance
System (TCAS). In simple terms, it is responsible in Figure 6. Navigational Display
ensuring that the aircraft follows the predetermined flight
path while avoiding any traffic or weather conditions by means of indicators and displays.

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(c) Primary Flight Display (PFD) – Right

Encompasses one main indicator which is the aircraft’s

Electronic Centralised Aircraft Monitor (ECAM) that
aims to reduce pilot workload and enhance situational
awareness by means of combining several information
indicators and instruments onto a single electronic
display. The ECAM is an instrument that displays
engine and aircraft system information to the pilots and
it may also display faults and remedial actions to be
taken in the event of a malfunction. As an enhanced
version of the Engine Indicating and Crew Alerting
System (EICAS), it has the ability to display detailed
and comprehensive information such as the following: Figure 7. Electronic
Centralised Aircraft Monitor
(1) Primary engine indications, fuel quantity, flaps and (ECAM)
slats position
(2) Warning, caution alerts, memos
(3) Synoptic diagrams of aircraft systems, and status messages
(4) Permanent flight data

(d) Secondary Flight Display (SFD) – Left

The secondary flight display (SFD) located on the left of the cockpit panel hosts a panel which
is a combination of the aircraft’s artificial horizon, airspeed and vertical speed. As the
indications imply, it is responsible for showing the orientation of the aircraft (ascent or descent)
with respect to the Earth’s horizon while also indicating the true speed at which the aircraft is
flying along with the rate that the aircraft is climbing or descending.

Figure 8. Secondary Flight Display (SFD) – Artificial Horizon, Airspeed Indicator, Vertical
Speed Indicator

(e) Secondary Flight Display (SFD) – Right

The secondary flight display (SFD) which is located on the right of the cockpit panel hosts an
engine monitoring display which is mainly responsible in providing engine related parameters
and information to the pilot and the flight crew. These parameters are collected from various
aircraft sensors and systems and then sent to the central computer system for analysis which
assists in identifying any damage or impending failure on the aircraft’s engine. Some of the
indicators that are displayed include rotational speed of the engine (rpm), fuel consumption
rate etc.

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Figure 9. Secondary Flight Display – Engine Monitoring System

(e) Heads-Up Display (HUD)

A heads-up display (HUD) is a means of presenting all vital information of the aircraft to the
pilot or the aircrew such as airspeed, altitude, artificial horizon, turn and bank degree, angle of
attack etc. in the line of their external forward vision in which all of it is projected onto a small
“see-through” screen located right in front of pilot’s line of sight. They are specially designed
in a way that holographic images are incorporated so that the screen appears to be far out in
front of the aircraft so that the pilot does not need to change his eye focus. For the Pilatus PC-
21, the HUD that is incorporated into the system is the SparrowHawk HUD manufactured by
Esterline CMC Electronics (CMC).

Figure 10. Pilatus PC-21 Heads-Up Display (HUD) SparrowHawk by CMC

(f) Up-Front Control Panel (UFCP)

The Up-Front Control Panel (UFCP) is an extension of the aircraft’s Heads-Up Display (HUD)
as it consists a series of illuminated and programmable buttons, displays and indicators which
allows the pilot to interface with the aircraft’s subsystems e.g. Communications (COMS),
Instrument Landing System (ILS), Fuel, Marker System (MRK), Navigation (NAV),
Transponder (TPDR), Tactical Air Navigation System (TCN) etc.

Figure 11.
Up-Front
Control
Panel
onboard
the Pilatus
PC-21

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g) Heads-Up Display Repeater (HUDR)

The Heads-Up Display Repeater (HUDR) is an instrument that allows an instructor or a co-
pilot to have access or to view the same information that the pilot is observing through the
Heads-Up Display (HUD) which provides flexibility in the operation of the aircraft especially
in the training aspect of the pilots.

Figure 12. Heads-Up Display Repeater (HUDR) installed on the Pilatus PC-21

(h) Engine Monitoring Display

The engine monitoring display is associated with providing engine related parameters and data
to the pilot and the aircrew. Its operation involves the collection and storage of various
information obtained from the aircraft engine and is then sent to the central flight computer for
further analysis to determine any abnormal activity which might indicate impending failure or
suggests that the engine is damaged. Some of the parameters that are shown on the display
include engine pressure ratio (EPR), exhaust gas temperature gauge (EGT), engine rotation
speed, fuel consumption rate etc.

