HVAC Design

First Edition
2017

Engineer
IHAB JABBAR HAMZAH
Name of book : HVAC Design
Prepared by : IHAB JABBAR HAMZAH
Year of Publication : 2017

‫الطبعة االولى‬
‫جميع الحقوق محفوظة‬

‫رقم االيداع في دار الكتب والوثائق‬

2017 ‫ في‬2774 ‫بغداد‬
 Engineer
HVAC Design Book NCEC
IHAB JABBAR HAMZAH

This book was prepared to provide Junior & senior

engineers working in HVAC system with the required
information such as (tables , charts , equations…) and rule of
thumb in a simplified way without the need of going back to
the design guide book and international codes. This book also
contains examples of how to apply these data in design .
I would like to thank my dear mentor , Consultant Eng.
Thamer Abbas and Consultant Eng. Ayad Shamki . Also I
present this Handbook to my dear father .

Engineer
IHAB JABBAR HAMZAH
Baghdad , August 2017
National Center For Engineering Consultancy(NCEC)
Email : ehab_hvac1992@yahoo.com
 Engineer
HVAC Design Book NCEC
IHAB JABBAR HAMZAH

INDEX

Chapter - 1 PAGE NUMBER

Definition
1-6
Chapter - 2 -
2.1 Glass Rule of Thumb 8-11

2.2 Wall Rule of Thumb 12-13

2.3 Roof Rule of Thumb 13

2.4 Partition Rule of Thumb 14

2.5 Heat Gain from people 15

2-5 Office Appliances Heat Gain 16

2-6 Lighting Heat Gain 16

2-7 Out Door Air Heat Gain 17-18

Pool Evaporation Rate 19

Psychrometric Chart 20
2-8 Kitchen Appliances 21-24

Swimming Pool Design Conditions 25

ADP Tables 25-26

Conference Room Cooling Load Example 27-31
 Engineer
HVAC Design Book NCEC
IHAB JABBAR HAMZAH

INDEX

PAGE NUMBER
2-9 All outdoor Air (All fresh air) 32-33

Operating Room Example 34-38

2.10 Reheater Calculation 39

2.11 Swimming Pool Calculation 40-45

Swimming Pool Example 46-59

2-12 Heating Load Calculation 60-61

2-13 Air Washer Calculation 62-63

2-14 Cold Store & Deep Freeze Calculation 64-87

Cold Store & Deep Example 88-92

Chapter - 3 -
3-1 DUCT MATERIALS 94-96

3-2 Duct Shapes 97-99

3-3 DUCT CLASSIFICATION 99-100

Recommended Duct Velocities Table 101

Friction Loss Correction Factors for Low 102
Velocity Duct
 Engineer
HVAC Design Book NCEC
IHAB JABBAR HAMZAH

INDEX

PAGE NUMBER
Recommended sheet metal thickness 103

Typical Design velocities for HVAC 104

Components

3-4 Duct Design Procedure 105-108

Duct design Example 109-111

3-5 Exhaust Duct 112

Exhaust Duct Example 113

3-5 Exhaust and Fresh Air Louver Calculation 114

3-6 Kitchen Exhaust 115-120

3-7 Exhaust Hood Calculation Method 121-122

Exhaust Hood Example 123-125

3-8 Duct External Static Pressure Calculation 126

3-9 Duct Silencer Calculation Method 127-128

Duct Silencer Example 129-130

 Engineer
HVAC Design Book NCEC
IHAB JABBAR HAMZAH

INDEX

Chapter - 4 - PAGE NUMBER

4-1 Velocity in Water Piping 132

4-2 Pipe Sizing procedure 133-134

Tables & and charts 135-142

4.3 Chiller Flow Rate Equation 143

4.4 Cooling Tower Flow Rate Equation 144

4.5 Chiller Pump Head Loss Calculation 145-146

4.6 Cooling Tower Pump Head Loss 147-148

Calculation

4.7 Open Type Expansion Type Calculation 149

4.8 Pump power Calculation 149

Pipe Size & Pump Head Example 150-154

Chapter - 5 -

5.1 Chiller Selection 156-166

5.2 Cooling Tower Selection 167-170

5.3 Pump Selection 171-172

5.4 Package Unit Selection(P.U) 173-179

 Engineer
HVAC Design Book NCEC
IHAB JABBAR HAMZAH

INDEX

PAGE NUMBER

5.5 Fan Coil Selection 180-185

5.6 AHU Selection 186-190

5.7 Air Terminal Unit Selection 191-198

5-8 Boiler Selection 199-218

Conversion Tables 220-221

 Chapter 1
Definition

Engineer
IHAB JABBAR HAMZAH
 Engineer
HVAC Design Book NCEC
IHAB JABBAR HAMZAH

British thermal unit ( Btu ) :

is the approximate heat required to raise 1 Ib. of water 1
deg Fahrenheit from 59 F to 60 F. Air conditioners are rated by
the number of British Thermal Units ( Btu ) of heat they can
remove per hour .
Another common rating term for air conditioning size is the
( ton. ) which is 12000 Btu per hour and Watts . Some countries
utilize one unit , more than the others and therefore its good if
you can remember the relation ship between BTU /hr. Ton and
Watts .
-1 ton is equivalent to 12000 BTU /hr. and
- 12000 BTU /hr is equivalent to 3516 Watt – or 3.516KW ( kilo-
Watts ) -. kw here is a thermal unit, not electric.

EX: A centrifugal chill of 3516Kw, What is the capacity in ton ?

1 ton = 3.516Kw
3516 kw /3.516 ( Kw/ton ) = 1000 ton

Sensible Heat Gain :

Is the energy added to the space by conduction, convection or
radiation .
Latent Heat Gain :
Is the energy added to the space when moisture is added to the
space by means of vapor emitted by the occupants , generated
by a process or through air infiltration from outside or adjacent
areas.
Radiant Heat Gain :
The rate at which heat absorbed is the surfaces enclosing the
space and the objects within the space .
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 Engineer
HVAC Design Book NCEC
IHAB JABBAR HAMZAH

Space cooling Heat Gain :

Is the rate at which heat enters into or is generated
within the conditioned space during a given time
interval
Space Cooling Load :
Is the rate at which energy must be removed from a space to
maintain a constant space air temperature .

Space Heat Extraction Rate :

The rate at which heat is removed from the conditioned space
and is equal to the space cooling load if the room temperature
remains constant.

Temperature. Dry Bulb :

Is the temperature of air indicated by a regular thermometer .

Temperature. Web Bulb :

Is the temperature measured by a thermometer that has a bulb
wrapped in wet cloth . The evaporation of water from the
thermometer has a cooling effect , so the temperature indicated
by the wet bulb thermometer is less than the temperature
indicated by a dry – bulb ( normal, unmodified ) thermometer .
The rate of evaporation from the web-bulb thermometer
depends on the humidity of the air .
Evaporation is slower when the air is already full of water vapor.
For this reason, the difference in the temperatures indicated by
ordinary dry bulb and thermometers gives a measure of
atmospheric humidity .

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 Engineer
HVAC Design Book NCEC
IHAB JABBAR HAMZAH

Temperature . Dewpoint :
Is the temperature to which air must be cooled in order to reach
saturation or at which the condensation of water vapor in a space
begins for a given state of humidity and pressure .

Relative humidity :
Describes how far the air is from saturation . It is a useful team for
expressing the amount of water vapor when discussing the
amount and rate of evaporation .

Thermal Transmittance or Heat Coefficient (U-factor):

Is the rate of Heat flow through a unit area of building envelope
material or assembly , including its boundary films , per unit of
temperature difference between the inside and outside air . The
U-factor is expressed in Btu/(hr.F0.ft2) .

Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) & (SEER) :

Energy efficiency ratio (EER) is a measure of how efficiency a
cooling system operates when the outdoor temperature is
specified level (95F0). A higher EER means The system is more
efficient and will use less energy for the same Cooling output. EER
is calculated as follows :
EER= (Btu/h of cooling load at 95F0) ÷ (Watts used at 95F0)
For example a 2- ton air conditioner with a 10 EER rating uses
2400
Watt per hour , 12 EER unit uses only 2000 watt saving of 20% .

Seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER) :

Is a measure of efficiency over an entire cooling season as

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 Engineer
HVAC Design Book NCEC
IHAB JABBAR HAMZAH

opposed to a single outdoor temperature. Residential units are

rated in SEER, SEER is used as a More practical measure , since
the temperature outside is not always 95F0 . In addition , the
denominator is in watt hours , not
In watts . The same relationship holds a higher SEER means the
system is more efficient . SEER is the total amount of cooling the
air Conditioner provides over the entire cooling season divided
by the total number of watt-hours it consumes , or :

SEER = Seasonal Btu/h of cooling ÷ Seasonal watt-hours used

SEER rating are specific to a particular Climate zone , and very
slightly for different locations across the country .

Coefficient of performance (COP):

The coefficient of performance Is used to measure the units
efficiency while in the heating mode Is applied to heats pump of
any nominal cooling capacity that operates On three phase
current. To evaluate a heat pump efficiency while in Cooling
mode EER or SEER must be used . The cop is a dimensionless
Value defined as the energy produced by the heat pump (in
watts) Divided by the energy consumed by the heat pump (in
watts) . In an air Heat pump , the evaporating refrigerant moves
heat from the outside Air ( when in heating mode ) and this
heat plus the heat equivalent of The work of the compression to
the recirculated air flowing over the Condenser coil and to the
space to be heated . There is always heat Energy in the outside
air , however at lower temperature , it becomes More difficult
to extract .

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 Engineer
HVAC Design Book NCEC
IHAB JABBAR HAMZAH

Therefore the COP decreases at lower ambient and the ARI

COP rating Is calculated at two different ambient temperatures
( 17F0 – 47F0 ) The Formula for calculating cop is shown below :
COP = Net Capacity (watt) ÷ power input (watt)
Thus , a heat pump COP = 2.5 would produce two and half time
as Much heat than the heat equivalent of the watts input . If
electrical Resistance heat is used to condition the space , it is
by definition 100 % efficient . In this case only 1 watt of heat
would be obtained For every watt input , and the resulting COP
would be equal to 1 We can estimate the electrical power
demand for any air conditioning Units if we know the COP ,
and this can be known from the catalogues Of the units .
COP = ton / kw ( electric demand )

COP = 7 0.5 Kw (electric) / ton for water cooled centrifugal

Chiller using R-123 .

COP = 5.8 0.6 Kw (electric) / ton for water cooled centrifugal

Chiller using R-134 .

COP = 3.5 1 Kw (electric) / ton for water cooled centrifugal

Chiller using R-123 .
COP = 2.5 1.4 Kw (electric) / ton for VRV , P.U, air cooled chiller
at 95F0 .

COP = 2 1.7 Kw (electric) / ton for VRV , P.U, air cooled chiller
at (118-122F0 ) .

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 Engineer
HVAC Design Book NCEC
IHAB JABBAR HAMZAH

Very important NOTE :

Before I enter to chapter -2- , I would like to let you know that all the
tables (Glass,Wall,Roof,Partition ...) are derivative from Equations , If
you want to Know how I derivative them you need to read Load
Estimation Chapter in Carrier Hand Book of Air Conditioning Design .

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 Engineer
HVAC Design Book NCEC
IHAB JABBAR HAMZAH

References :
1- HVAC handbook .

7
 Chapter 2
Cooling & Heating
Load Calculation

Engineer
IHAB JABBAR HAMZAH
 Engineer
HVAC Design Book NCEC
IHAB JABBAR HAMZAH

2.1 Glass Rule of Thumb

Table -1- Note :
All (Glass tables) based
Exposure Solar & Transmissions Solar & Transmission On Troom =75F0 , Toutdoor =118F0
Heat Gain ( Btu/h/m2 ) Heat Gain (Btu/h/m2 ) You can also use glass tables
For Toutdoor =(115-120)F0
(Outside Shading Screen) Bare Glass (No Shade)
N 550 650

S 610 930 Single Glass .

W 720 1400 30 North LAT .
24 Hours Operation .
E 720 1400
External Shade or
NE 620 970 Bare Glass .
NW 650 1100 This table For peak
Load .
SE 660 1130
Based on Iraq
SW 710 1380 Condition .

Table -2-

Exposure Solar & Transmissions Solar & Transmission

Heat Gain ( Btu/h/m2 ) Heat Gain (Btu/h/m2 )
(Outside Shading Screen) Bare Glass (No Shade)
N 560 690

S 640 1060 Single Glass .

W 770 1650 30 North LAT .
E 780 1710 12 Hours Operation .
External Shade or
NE 670 1170
Bare Glass .
NW 670 1210 This table For peak
SE 720 1400 Load .
Based on Iraq
SW 760 1590 Condition .

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HVAC Design Book NCEC
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Table -3 -
Exposure Solar & Transmissions Heat Gain
(Btu/h/m2 )
(INSIDE VENETIAN BLIND )
Medium Color
N 620

S 910

W 1470

E 1450

NE 1080 Single Glass .

NW 1130
30 North LAT .
24 Hours Operation .
SE 1190 Internal Shade .
This table For peak Load .
SW 1310
Based on Iraq condition .
Table -4 -
Exposure Solar & Transmissions Heat Gain
(Btu/h/m2 )
(INSIDE VENETIAN BLIND )
Medium Color
N 640

S 950

W 1550

E 1570

NE 1160 Single Glass .

NW 1180
30 North LAT .
12 Hours Operation .
SE 1310 Internal Shade .
SW 1380 This table For peak Load .
Based on Iraq condition .
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 Engineer
HVAC Design Book NCEC
IHAB JABBAR HAMZAH

Table - 5 -
Exposure Solar & Transmissions Solar & Transmission
Heat Gain ( Btu/h/m2 ) Heat Gain (Btu/h/m2 )
(Outside Shading Screen) Bare Glass (No Shade)
N 270 360

S 320 610
Double Glass .
W 420 1040
30 North LAT .
E 420 1040 24 Hours Operation .
External Shade or
NE 330 650
Bare Glass .
NW 360 760 This table For peak
SE 370 790 Load .
Based on Iraq
SW 420 1020 Condition .

Table - 6 -

Exposure Solar & Transmissions Solar & Transmission

Heat Gain ( Btu/h/m2 ) Heat Gain (Btu/h/m2 )
(Outside Shading Screen) Bare Glass (No Shade)
N 280 400
S 350 730 Double Glass .
30 North LAT .
W 470 1250
12 Hours Operation .
E 480 1310 External Shade or
NE 370 830 Bare Glass .
NW 380 870 This table For peak
SE 420 1030
Load .
Based on Iraq
SW 460 1200 Condition .

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 Engineer
HVAC Design Book NCEC
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Table - 7 -
Exposure Solar & Transmissions Heat Gain
(Btu/h/m2 )
(INSIDE VENETIAN BLIND )
Medium Color
N 340

S 600

W 1130

E 1120

NE 770 Double Glass .

30 North LAT .
NW 820
24 Hours Operation .
SE 880 Internal Shade .
This table For peak Load .
SW 980
Based on Iraq condition .

Table - 8 -
Exposure Solar & Transmissions Heat Gain
(Btu/h/m2 )
(INSIDE VENETIAN BLIND )
Medium Color
N 360

S 650

W 1210

E 1220

NE 840 Double Glass .

30 North LAT .
NW 860
12 Hours Operation .
SE 980 Internal Shade .
This table For peak Load .
SW 1050
Based on Iraq condition .
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 Engineer
HVAC Design Book NCEC
IHAB JABBAR HAMZAH

2.2 Wall Rule of Thumb

Table - 9 -
Exposure Wall Heat Gain ( Btu/h/m2 )

N 90

S 120

W 160

E 150

NE 120

NW 140 Common Brick

SE 130 - 24 cm - thickness .
This Table For Peak Load .
SW 145 Based on Iraq condition .

Table - 10 -
Exposure Wall Heat Gain ( Btu/h/m2 )

N 70

S 95

W 125

E 115

NE 90

NW 110
Common Brick
SE 100 - 36 cm - thickness .
This Table For Peak Load .
SW 110
Based on Iraq condition .

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HVAC Design Book NCEC
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Table - 11 -
Exposure Wall Heat Gain ( Btu/h/m2 )

N 125

S 165

W 200

E 180

NE 165

NW 185
Concrete Wall
SE 175 - 20 cm - thickness .
This Table For Peak Load .
SW 185 Based on Iraq condition .

2-3 Roof :

Table - 12 -
Condition Roof Heat Gain( Btu/h/m2 ) Un insulated Roof .
Concreate slab(15cm)
Exposed to Sun 120 Based on Iraq
Condition .

Table - 13 -
Condition Roof Heat Gain( Btu/h/m2 ) insulated Roof .
Concreate slab(15cm)
Exposed to Sun 60 Insulation (5cm)
Based on Iraq
Condition .
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 Engineer
HVAC Design Book NCEC
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2-4 Partition Rule of Thumb :

Table - 14 -
Condition Partition Heat Gain( Btu/h/m2 )
Normal Wall 24cm
Wall Partition 80 Based on Iraq
Condition .

Table - 15 -
Condition Partition Heat Gain( Btu/h/m2 )
Normal Wall 12cm
Wall Partition 116 Based on Iraq
Condition .

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 Engineer
HVAC Design Book NCEC
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2-4 Heat Gain From People :

Table - 16 -
Type M2 / Sensible ( Btu/h/m2 ) Latent( Btu/h/m2 )
Person
Office 3 80 55

Reception 3 80 55

Kindergarten 4 60 50

Classroom 2 120 80

Lecture Classroom 1.5 160 105

University Laboratories 4 60 50
Restaurant 1.4 200 190

Cafeteria 1 280 270

Bars 1 325 525

Conference Room 2 120 80

Conference Room (fixed 1.2 200 135

seat)
Laundry Room 10 28 27

Lobby 3 80 55

Auditorium 0.7 340 230

Court Room 1.4 170 115

Museums 2.5 100 80

Malls 2.5 100 80

Disco 1 325 525

Health Club/Weight Room 10 50 90

Health Club/Aerobics Room 2.5 210 370

Holy Shrine 0.3 885 1365

Praying place 1 240 600
Note:
Based on 75F0 Indoor Dry Bulb Temp.
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 Engineer
HVAC Design Book NCEC
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2-5 Office Appliances Heat Gain :

Table - 17 -
Type Heat Gain per one computer
(Btu/h)
Desktop Computer 1365

2-6 Lighting Heat Gain :

Table - 18 -
Type Lighting Heat Gain ( Btu/h/m2 )

Office 110

Reception 130

Classroom 150

Holy Shrine 210

Restaurant 130

Cafeteria 130

Malls 110

Corridors 65

Hotel Room 65 This table is for

Fluorescent Lighting .
Meeting Room 105
For Incandescent
Conference Room 150 Lighting divide
Lighting heat gain by
Kitchens 105
1.25 .

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 Engineer
HVAC Design Book NCEC
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2-7 Out Door Air Heat Gain :

Table - 19 -
Type Cfm / Person Sensible Latent (Btu/h/m2 )
(Btu/h/m2 )

Office 7.5 116 20

Reception 7.5 116 20

Kindergarten 17 197 35

Classroom 13 302 53

Lecture Classroom 18 557 98

University 17 197 35
Laboratories
Restaurant 10 332 58

Cafeteria 9 418 74

Bars 9 418 74

Conference Room 6 139 25

Conference 6 232 41
Room(fixed Seat)
Laundry Room 17 79 14

Auditorium 5 332 58

Based on Toutdoor =118F0 , RHoutdoor =16% , Tindoor = 75F0 , RHindoor =50%

Note :
You can also use this table for Toutdoor = 115-120 F0

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HVAC Design Book NCEC
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Table - 19-(continued)

Type Cfm / Person Sensible Latent

(Btu/h/m2 ) (Btu/h/m2 )

Court Room 6 199 35

Museums 11 204 36

Malls 9 167 30

Disco 21 975 171

Health Club/Weight 26 121 21

Room

Health 22 409 72
Club/Aerobics Room

Holy Shrine 6 928 163

Praying place 6 279 25

Based on Toutdoor =118F0 , RHoutdoor =16% , Tindoor = 75F0 , RHindoor =50%

Note :
You can also use this table for Toutdoor = 115-120 F0

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 Engineer
HVAC Design Book NCEC
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Table - 20 -

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HVAC Design Book NCEC
IHAB JABBAR HAMZAH

Chart -1-
Psychrometric Chart

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HVAC Design Book NCEC
IHAB JABBAR HAMZAH

2-8 Kitchen Appliances :

Table - 21 -
Hooded cooking appliances
Item Sensible ( Btu/h)

Electric Gas

Broiler 10800 9000

Fryer, Open deep fat 1000 1100

Fryer: Pressure 500 800

Griddle double sided 3ft (clam shell down) 1400 1800

Griddle double sided 3ft (clam shell up) 3600 4900

Griddle flat 3ft 4500 3700

Induction cooktop 2700 -

Induction work 0 -

Range work 5200 5200

Range top: top off , oven on 1000 2000

*Adapted from ASHRAE “Fundamentals” Handbook ,2013

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Table - 21 - (continued)
Hooded cooking appliances