Figure 13. Engine Monitoring Display

(i) Multifunctional Displays

A multifunctional display is an instrument responsible of displaying the information obtained

from various aircraft information systems in an overall format without the need for a separate
display for different systems which directly decreases the workload of the pilot while
increasing the efficiency of the aircraft systems. Instances where the primary flight display
(PFD) fails, the multifunctional display panel serves as backup or fail down display.

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Figure 14. Multifunctional Displays

(j) Dedicated Warning Panel

The dedicated warning panel installed in the cockpit of an aircraft is also known as Cockpit
Warning Systems, Annunciator Panel, Aircraft Warnings and Caution Panels etc. As the name
implies, it is mainly responsible for the indication of the status of respective equipment and
systems on board the aircraft while providing lighting indications, displays and aural warnings
to the pilots should critical situations arise.

Figure 15. Dedicated Warning Panel

(k) Flight Management System

With the incorporation of four main components, the Flight Management System (FMS) in
simple words is a computer that is responsible for the navigation, performance and the
operations of the aircraft such as Very High Frequency Omni Range (VOR), Distance
Measurement Equipment (DME), Global Positioning System (GPS), Instrument Landing
System (ILS) attitude and heading. As mentioned, the system consists of flight management
computer (FMC), Automatic Flight Control or Automatic Flight Guidance System (AFC or
AFGS), Aircraft Navigation System and Electronic Flight Instrument System. Technically
speaking, the computer controls all operations throughout the flight from take-off till
landing which includes aircraft locations, departure runway, approach procedure, alternate
routes, flight plan etc.

Figure 16. Flight

Management System

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(l) Autopilot Control Panel

In aviation, the autopilot control panel is also known as mode control panel. Such an instrument
provides control over advanced autopilot with its associated systems such as automated flight
direction system (AFDS) and auto-throttle system. From the pilot’s aspect, this particular
system enables him/her to select which part of the aircraft flight is to be controlled
automatically. For example, the roll, pitch, yaw, auto-throttles, heading, speed, vertical speed,
flight altitude of a particular aircraft along its flight path.

Figure 17. Examples of Autopilot Control Panel (Mode Control Panel)

(m) Mission Data Recorder (MDR)

An instrument responsible in recording specific aircraft performance parameters while an

aircraft is in operation such as altitude, airspeed, rate of climb, rate of descent etc. The MDR
will collect and record data obtained from various on-board aircraft sensors onto a medium
specifically design to survive an accident or will uploaded instead if carried out through digital
means or medium.

Figure 18. Mission Data Recorder (Left), Flight Data Recorder (Right)

F. CONCLUSION
In conclusion, aircraft instruments are extremely vital and important in the daily
operations of an aircraft in which lacking any one of it would deem the aircraft unflyable.
Moreover, the existence of these instruments are to reduce the pilot’s workload while advising
them of the internal and external conditions of the aircraft such as altitude, attitude, temperature,
heading, pressure, present position etc. Furthermore, the incorporation of four main elements
(detecting element, measuring element, coupling element, indicating element) to the aircraft’s
instrument system also ensures smooth transmission of data from the respective sensors to the
instrumentation panels within the cockpit. Therefore, it is undeniably important that aircraft
instruments do play a very important role in the aviation industry.

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Lastly, the Pilatus PC-21, which is considered as one of the most advanced training
aircraft in the world has incorporated a comprehensive system of state-of-the-art instruments
within the aircraft to ensure smooth and high quality operations for its users and consumers.
The instruments that were discussed include Primary Flight Display (PFD), Secondary Flight
Display (SFD), Heads-Up Display (HUD), Heads-Up Display Repeater (HUDR), Up Front
Control Panel, Engine Monitoring Display, Multifunctional Displays, Dedicated Warning
Panel, Flight Management System, Autopilot Control Panel and Mission Data Recorder. With
all the research conducted and report completed, this has gave us an opportunity to better
appreciate the importance of aircraft instruments towards the aircraft itself and the aviation
industry.

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