Item Sensible ( Btu/h)

Electric Gas

Range top: 3 element on , oven off 6300 7100

Range top: 6 element on , oven off 13900 11500
Range top: 6 element on , oven on 14500 13600
Oven : combination mode 800 400
Oven: convection mode 1400 1000
Oven: convection full size 1500 1000
Oven: conveyer (pizza) - 7800
Rotisserie 4500 -

Pasta cooker 0 0

Rice cooker - 300

Salamander 7000 5300

Steam Kettle large (60 gal) 100 0

Steam Kettle small (30 gal) 300 -

*Adapted from ASHRAE “Fundamentals” Handbook ,2013

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Table - 22 -
Unhooded cooking appliances

Item Sensible ( Btu/h)

Electric Gas
Coffee Brewing 200 300

Espresso Machine 400 800

Hot plate: Single burner , high speed 900 2100

Oven: countertop Bake/finishing 2200 10400

Panini 1200 2000

Popcorn Popper 100 100

Refrigerator , reach-in 300 900

Refrigerator , Prep table 600 300

Steamer (bun) 600 100

*Adapted from ASHRAE “Fundamentals” Handbook ,2013

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Table - 22-(continued)
Unhooded cooking appliances

Item Sensible ( Btu/h)

Electric Gas

Toaster : 4 slice, popup (large) cooking 200 1400

Toaster: Contact (vertical) 2700 2600

Toaster: Conveyor (large) 3000 7300
Toaster: Conveyor (small) 800 400
Waffle iron 0 400
Dishwasher (conveyor type, chemical 0 4450
sanitizing)
Dishwasher (conveyor type, water sanitizing) 0 4750
Dishwasher (door type, chemical sanitizing) 0 1980
Dishwasher (door type, water sanitizing) 0 1980
Dishwasher (under-counter type, chemical 0 2280
sanitizing)
Dishwasher (under-counter type, chemical 800 1040
sanitizing)
Booster heater 500 0

*Adapted from ASHRAE “Fundamentals” Handbook ,2013

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Table - 23 -
Swimming pool design conditions

pool type Air Temp (F0) Water Temp (F0)

competition 75 to 85 76 to 82

Diving 80 to 85 84 to 88

Elderly swimmers 84 to 85 85 to 90

Hotel 82 to 85 82 to 86

Physical Therapy 80 to 85 90 to 95

Recreational 82 to 85 80 to 85

Whirlpool/spa 80 to 85 102 to 105

*Adapted from Natatorium design manual

Table - 24 -
Apparatus Dewponds (ADP)
ESHF 1 0.92 0.84 0.78 0.74 0.71 0.69 0.66 0.64

75F0 55.2 54 52 50 48 46 44 40 34
ADP

ESHF 1 0.92 0.88 0.81 0.77 0.73 0.70 0.68 0.66

72F0 52.4 51 50 48 46 43 40 37 30
ADP

Note :
Table-24- based on RH(room) =50%
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 Engineer
HVAC Design Book NCEC
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ESHF 1 0.92 0.84 0.80 0.76 0.74 0.71 0.69 0.67

70F0 50.5 49 47 45 43 41 38 35 25
ADP

Table -25 -
ESHF 1 0.90 0.80 0.74 0.70 0.64 0.62 0.60
82F0 %
50 ADP 61.5 60 58 56 54 50 47 42

% ESHF 1 0.90 0.83 0.74 0.68 0.64 0.61 0.58

55
ADP 64.2 63 62 60 58 56 54 50

% ESHF 1 0.92 0.76 0.68 0.63 0.59 0.56 0.54

60
ADP 66.7 66 64 62 60 58 55 52

*Adapted from Carrier Handbook Design Manual .

Note :
Table -25- is used for swimming pool if the swimming
Pool air temp not 82F0 refer to carrier handbook
Chapter -2- table -65- .

Note :
You can use Excel cooling load sheet to calculate cooling
Load you can download it from http://share.shabakaty.com/
I uploaded it there.

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 Engineer
HVAC Design Book NCEC
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Example:
A conference room shown in fig 1.1
given: room height = 3 m, Window height = 1.6 m , double glass
12 hours operation ,internal shade , insulated roof , common brick
24cm ,South wall is adjacent to unconditioned space , East wall is
Adjacent to conditioned space .
Find: the total cooling load Glass

2m 2m 2m
3m

10 m

25 m
Fig 1.1 N

Note:
*IF the wall adjacent unconditioned space , this W E
Is a partition wall .
*IF the wall adjacent conditioned space , we will neglect
This wall in cooling& heating load calculation .
S
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1-Windows :

N Q=window area * Table -8- = [(2*1.6)*3]*360= 3456 Btu/h

w Q=window area * Table -8- = (3*1.6) *1210= 5808 Btu/h

2-Wall :
N Q=wall area * Table -9- = [25*3-(2*1.6*3)]*90= 5886 Btu/h

w Q=wall area * Table -9- = [10*3-(3*1.6)]*160= 4032 Btu/h

3-Partition :
Q= partition area * Table -14- = (25*3) *80= 6000 Btu/h

4-Roof :
Q= roof area * Table -13- = (25*10) *60= 15000 Btu/h

5-People :
sensible Q= room area * Table -16- = 250 *120= 30000 Btu/h

latent Q= room area * Table -16- = 250 *80= 20000 Btu/h

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6-Lighting :

Q= room area * Table -18- = (25*10) *150= 37500 Btu/h

7-Outdoor air :

OASH= room area * Table -19- = (25*10) *139= 34750 Btu/h

OALH= room area * Table -19- = (25*10) *25 = 6250 Btu/h

8-RSH :

RSH = Q window +Q wall+ Q roof+ Q partition+ Q lighting+ Q people(sensible)

RSH = (3456+5808)+(5888+4032)+6000+15000+37500+30000

RSH = 107684 Btu/h

Add 15% safety factor

RSH ≈ 123840 Btu/h

9-RLH :
RLH = Q people latent=20000 Btu/h

Add 10% safety factor

RLH = 22000 Btu/h

10-RTH :
RTH = RSH + RLH = 123840 + 22000 = 145840 Btu/h

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 Engineer
HVAC Design Book NCEC
IHAB JABBAR HAMZAH

11-GTH :

GTH = RSH+ RLH + OASH + OALH = 123840 + 22000 + 34750 + 6250

GTH = 186840 Btu/h GTH = 186840 ÷ 12000 ≈ 15.6 ton

12 - ERSH :
ERSH = RSH + (OASH * B.F ) = 123840 + (34750 * 0.1) ≈ 127315 Btu/h

13 - ERLH :
ERLH = RLH + (OALH * B.F ) = 22000 + (6250 * 0.1) = 22625 Btu/h

14 - ERTH :
ERTH =ERSH + ERLH = 127315 + 22625 = 149940 Btu/h

15- ERSHF & ADP :

ERSHF = ERSH÷ERTH = 127315 ÷ 149940 = 0.85

From Table -24- at RH 50% And 75 F0 :

Note:
ADP ≈ 52.3 F0 B.F = (0.1-0.2) For Comfort
Air Application.
16 - Supply Air (cfm) :
Supply air = ERSH ÷ [1.08 * (1-B.F) * (T room-TADP)]

Supply air = 127315 ÷ [1.08 * 0.9 * (75-52.3)]

Supply air ≈ 5770 cfm

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 Engineer
HVAC Design Book NCEC
IHAB JABBAR HAMZAH

17 – Outdoor Air (cfm) :

Outdoor air = Area * (cfm/person ÷ m2/person)

Outdoor air = 250* (6 ÷ 2)

Outdoor air = 750 cfm

From Table -16-
Conclusion : From Table -19-

M2/ton 16
cfm /ton 370
Note :
We calculate ERSHF & ADP when we have an AHU or P.U provide
One Space or one Room , however if we have an AHU or P.U provide
More than one Space or Room we will do the following :

1- Find ERSHF(Total) :
ERSHFTotal = ERSHTOTAL ÷ ERTHTOTAL

Sum of ERSH for each space . Sum of ERTH for each space .

2- Find ADP from Table -24- at ERSHF and TRoom :

3- Find Total Supply Air Flow for the AHU or P.U :

Total Supply Air Flow(cfm) = ERSHTOTAL ÷ [1.08 * (1-B.F) * (TRoom – TADP ) ]
4- Find Supply Air Flow for each Room :
Supply Air Flow Room (cfm) = (Total Supply Air Flow ÷ ERSHTOTAL ) * ERSHROOM

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 Engineer
HVAC Design Book NCEC
IHAB JABBAR HAMZAH

2-9 All outdoor Air (All fresh air):

All outdoor air mean that the AHU or P.U have supply air only
there is no return air.

Note:
We use all outdoor air in operating rooms , Kitchens , Swimming pools ,
Gym and Holy shrine

All outdoor Air calculation :

1- calculate RSH by using rule of thumb
2- calculate RLH by using rule of thumb
3- calculate the Outdoor air by using one of these two method
A- By using air change :
Outdoor air (cfm) = (Air change per hour * Room volume) ÷ 1.7
B- By using cfm/p method :
Outdoor air (cfm) = Number of persons * Table -20-
4- Calculate OASH :
OASH = Outdoor air (cfm) * ( T outdoor - T indoor) * 1.08
5- Calculate OALH :
OALH = Outdoor air (cfm) * W * 0.68 Note :
B.F = (0.05-0.1)
6- Calculate ERSH :
Usually 0.1 this for All
ERSH = [RSH + (OASH * B.F)]
Fresh Air application .
7- Calculate ERLH :
ERLH = [RLH + (OALH * B.F)]

8- Calculate ERSHF :
ERSHF = ERSH ÷ (ERSH + ERLH )

9- Find ADP from Table -24- at T room and RH% room :

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HVAC Design Book NCEC
IHAB JABBAR HAMZAH

10- Calculate Supply air :

Supply air = ERSH ÷ [ 1.08 * (1-B.F) * ( T room – T ADP )]
Supply air = Outdoor air(New)
11- Calculate OASH (New) :
OASH (New) = Outdoor air (New) * ( T outdoor – T room ) * 1.08
12- Calculate OALH(New) :
OALH (new) = Outdoor air (New) * W * 0.68
13- Calculate ERSH (New) :
ERSH(New) = [RSH + (OASH(New) * B.F)]

14- Calculate ERLH(New) :

ERLH(New) = [RSH + (OALH(New) * B.F)]
15- Calculate ERSHF(New) :
ERSHF(New) = ERSH(New) ÷ [ERSH(New) + ERLH(New) ]
16- Find ADP(New) from Table -24- at T room and RH% room :
17- Calculate Supply air (new) :
Supply air (new) = ERSH(New) ÷ [ 1.08 *(1-B.F) * (T room – TADP(New))]

Note: The difference must not

IF supply air ≈ supply air (New) Exceed 200 cfm . If it Exceed
200 cfm we do trial and Error
Again.
18- Calculate OASH (Final) & OALH (Final) :
OASH (Final) = Supply air (New) * ( T outdoor – T room ) * 1.08

OALH (Final) = Supply air (New) * W * 0.68

19- Calculate GTH:
GTH = RSH + RLH + OASH (Final) + OALH (Final)

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 Engineer
HVAC Design Book NCEC
IHAB JABBAR HAMZAH

Example :
An operating Room shown in fig 2.2
Given :
T outdoor = 118 F0 , RHoutdoor =16% , T room = 72 F0 , RHindoor = 50%,

W = 19 Grain/Ib , Room height = 3m , Insulated roof , common

Brick 24cm(North , south , East ) walls are adjacent to conditioned

Space.

Find : The Cooling Load

6m
6m

Fig 2.2
W E

S
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 Engineer
HVAC Design Book NCEC
IHAB JABBAR HAMZAH

1- wall :
W Q=wall area * Table -9- = (6*3)*160= 2880 Btu/h
2- Roof :
Q= roof area * Table -13- = (6*6) *60= 2160 Btu/h

3- People (Sensible) :
Q = Number of people * 270 = 8 * 270 = 2160 Btu/h
4- Lighting :
Q = room area * W/m2 * 3.4 = (6*6) * 50 * 3.4 = 6120 Btu/h
5- Equipment :
Q= 3412 Btu/h Depend on the type of equipment in
Operating Room
6- RSH :
RSH = Q wall+ Q roof+ Q lighting+ Q people(sensible) + Q Equipment
RSH = 2880 + 2160 + 2160+ 6120+ 3412
RSH = 16732 Btu/h

Add 15% Safety factor :

RSH ≈ 19240 Btu/h

7- Calculate Outdoor air flow :

Outdoor air = (Air change per hour * room volume) ÷ 1.7
Outdoor air = [ 4 * ( 6 * 6 * 3 )] ÷ 1.7 ≈ 255 cfm
Minimum Outdoor ACH for operating Room is 4.
For more details refer to ASHRAE Application 2011
8 - Calculate RLH : chapter – 8- , Table -3- .
RLH = Q people (latent) = Number of people * 280 = 8 * 280 = 2240 Btu/h

Add 10% Safety factor :

RLH ≈ 2465 Btu/h
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HVAC Design Book NCEC
IHAB JABBAR HAMZAH

9- Calculate OASH :
OASH = Outdoor air * 1.08 * ( T outdoor – T Room )

OASH = 255 * 1.08 * ( 118 – 72 ) ≈ 12670 Btu/h

10 - Calculate OALH :
OALH = Outdoor air * 0.68 * W = 255 * 0.68 * 19 ≈ 3295 Btu/h

11- Calculate ERSH :

ERSH = RSH + (OASH *B.F) = 19240 + (12670*0.1) ≈ 20510 Btu/h

12- Calculate ERLH:

ERLH = RLH + (OALH * B.F) = 2465 + (3295*O.1) ≈ 2795 Btu/h

13 - Calculate ERSHF:
ERSHF = ERSH ÷ ( ERSH + ERLH ) = 20510 ÷ ( 20510+ 2795) = 0.88

14 - Find ADP from table -24- at T (room) and RH % (room) :

ADP = 50 F0

15 - Calculate Supply air :

Supply air = ERSH ÷ [ 1.08 * 0.9 * ( T room –T ADP )]
Supply air = 20510 ÷ [ 1.08 * 0.9 * (72- 50)] ≈ 960cfm
Supply air = Outdoor air(New) = 960cfm

16- Calculate OASH (New) :

OASH (New) = Outdoor air (New) 1.08 * ( T outdoor – T room )
OASH (New) = 960* 1.08 * ( 118 – 72 ) ≈ 47690 Btu/ h

17- Calculate OALH(New) :

OALH(New) = Outdoor air(New) * 0.68 * W = 960 * 0.68 * 19

OALH (New) ≈ 12400 Btu/h

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HVAC Design Book NCEC
IHAB JABBAR HAMZAH

18- Calculate ERSH(New):

ERSH(New) = RSH + [OASH(New) * B.F] = 19240 + (47690*O.1)
ERSH(New) ≈ 24010 Btu/h

19 - Calculate ERLH(New):
ERLH(New) = RLH + [OALH(New) * B.F] = 2465 + (12400*O.1) ≈ 3705 Btu/h

20- Calculate ERSHF(New) :

ERSHF(New) = ERSH(New) ÷ [ERSH(New) + ERLH(New) ]
ERSHF(New) = 24010 ÷ [24010+ 3705] = 0.866

21 - Find ADP(New) from table -24- at T (room) and RH % (room) :

ADP(New) = 49.6 F0

22- Calculate Supply air (New) :

Supply air (New) = ERSH (New) ÷ [1.08 * (1-B.F) * ( T room – T ADP)]
Supply air (New) = 23960 ÷ [1.08 * 0.9 * (72 – 49.6)]

Supply air (New) ≈ 1100 cfm Supply air (New) = Outdoor air(New2)
Note :
The difference between Supply air (New2) and Supply air (New)
Exceed 100 cfm .
Because it is operating Room , so the difference must be less than 100 cfm

23 – Calculate OASH (New2) :

OASH (New2) = Outdoor air (New2) 1.08 * ( T outdoor – T room )
OASH (New2) = 1100* 1.08 * ( 118 – 72 ) ≈ 54650 Btu/ h

24 - Calculate OALH(New2) :
OALH(New2) = Outdoor air(New2) * 0.68 * W = 1100 * 0.68 * 19
OALH(New2) ≈ 14210 Btu/h
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25 – Calculate ERSH (New2) :
ERSH (New2) = RSH + (OASH (New2) *B.F)
ERSH (New2) = 19240 + (54650* 0.1) = 24705 Btu/h
26 – Calculate ERLH (New2) :
ERLH (New2) = RLH + (OALH (New2) *B.F)
ERLH (New2) = 2465 + (14210* 0.1) ≈ 3890 Btu/h

27- Calculate ERSHF(New2) :

ERSHF(New2) = ERSH(New2) ÷ [ERSH(New2) + ERLH(New2) ]
ERSHF(New2) = 24705 ÷ [24705 + 3890] ≈ 0.864

28- Find ADP(New2) from table -24- at T (room) and RH % (room) :

ADP(New2) ≈ 49.5 F0
29- Calculate Supply air (New2) :
Supply air (New2) = ERSH (New2) ÷ [1.08 * (1-B.F) * ( T room – T ADP(New2))]
Supply air (New2) = 24705÷ [1.08 * 0.9 * (72 – 49.5)] ≈ 1130 cfm
Note :
The difference between Supply air(New2) and Supply air (New)
Is less than 100 cfm . So we will choose Supply air (New2)

30- Calculate OASH (Final) & OALH (Final) :

OASH (Final) = Supply air (New2) * ( T outdoor – T room ) * 1.08

OASH(Final) = 1130* (118-72) *1.08 ≈ 56140 Btu/h
OALH (Final) = Supply air (New2) * W * 0.68
OALH (Final) = 1130* 19 * 0.68 ≈ 14600Btu/h M2/ton ≈ 4.7

31- Calculate GTH : cfm /ton ≈ 147

GTH =RSH + RLH + OASH (Final) + OALH (Final) =19240 +2465+56140+14600
GTH = 92445 Btu/h GTH = 92445 ÷ 12000 ≈ 7.7 Ton
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HVAC Design Book NCEC
IHAB JABBAR HAMZAH

Note : Rule of thumb for Operating Rooms

M2/ton 3-5
cfm /ton 130-150

2-10 Reheater Calculation:

Repeater is used in AHU when the ADP is below 48F0 and
ERSHF below 0.74 at RH(Room) = 50% and T room = 75F0 , Or ADP
Is below 61 F0 (for swimming pool ) .

calculation:
1- calculate Reheat :
0.74 = (RSH + OASH + Reheat) ÷ (RSH + OASH +RLH + OALH + Reheat)

At Troom = 75F0 & RHroom = 50%

Note:
RSH,RLH,OASH,OALH can be calculated by using rule of thumb
Method.

2- calculate RSH(New) :
RSH(New) = RSH + Reheat

3- Find ADP from table -24- at T(room)= 75F0 and RH(room) = 50% :

4- calculate Supply air :

Supply air =[ RSH(New) +( OASH*B.F)] ÷ [1.08 *( 1-B.F) * (T room – T ADP )]

Note:
• B.F = ( 0.05 – 0.1 ) For All Outdoor Air Application .
• B.F = (0.1-0.2) For Comfort Air Application .

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 Engineer
HVAC Design Book NCEC
IHAB JABBAR HAMZAH

2-11 Swimming Pool Calculation:

Latent load per person 252 Btu/h

(Walking , standing)

Lighting load 8 – 15 W/ m2

Outdoor air 0.48 cfm/ft2

Note :

• Swimming pool air Temperature must be 2 – 4 F0 above water Temperature .

• Outdoor Air must be Filtered .
• Outdoor Air must be above 65F0 if below 65F0 we must preheat It to avoid
• condensation .
• Sensible Heat from people in Swimming Pool is neglected .
• Window , Doors and Skylight must be fully blanketed with warm Supply Air
• Vapor retarder must be used in walls and roof .
• Fabric duct is preferred in Swimming pool for Supply and Return Method .
• Aluminum duct is also used in Swimming pool .
• ADP Range 61- 67 F0 .
• RH Range 50 – 60 % .
• If a Swimming pool has a spectator area , use a normal AHU or P.U
To Supply the Air Flow and Also Calculate the Load of Spectator area
Separately from Swimming pool load .
• Exhaust Air(cfm) = Outdoor Air (cfm)* 1.15

40
 Engineer
HVAC Design Book NCEC
IHAB JABBAR HAMZAH
A- All Fresh Air Method :
1- Calculate Q wall , Q roof , Q glass , Q partition by using rule of
thumb method.
2- Calculate Q Lighting :
Q Lighting = Lighting load (w/m2) * total area * 3.4 * 1.25

3- Calculate RSH :
RSH = Q wall + Q roof + Q partition + Q glass + Q lighting

4- Calculate Qpeople (Latent):

Q people(Latent) = 0.25 * total area (m2) * Latent load per person

5- Calculate Evaporation Rate :

Evaporation Rate (Btu/h) = water surface area (ft2)*Table 20 * Activity

Factor * 1061

6- Calculate RLH:

RLH = Qpeople(Latent) + Evaporation Rate

7- Calculate Outdoor Air :

Outdoor Air (cfm) = [0.48 * Total Swimming pool Area(Ft2)]

8- Calculate OASH :

OASH = Outdoor Air * 1.08 * (Toutdoor –Tswimming pool )

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 Engineer
HVAC Design Book NCEC
IHAB JABBAR HAMZAH

9- Calculate OALH :
OALH = Outdoor Air * 0.68 * W Note:
W= Woutside - Windoor
10- Calculate ERSH :
ERSH = RSH + (OASH *B.F) Note :
If OALH in minus ERLH = RLH
11- Calculate ERLH :
ERLH = RLH + (OALH*B.F)

12- Calculate ERTH :

ERTH = ERSH + ERLH

13- Calculate ERSHF:

ERSHF = ERSH ÷ ERTH

14- Find ADP from table -25- at T swimming pool and RH swimming pool
15- Calculate Supply air :

Supply air = ERSH ÷ [ 1.08 * (1-B.F) * (T swimming pool – T ADP )]

Supply air = Outdoor air(New)

16 - Calculate OASH(New) :

OASH(New) = Outdoor air(New) * 1.08 * (Toutdoor –Tswimming pool )

17 - Calculate OALH(New):
OALH = Outdoor Air(New) * 0.68 * W

18 - Calculate ERSH(New) :
ERSH(New) = RSH + [OASH(New) *B.F]

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HVAC Design Book NCEC
IHAB JABBAR HAMZAH

19 - Calculate ERLH(New) :
ERLH(New) = RLH + [OALH(New) *B.F]

20 - Calculate ERSHF(New):

ERSHF(New) = ERSH(New) ÷ [ERSH(New) + ERLH(New) ]

21- Find ADP(New) from table -25- at T swimming pool and RH swimming pool

22 - Calculate Supply air(New) :

Supply air(New) = ERSH(New) ÷ [ 1.08 * (1-B.F) * (T swimming pool – T ADP(New) )]

Note :
The difference between Supply air and Supply air(New) must be less
Than 300 cfm , if not we will continue the trail and error .

23- Calculate OASH (Final) :

OASH (Final) = Supply air (New) * ( T outdoor – T swimming pool ) * 1.08

24 - Calculate OALH (Final) :

OALH (Final) = Supply air (New) * 0.68 * W

25- Calculate GTH :

GTH = RSH + RLH + OASH (Final) + OALH (Final)

Note :
If OALH in minus GTH = RSH+RLH+OASH

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 Engineer
HVAC Design Book NCEC
IHAB JABBAR HAMZAH

B- Supply And Return Method :

1- Calculate Q wall , Q roof , Q glass , Q partition by using rule of
thumb method.

2- Calculate Q Lighting :
Q Lighting = Lighting load (w/m2) * total area * 3.4 * 1.25

3- Calculate RSH :
RSH = Q wall + Q roof + Q partition + Q glass + Q lighting

4- Calculate Qpeople (Latent):

Q people(Latent) = 0.25 * total area (m2) * Latent load per person

5- Calculate Evaporation Rate :

Evaporation Rate (Btu/h) = water surface area (ft2)*Table 20 * Activity
Factor * 1061

6- Calculate RLH:
RLH = Qpeople(Latent) + Evaporation Rate

7- Calculate Outdoor Air :

Outdoor Air (cfm) = [0.48 * Total Swimming pool Area(Ft2)]

8- Calculate OASH :

OASH = Outdoor Air * 1.08 * (Toutdoor –Tswimming pool )

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 Engineer
HVAC Design Book NCEC
IHAB JABBAR HAMZAH

9- Calculate OALH :
OALH = Outdoor Air * 0.68 * W Note:
W= Woutside - Windoor
10- Calculate ERSH :
ERSH = RSH + (OASH *B.F) Note :
If OALH in minus ERLH = RLH
11- Calculate ERLH :
ERLH = RLH + (OALH*B.F)
12- Calculate ERTH :
ERTH = ERSH + ERLH

13- Calculate ERSHF:

ERSHF = ERSH ÷ ERTH

14- Find ADP from table -25- at T swimming pool and RH swimming pool
Note :
If ADP below 61F0 use Add Reheater .

15- Calculate Supply air :

Supply air = ERSH ÷ [ 1.08 * (1-B.F) * (T swimming pool – T ADP )]

16 - Calculate GTH :
GTH = RSH + RLH + OASH + OALH

Note :
If OALH in minus GTH = RSH+RLH+OASH

Note :
We only use Supply and Return method when the Swimming pool has good
Maintenance staff and accurate CL control .

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 Engineer
HVAC Design Book NCEC
IHAB JABBAR HAMZAH

Example:
A school Swimming pool shown in fig 2.3 calculate the cooling load
Using All fresh air method & Supply and Return Method .
Given :
Room height = 7 m , window height = 3 m , insulated roof ,
Double Glass , 12 hours operation , External shade(Bar glass) ,
Common brick 24cm thickness. SE wall is adjacent
to unconditioned space . Air TEMP 82F0 , RHindoor = 60% .

25 m
4m

12 m

17 m
Pool
4m

4m 4m 4m

30 m
NE
Fig 2.3
NW SE

46 SW
 Engineer
HVAC Design Book NCEC
IHAB JABBAR HAMZAH

A- All Fresh Air Method :

1- Window :
SW Q=window area * Table -6- = [(4*3)*3]*1200 = 43200 Btu/h

NW Q=window area * Table -6- = [(4*3)*2]*870= 20880 Btu/h

2- Wall :

NE Q=wall area * Table -9- = (30*7)*120 = 25200 Btu/h

SW Q=wall area * Table -9- = [30*7-(4*3*3)]*145 = 25230 Btu/h

NW Q=wall area * Table -9- = [(17 * 7)-(4*3*2)]*140 = 13300

Btu/h
3- Partition :
Q= partition area * Table -14- = (17*7) *80= 9520 Btu/h

4- Roof :
Q= roof area * Table -13- = (30*17) *60= 30600 Btu/h

5- Lighting :
Q Lighting = Lighting load (w/m2) * total area * 3.4 * 1.25

Q Lighting = 10 * (30 * 17 )* 3.4 * 1.25 = 21675 Btu/h

6- RSH :
RSH = Q wall + Q roof + Q partition + Q glass + Q lighting

RSH = (25200+25230+13300)+30600+ 9520 +(43200+20880)+21675

RSH = 189605 Btu/h

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IHAB JABBAR HAMZAH

Add 15% Safety factor :

RSH ≈ 218050 Btu/h

7- Calculate Evaporation Rate :

Evaporation Rate (Btu/h) = water surface area (ft2)*Table 20 * Activity
Factor * 1061
Evaporation Rate (Btu/h) = (25*12*10.76) * 0.037 * 1 * 1061

Evaporation Rate ≈ 126720 Btu/h

From Table -20- at Twater = 80F0 ,Tswimming pool = 82F0 & RH(pool) = 60%
8- Calculate Qpeople (Latent):
Q people(Latent) = 0.25 * Deck Area (m2) * Latent load per person
Qpeople(Latent) = 0.25 * [30*17] * 252 = 32130 Btu/h

9- Calculate RLH:

RLH = Qpeople(Latent)+ Evaporation Rate = 32130 +126720 = 158850 Btu/h

Note :
We will not add safety factor to RLH .

10-Calculate Outdoor air :

Outdoor Air (cfm) = [0.48 * Total Swimming pool Area(Ft2)]

Outdoor Air (cfm) = [0.48 * (30*17*10.76)] ≈ 2630 cfm

11- OASH :
OASH = Outdoor air * ( T outdoor – T swimming pool ) * 1.08

OASH = 2630 * (118 – 82 ) * 1.08 ≈ 102250 Btu/h

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HVAC Design Book NCEC
IHAB JABBAR HAMZAH

12- OALH :
OALH = Outdoor air * ( Woutside– W inside ) * 0.68

OALH = 2630 * ( 77– 98 ) * 0.68 ≈ - 37555 Btu/h

13- ERSH :
ERSH = RSH + (OASH * B.F) = 218050 + (102250*0.1) = 228275 Btu/h

14- ERLH :
Note:
ERLH = RLH = 158850 Btu/h ERLH=RLH Because OALH in minus

15- ERTH :
ERTH = ERSH + ERLH = 228275 + 158850 = 387130 Btu/h

16- ERSHF :
ERSHF = ERSH ÷ ERTH = 228275 ÷ 387130 ≈ 0.59

17- Find ADP from table -25- at RH = 60 % :

ADP = 58 F0

18 - Supply air :
Supply air = ERSH ÷ [ 1.08 * (1-B.F) * ( T Swimming pool – T ADP )]

Supply air = 228275 ÷ [ 1.08 * 0.9 * ( 82– 58 )] ≈ 9780 cfm

Supply air = Outdoor air(New)

19- OASH(New) :
OASH(New) = Outdoor air(New) * ( T outdoor – T swimming pool ) * 1.08

OASH(New) = 9780 * (118 – 82 ) * 1.08 ≈ 380250 Btu/h

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20- Find ERSH(New) :

ERSH(New) = RSH+ [OASH(New) * B.F] = 218050 + [380250*0.1]
ERSH(New) = 256080 Btu/h
21- Find ERLH(New) :
ERLH(New) = RLH = 158850 Btu/h
Note:
We did not calculate OALH because OALH in minus , SO ERLH(New) = RLH

22- ERSHF(New) :
ERSHF(New) = ERSH(New) ÷ [ERSH(New) + ERLH(New) ]
ERSHF(New) = 256080 + [256080+158850] ≈ 0.62

23- Find ADP(New) from table -25- at RH = 60 % :

ADP(New) = 59.5 F0

24 - Supply air(New) :
Supply air(New) = ERSH(New) ÷ [ 1.08 * (1-B.F) * ( T Swimming pool – T ADP(new) )]
Supply air(New) = 256080 ÷ [ 1.08 * 0.9 * ( 82– 59.5 )] ≈ 11700 cfm

Supply air(New) = Outdoor air(New2)

25 - OASH(New2) :
OASH(New2) = Outdoor air(New2) * ( T outdoor – T swimming pool ) * 1.08
OASH(New2) = 11700 * (118 – 82 ) * 1.08 ≈ 454900 Btu/h

26- Find ERSH(New2) :

ERSH(New2) = RSH+ [OASH(New2) * B.F] = 218050 + [454900*0.1]
ERSH(New2) = 263540 Btu/h

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27- Find ERLH(New2) :

ERLH(New2) = RLH = 158850 Btu/h

Note:
We did not calculate OALH because OALH in minus , SO ERLH (New2) = RLH

28- ERSHF(New2) :
ERSHF(New2) = ERSH(New2) ÷ [ERSH(New2) + ERLH(New2) ]

ERSHF(New2) = 263540 + [263540+158850] ≈ 0.62

29- Find ADP(New2) from table -25- at RH = 60 % :

ADP(New2) = 59.5 F0

30 - Supply air(New2) :
Supply air(New2) = ERSH(New2) ÷ [ 1.08 * (1-B.F) *( T Swimming pool – T ADP(new2) )]

Supply air(New2) = 263540 ÷ [ 1.08 * 0.9 * ( 82– 59.5 )] ≈ 12050 cfm

Supply air(New2) = Outdoor air(New3)

31 - OASH(New3) :
OASH(New3) = Outdoor air(New3) * ( T outdoor – T swimming pool ) * 1.08
OASH(New3) = 12050 * (118 – 82 ) * 1.08 ≈ 468500 Btu/h

32- Find ERSH(New3) :

ERSH(New3) = RSH+ [OASH(New3) * B.F] = 218050 + [468500*0.1]
ERSH(New3) = 264900 Btu/h

Note:
We add Repeater Because ADP(New2) is below 61F0 .

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33- Find Reheater :

ERSHF(New3) = [ERSH(New3) +Reheater] ÷ [ERSH(New3) + ERLH(New3) +Reheater ]

0.655 = [264900 + Reheater] ÷ [264900 + 158850+Reheater]

Reheater = 36680 Btu/h At ADP=61F0 , RH=60%

34- RSH(New) :
RSH(New) = RSH + Reheater = 218050 + 36680 = 254730 Btu/h

35- Find ERSH(New4) :

ERSH(New4) = RSH(New)+ [OASH(New3) * B.F] = 254730 + [468500*0.1]
ERSH(New4) = 301580 Btu/h

Note:
We did not calculate OALH because OALH in minus , SO ERLH (New4) = RLH

36- ERSHF(New4) :
ERSHF(New4) = ERSH(New4) ÷ [ERSH(New4) + ERLH(New4) ]

ERSHF(New4) = 301580 + [301580+158850] ≈ 0.655

37- Find ADP(New4) from table -25- at RH = 60 % :

ADP(New4) = 61 F0

38 - Supply air(New3) :
Supply air(New3) = ERSH(New4) ÷ [ 1.08 * (1-B.F) *( T Swimming pool – T ADP(new4) )]

Supply air(New3) = 301580 ÷ [ 1.08 * 0.9 * ( 82– 61 )] ≈ 14770 cfm

Supply air(New3) = Outdoor air(New4)

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39 - OASH(New4) :
OASH(New4) = Outdoor air(New4) * ( T outdoor – T swimming pool ) * 1.08
OASH(New4) = 14770 * (118 – 82 ) * 1.08 ≈ 574260 Btu/h

Note:
We did not calculate OALH because OALH in minus , SO ERLH (New5) = RLH

40- Find ERSH(New5) :

ERSH(New5) = RSH(New)+ [OASH(New4) * B.F] = 254730 + [574260*0.1]
ERSH(New5) = 312160 Btu/h

41- ERSHF(New5) :
ERSHF(New5) = ERSH(New5) ÷ [ERSH(New5) + ERLH(New5) ]

ERSHF(New5) = 312160 + [312160+158850] ≈ 0.663

42- Find ADP(New5) from table -25- at RH = 60 % :

ADP(New4) = 61.3 F0

43 - Supply air(New4) :
Supply air(New4) = ERSH(New5) ÷ [ 1.08 * (1-B.F) *( T Swimming pool – T ADP(new5) )]
Supply air(New4) = 312160 ÷ [ 1.08 * 0.9 * ( 82– 61.3 )] ≈ 15510 cfm

Supply air(New4) = Outdoor air(New5)

44- OASH(New5) :
OASH(New5) = Outdoor air(New5) * ( T outdoor – T swimming pool ) * 1.08

OASH(New5) = 15510 * (118 – 82 ) * 1.08 ≈ 603030 Btu/h

Note:
We did not calculate OALH because OALH in minus , SO ERLH (New6) = RLH
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45- Find ERSH(New6) :
ERSH(New6) = RSH(New)+ [OASH(New5) * B.F] = 254730 + [603030*0.1]
ERSH(New6) ≈ 315030 Btu/h

46- ERSHF(New6) :
ERSHF(New6) = ERSH(New6) ÷ [ERSH(New6) + ERLH(New6) ]

ERSHF(New6) = 315030 + [315030+158850] ≈ 0.665

47- Find ADP(New5) from table -25- at RH = 60 % :

ADP(New4) = 61.4 F0

48- Supply air(New5) :

Supply air(New5) = ERSH(New5) ÷ [ 1.08 * (1-B.F) *( T Swimming pool – T ADP(new5) )]

Supply air(New5) = 315030 ÷ [ 1.08 * 0.9 * ( 82– 61.4 )] ≈ 15730 cfm

Supply air(New5) = Outdoor air(New6)

Note:
The difference between Supply air(New4) and Supply air(New5) is
approximate 300cfm
49 - OASH(New6) :
OASH(New6) = Outdoor air(New6) * ( T outdoor – T swimming pool ) * 1.08

OASH(New6) = 15730 * (118 – 82 ) * 1.08 ≈ 611580 Btu/h

Note:
We did not calculate OALH because OALH in minus , SO ERLH (New6) = RLH
50 - Calculate GTH :
GTH = RSH(New) + RLH + OASH (Final)
GTH = 254730 + 158850 + 611580 = 1025160 Btu/h
GTH = 1025160 ÷ 12000 = 85.4 Ton M2/ton ≈ 6
cfm /ton ≈ 184
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B- Supply And Return Method :

1- Window :
SW Q=window area * Table -6- = [(4*3)*3]*1200 = 43200 Btu/h

NW Q=window area * Table -6- = [(4*3)*2]*870= 20880 Btu/h

2- Wall :

NE Q=wall area * Table -9- = (30*7)*120 = 25200 Btu/h

SW Q=wall area * Table -9- = [30*7-(4*3*3)]*145 = 25230 Btu/h

NW Q=wall area * Table -9- = [(17 * 7)-(4*3*2)]*140 = 13300 Btu/h

3- Partition :
Q = partition area * Table -14- = (17*7) *80= 9520 Btu/h

4- Roof :
Q = roof area * Table -13- = (30*17) *60= 30600 Btu/h

5- Lighting :
Q Lighting = Lighting load (w/m2) * total area * 3.4 * 1.25

Q Lighting = 10 * (30 * 17 )* 3.4 * 1.25 = 21675 Btu/h

6- RSH :
RSH = Q wall + Q roof + Q partition + Q glass + Q lighting

RSH = (25200+25230+13300)+30600+ 9520 +(43200+20880)+21675

RSH = 189605 Btu/h

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Add 15% Safety factor :

RSH ≈ 218050 Btu/h

7- Calculate Evaporation Rate :

Evaporation Rate (Btu/h) = water surface area (ft2)*Table 20 * Activity
Factor * 1061
Evaporation Rate (Btu/h) = (25*12*10.76) * 0.037 * 1 * 1061

Evaporation Rate ≈ 126720 Btu/h

From Table -20- at Twater = 80F0 ,Tswimming pool = 82F0 & RH(pool) = 60%
8- Calculate Qpeople (Latent):
Q people(Latent) = 0.25 * Deck Area (m2) * Latent load per person
Qpeople(Latent) = 0.25 * [30*17] * 252 = 32130 Btu/h

9- Calculate RLH:
RLH = Qpeople(Latent)+ Evaporation Rate = 32130 +126720 = 158850 Btu/h
Note :
We will not add safety factor to RLH .

10-Calculate Outdoor air :

Outdoor Air (cfm) = [0.48 * Total Swimming pool Area(Ft2)]

Outdoor Air (cfm) = [0.48 * (30*17*10.76)] ≈ 2630 cfm

11- OASH :
OASH = Outdoor air * ( T outdoor – T swimming pool ) * 1.08

OASH = 2630 * (118 – 82 ) * 1.08 ≈ 102250 Btu/h

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12- OALH :
OALH = Outdoor air * ( Woutside– W inside ) * 0.68

OALH = 2630 * ( 77– 98 ) * 0.68 ≈ - 37555 Btu/h

13- ERSH :
ERSH = RSH + (OASH * B.F) = 218050 + (102250*0.1) = 228275 Btu/h

14- ERLH :
Note:
ERLH = RLH = 158850 Btu/h ERLH=RLH because OALH in minus

15- ERTH :
ERTH = ERSH + ERLH = 228275 + 158850 = 387130 Btu/h

16- ERSHF :
ERSHF = ERSH ÷ ERTH = 228275 ÷ 387130 ≈ 0.59

17- Find ADP from table -25- at RH = 60 % :

ADP = 58 F0

Note:
We add Repeater because ADP(New2) is below 61F0 .

18 - Find Reheater :
ERSHF(New3) = [ERSH(New3) +Reheater] ÷ [ERSH(New3) + ERLH(New3) + Reheater ]

0.655 = [228275 + Reheater ] ÷ [228275+ 158850 + Reheater]

Reheater = 73310 Btu/h At ADP=61F0 , RH=60%

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19 - RSH(New) :
RSH(New) = RSH + Reheater = 218050 + 73310 = 291360 Btu/h

20- Find ERSH(New) :

ERSH(New) = RSH(New)+ [OASH * B.F] = 291360 + [102250*0.1]
ERSH(New) = 301585 Btu/h

Note:
We did not calculate OALH because OALH in minus , SO ERLH (New) = RLH
21- ERSHF(New) :
ERSHF(New) = ERSH(New) ÷ [ERSH(New) + ERLH(New) ]

ERSHF(New) = 301585+ [301585+158850] = 0.655

22- Find ADP(New) from table -25- at RH = 60 % :

ADP(New) = 61 F0

23 - Supply air(New) :
Supply air(New) = ERSH(New) ÷ [ 1.08 * (1-B.F) *( T Swimming pool – T ADP(new) )]

Supply air(New) = 301585 ÷ [ 1.08 * 0.9 * ( 82– 61 )] ≈ 14770 cfm

24 - Calculate GTH :
GTH = RSH(New) + RLH + OASH = 291360 + 158850 + 102250

GTH = 552460 Btu/h GTH = 552460 ÷ 12000 = 46 Ton

25 - Calculate Return Air :

Return Air (cfm) = Supply air(New) – Outdoor Air = 14770 – 2630
Return Air = 12140 cfm

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Conclusion :
M2/ton 11

cfm /ton 321

Note : Rule Of thumb For Swimming Pool

A- All Fresh Air Method :

M2/ton 6-8

cfm /ton 160-180

B- Supply And Return Method :

M2/ton 10-12

cfm /ton 320-360

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2-12 Heating Load Calculation:

1- Calculate Q wall :
Q wall = Total wall area * U factor * (T room - T outside )

Note :
Common brick 24 cm thickness U factor = 0.32 Btu/h.ft2.F0

Common brick 36 cm thickness U factor = 0.25 Btu/h.ft2.F0

Concrete block 20 cm thickness U factor = 0.45 Btu/h.ft2.F0

2- Calculate Q glass :
Q glass = Total glass area * U factor * (T room - T outside )

Note :
Single glass U factor = 1.13 Btu/h.ft2.F0

Double glass U factor = 0.53 Btu/h.ft2.F0

3- Calculate Q roof :
Q roof = roof area * U factor * (T room - T outside )

Note :

Un insulated roof U factor = 0.2 Btu/h.ft2.F0

insulated roof U factor = 0.1 Btu/h.ft2.F0

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4- Calculate Q partition :
Q wall = partition area * U factor * 18

Note :
Partition wall 12cm thickness U factor = 0.4 Btu/h.ft2.F0
Partition wall 24cm thickness U factor = 0.28 Btu/h.ft2.F0

5- Calculate Q room heat loss :

Q room heat loss = Q wall + Q glass + Q roof + Qpartitions

6- Add 10% Safety factor to Q room heat loss

7- Calculate Q outdoor air :

Q outdoor air= number of persons * cfm/p * ( T room – T outdoor ) * 1.08

8- Calculate Q total heat loss:

Q total heat loss= Q room heat loss + Q outdoor air

Note :
T room = 72 F0
T outdoor = 36 F0

Note : For Heating Load Rule of Thumb

For supply
Heating load (Btu/h) = total cooling load(Btu/h) * 0.4 And return
method

For all fresh

Heating load (Btu/h) = total cooling load(Btu/h) * 0.75 air method

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2-13 Air washer calculation:

T leaving dry bulb (ldb) = T entering dry bulb (edb) – Sat Eff * (T edb - Tewb)
Note :
Air Washer Saturation Efficiency :
• 60-70 % with Single bank of Nozzle downstream.
• 65-75% with Single bank of Nozzle upstream.
• 85-100% with Double bank of Nozzle .
Note :
Air Washer Water Required :
• 4GPM Per 1000cfm For Single bank .
• 10 GPM Per 1000cfm For Double bank .

Bank Arrangement Length(ft) Efficiency %

Single Downstream 4 50-60

6 60-75
Single Upstream 6 65-80

Double Downstream 6 80-90

Double Opposing 8-10 85-95

Double Upstream 8-10 90-98

Note : The calculation basted on

T outdoor 118 F0

T leaving dry bulb (ldb) 79 F0

Saturation efficiency 95%

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A- at RH(room) = 60 % :
T(room) = 92F0
Air Washer (cfm) = RSH ÷ [( T room – T ldb ) *1.08 ]
B- at RH(room) = 65 % :
T(room) = 89F0
Air Washer (cfm) = RSH ÷ [( T room – T ldb ) *1.08 ]
C- at RH(room) = 70 % :
T(room) = 87F0
Air Washer (cfm) = RSH ÷ [( T room – T ldb ) *1.08 ]
D- at RH(room) = 75 % :
T(room) = 85F0

Air Washer (cfm) = RSH ÷ [( T room – T ldb ) *1.08 ]

E- at RH(room) = 80 % :
T(room) = 83F0
Air Washer (cfm) = RSH ÷ [( T room – T ldb ) *1.08 ]
F- at RH(room) = 85 % :
T(room) = 81F0

Air Washer (cfm) = RSH ÷ [( T room – T ldb ) *1.08 ]

Note :
RSH is calculated by rule of thumb method
RSH = Q wall + Q glass + Q roof + Q partition + Q lighting + Q people(sensible)

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2-14 Deep Freeze & Cold Store Calculation:

Refrigeration Load Segments

The primary function of refrigeration is to maintain conditions of
temperature and humidity that are required by a product or process
within a given space. To perform this function, equipment of the
proper capacity must be installed and controlled on a 24-hour basis.
The equipment capacity is determined by the actual instantaneous
peak load requirements. Generally, it is impossible to measure the
actual peak load within a refrigerated space. These loads must be
estimated. The total refrigeration load is the total of the following
“load segments”:

. Transmission Load - heat gain through walls, floors and ceilings.

. Air Change Load - heat gain associated with air entering the
refrigerated space, either by infiltration or ventilation.
. Product Load - heat removed from and produced by products
brought into and stored in the refrigerated space.
. Internal Load - heat produced by internal sources such as lights,
Electric motors and people working in space .

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Transmission (Wall Load)

The wall or transmission load is the load caused by the refrigerated
space being located adjacent to a space at a higher temperature. Heat
always travels from the warmer to the cooler atmosphere. The sensible
heat gain through walls, floors and ceilings will vary with the following
factors:
• Type and thickness of the insulation
• Type of construction
• Outside wall area in square feet
• Temperature difference between the refrigerated space and the
outside ambient, adjusted to allow for solar heat load on any surface
exposed to the sun.

The following explains the formulae used to calculate the transmission

load.
Thermal Resistance, R, is defined as the total resistance of a material
to heat flow, expressed in (°F TD) (sq ft) / Btuh. (TD is temperature
difference.)

Coefficient of Heat Transfer, U, is defined as the overall rate of heat

transfer through a material, expressed in Btu/(hr) (sq ft) (°F TD).
The overall heat transfer factors based on the actual wall construction
can be calculated by the formula:
• Q = A x U x TD, where Q = heat load, Btuh
• A = sq ft area of the wall, roof, etc
• U = the "U" factor for the wall expressed in °F between the
• inside and outside wall surface.

The tabulated heat gain factors, Tables 1 and 2, at intervals of overall

temperature differences, can be used to simplify
calculations. These factors are expressed in Btu/sq ft/24 hours

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Air Change or Ventilation Load

Each time a door is opened to a refrigerated room from an adjacent
unrefrigerated space, some outside air will enter the room. This
untreated warm moist air will impose an additional refrigeration load
and must be taken into account in the heat load calculation. Usually,
the infiltration air's moisture content is more than that of the
refrigerated space. As this air is cooled to the space temperature, the
moisture will condense out of the air. This imposes both a sensible and
latent heat load in the space which must be removed by the
refrigeration equipment.
Infiltration air quantities are difficult to determine accurately. Usually, a
number of air changes per day are estimated. Table 3 indicates the
number of air changes that may be expected in a given size of room
over a 24-hour period. The data contained in this table have been
determined by experience and may be used with confidence. Please
note that the air change factors vary for rooms above and below 32°F.
For rooms below 0°F, some further reduction of the air changes may be
considered. There is usually less traffic involved in a 0°F room, with
less air movement resulting.
Having determined the number of air changes to be expected, the
room volume is then multiplied by the number of air changes. To obtain
the infiltration load, a factor is then obtained from Table 4 and is applied
to the total volume of air. The Btu/cubic foot factors in Table 4 are
based on the dry bulb temperature and the relative humidity of the
infiltration air.

Infiltration Air Formula:

Infiltration Btu/hr = Room Volume, Cubic Feet x Air Change Factor (Table 3)

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The Product Load

The heat gain caused by the product must be considered in the total
refrigeration load calculation. The product heat gain will include some or all of
the following:

1.The load due to the product being placed in the refrigerated space at a
higher temperature than the design refrigerated space.

2.The heat removed by freezing or chilling the product.

3.The heat of respiration caused by chemical reactions occurring in the

product.

Specific Heat
A product cooling from its initial temperature requires the removal of sensible
heat. Sensible heat is heat that can be detected and recorded on a dry bulb
thermometer. The sensible heat to be removed is known as the specific heat
which is the amount of heat in Btus that must be removed to reduce the
temperature of the product 1°F. The specific heat will vary with the type of
product and is different above and below 32°F. Specific heat figures are listed
in Table 5 for various product types

Latent Heat
When the product is cooled to a temperature of 32°F or lower, the latent heat
load is also a part of the product load. This process is called the latent heat of
fusion. The latent heat load is the quantity of heat involved in changing the
state of a substance without changing its temperature

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Heat of Respiration
Certain food products experience chemical changes after storage. This
is true of most fruits and vegetables, and some dairy products. This
chemical change results in heat production which must be considered in
the load calculation.
The heat of respiration occurs at temperatures over 32°F and varies
depending on the product and the storage temperature. Table 6 indicates
the heat of respiration for various products at common storage
temperatures. Please note that this heat load increases considerably at
higher temperatures.

Product Load Formula :

Sensible load (Btu/24 Hours) = Specific heat of products (Table 5) x temperature
reduction of products °F x lbs of product

Latent heat of fusion (Btu/24 Hours) = Latent heat of product (Table 5) x lbs of
product

Heat of respiration (Btu/lbs/24 Hours) = Heat of respiration of product (Table 6)

x lbs of product

Miscellaneous Loads
All electrical energy used by lights, motors, heaters, etc., located in the
refrigerated area, must be included in the heat load. To calculate these
loads

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Lights = Total lighting wattage x hours in use x 3.41 Btu/Watt for incandescent
or 4.2 for fluorescent lights.

Coolers and freezers = 1 to 1-1/2 Watts per square foot of floor area. Allow
up to double this amount for work areas

Motors - The heat input from motors vary with the motor size, BHP output,
efficiency and whether it is located within, or outside of, the refrigerated
space.

The heat equivalent of one BHP is 2545 Btu/hr. Motor efficiencies vary from
40% and less for small fan motors to 80% or more for integral horsepower
motors. The motor output will be its BHP x 2545 Btu/hr x hours of operation.
If the motor is located inside the refrigerated area, divide its output by its
efficiency. If the motor is located outside the refrigerated area, its
inefficiency will be dissipated outside, then only its output will figure in the
room load. If the motor is located in the room and the load is outside, only
the inefficiency will be added to the room load. Multiply the output by (1 -
efficiency).
For motors rated in Watts output, divide by 746 to obtain the heat equivalent
horsepower rating. See Table 7, Heat Equivalent of Electric Motors

Occupancy Load - People working in a refrigerated storage area dissipate

heat at a rate determined by the room temperature. The heat load added to
the room equals the number of people, the hours of occupancy and heat
equivalent per person. Multiple occupancies of short duration will carry
additional heat into the room. See Table 8, Heat Equivalent of Occupancy

Total Load
To arrive at the total Btu/24 hr load, total all four main sources of heat
gain and add a 10% safety factor as recommended

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Sheet Load Form For Room Below 32F0 :

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Sheet Load Form For Room Above 32F0 :

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For Deep Freeze :

• Product Temperature Reduction to Freezing = T(product entering) – 32
• Product Temperature Below Freezing = T(storage) – 32

For Cold Store :

• Product Temperature Reduction to Freezing = T(product entering) – T(Storage)

Note:
To Calculate the Product Load For Meat Product :
Total product weight (Ib) = Maximum Number of people per day* 0.44
*Stock Shift
Note:
To Calculate the Product Load For Vegetables Product :
Total product weight (Ib) = Maximum Number of people per day* 0.33 *Stock
Shift
Note:
Stock Shift may happened every day or every 10 days and it depended
On the type of application .

Note:
• Compressor Running Time For Cold Store = 16 hours
• Compressor Running Time For Deep Freeze = 20 hours

Note:
• You Can Calculate The Deep Freeze Room Using Sheet Load For
Rooms Below 32F0 .
• You Can Calculate The Cold Store Room Using Sheet Load For
Rooms Above 32F0 .

Note:
You can use Table-13- to calculate the Maximum capacity for Cold
Store or Deep Freeze Rooms .

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Table-13-

Dairy Products Kg/m3 Fish products Kg/m3

Butter 640 Fish fat 400

Cheese fat 320

Fish lean 400
Cheese lean 400
Fish smoked 400
Curd 640

Marge 640 Shell fish 320

Milk 640
Fish mean value 400
Dairy product 480

*Adapted from Alfa Laval cold room design program .

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Table-13-(Continued)

Fruits product Kg/m3 Meat products Kg/m3

Pineapple 280 Chicken 480

Apple 360
Cow fat 480
Apricots 320
Bananas 280 Minced meat 400

Cherries 280 Pig fat 480

Grapes 280
Pig lean 480
Mangos 400
Melons 320 Cow fat 480

Pears 320 Meat mean 480

Strawberries 160 value

Fruits mean 280

value

*Adapted from Alfa Laval cold room design program .

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Table-13-(Continued)

Vegetables products Kg/m3

Asparagus 160
Beans 480
Cabbage 320
Carrots 320
Cucumbers 240
Lettuce 80
Mushrooms 80
Onions 280
Peas 240
Potatoes 480
Roots 280
Sweet peppers 240
Tomatoes 280
Vegetables mean value 240
*Adapted from Alfa Laval cold room design program .

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Example:
A Three Floor Restaurant , Assume the maximum number of people
Per day is 800 and stock shift happen every 10 days . Surrounding
Temp is 118F0 .
Note :
• Assume the Cold Store & Deep freeze Room Volume ( 10 * 13 * 9)
• Assume the Beef Enter the Cold Store At 50F0 & the Vegetables
Enter The Cold Store At 95F0 .

Find :
The Cold Store & Deep freeze load .

Sol:
Before using the sheet load we need to calculate the following :

1- Total Product Load for Cold Store & Deep Freeze :

A - Total Product Load For Deep Freeze :
Total product weight (Ib) = Maximum Number of people per day* 0.44 *Stock
Shift
Total product weight (Ib) = 800 * 0.44 * 10 = 3520 Ib/per10days
B - Total Product Load For Cold Store :
Total product weight (Ib) = Maximum Number of people per day* 0.33 *Stock Shift
Total product weight (Ib) = 800 * 0.33 * 10 = 2640 Ib/per10days
2- Temperature Reduction :
A - For Deep Freeze :
- Product Temperature Reduction to Freezing = T(product entering) – 32= 50-32 = 18F0

- Product Temperature Below Freezing = T(storage) – 32= -10-32 = -42 = 42F0

From Table -12-

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B- For Cold Store :

• Product Temperature Reduction to Freezing = T(product entering) – T(Storage)
Product Temperature Reduction to Freezing = 95 – 45 = 50F0

From Table -5- , Tomatoes has

A storage Temp of 45-50F0 .

3- Insulation Type & Insulation Thickness :

A - For Deep Freeze :

We will use Polyurethane Foam insulation of (4inch) Thickness

From Table -11- and at Storage Temp. we can

Know the desirable insulation U Factor and for -10F0
The U Factor is 0.04 and it is the same U factor for
4inch Polyurethane Foam at table -1-.

B - For Cold Store :

We will use Polyurethane Foam insulation of (2inch) Thickness

From Table -11- and at Storage Temp. we can

Know the desirable insulation U Factor and for -10F0
The U Factor is 0.075 and it is the same U factor for
2inch Polyurethane Foam at table -1-.

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A - Deep Freeze Room Calculation :

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B - Cold Store Room Calculation :

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Conclusion :
A-For Deep Freeze

M3/ton 10

B-For Cold Store

M3/ton 16

Note : Rule Of thumb For Cold Store & Deep Freeze

A-For Deep Freeze

10 M3/ton
B-For Cold Store

14-16 M3/ton

Note : you can use alfa Laval Cold Room Calculator to Calculate
Deep Freeze & Cold Store Room Load , you can Download it from
Apple Store or Google Play .

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References :
1- Carrier Hand Book of Air Conditioning Design .

2- ASHRAE Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality 62.1-2007 .

3- ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamental 1989.

4- My Design Experience in NCEC .

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 Chapter 3
Ducting design

Engineer
IHAB JABBAR HAMZAH
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3-1 DUCT MATERIALS :

Ducting may be categorized according to the materials of construction and
are either metallic or non-metallic ducts. The majority of ducts are
constructed of metal and installed by tradesmen called sheet metal
workers. In fact, sheet metal use in HVAC is greater than all other materials
combined. The steel and aluminum used for ductwork is a "high achiever"
in the 21st-century move toward sustainable buildings because of the high
recycling rates and
Cleanliness .

A- Metallic DUCT :
1- Galvanized Steel - Widely used as a duct material for most air handling
systems not recommended for corrosive product handling or temperatures
above 400F0 Advantages include high strength, rigidity, durability, rust
resistance , availability, non-porosity, workability.

2- Carbon Steel (Black Iron) - Applications include flues, stacks, hoods, other
high temperature duct systems, and ducts requiring paint or special coating.
advantages include high strength, rigidity, durability, availability, and non-
porosity. Some limiting characteristics are corrosion resistance and weight .

3- Aluminum – Aluminum ducting is most commonly used for clean room.

These are also preferred systems for moisture laden air, special exhaust
systems and ornamental duct systems. Some advantages include weight and
resistance to moisture corrosion. Limiting characteristics include low
strength, material cost and thermal expansion.

4- Stainless Steel - Used in duct systems for kitchen exhaust, moisture laden
air and fume exhaust. Advantages include high resistance to corrosion from
moisture and most chemicals and the ability to take a high polish. Limiting
characteristics include labor and material costs, workability, and availability.

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5- Copper - Copper applications include duct systems exposed to

outside element and moisture laden air, certain chemical exhaust,
and ornamental ductwork. Advantages are durability and
corrosion resistance and that it accepts nonmagnetic. Limiting
characteristics are cost, ductility, electrolysis, thermal expansion,
and stains.

B- Non Metallic DUCT :

1- Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic (FRP):
Applications include chemical exhaust, scrubbers, and underground duct
systems. Limiting characteristics include cost, weight, range of chemical and
physical properties, brittleness, fabrication (necessity of moulds and expertise
in mixing basic materials), and code acceptance .
Fiberglass duct board is insulated and sealed as part of its construction.
Fiberglass duct board provides excellent sound attenuation, but its longevity
is highly dependent on its closure and fastening systems. Resistance to
corrosion and ease of modification are advantages of FRP. It is usually used to
form rectangular supply and return trunks, branches, and plenums, although
it can be used for run outs as well.

2- Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC):

Applications are exhaust systems for chemical fumes and underground
duct systems. Advantages include resistance to corrosion, weight, weld
ability, and ease of modification. Limiting characteristics include cost,
fabrication, code acceptance, thermal shock, and weight.

3- Polyvinyl Steel (PVS):

Applications include underground duct systems, moisture laden air, and
corrosive air systems. Some advantages are resistance to corrosion, weight,
workability , fabrication, and rigidity Some limiting characteristics include
temperature limitations (250ºF maximum), weld ability, code acceptance, and
susceptibility to coating damage.

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4- Flexible Nonmetallic Duct:

Flexible or flex duct consists of a duct inner liner supported on the inside
by a helix wire coil and covered by blanket insulation with a flexible vapor-
barrier jacket on the outside. Flex duct is often used for run outs, with metal
collars used to connect the flexible duct to supply plenums, trunks, and
branches constructed from sheet metal or duct board. Flex duct is also
commonly used as a return duct. Flex duct is factory-insulated and has fewer
duct connections and joints. However, these connections and joints must be
mechanically fastened using straps and sealed using mastic. Flex duct is
easily torn, crushed, pinched, or damaged during installation. It has the
highest resistance to air flow. Consequently, if used, it must be properly
specified and installed. Flex duct, which is used extensively in commercial
construction, has more than 60% higher pressure drop than galvanized metal
duct of the same diameter. Flex duct runs should be limited to six feet or
less. When longer runs must be used, make sure the duct is well supported
at five foot intervals to minimize sag. Flex duct should be fully extended to
minimize pressure drop.

5- Concrete:
Concrete can be used for underground ducts and air shafts. Advantages
include compressive strength and corrosion resistance. Cost, weight,
porosity, and fabrication (requires forming processes) are some limiting
characteristics.

6- Rigid Fibrous Glass:

Fibrous glass ducts are fabricated from sheets of materials that have
been manufactured from resin bonded inert and inorganic glass fibbers. A
factory applied facing (typically aluminum or reinforced aluminum) is applied
to one face, and serves as a finish and a vapor barrier. Fibrous glass air ducts
have been limited to 2 in- WG pressure and below. Advantages include
weight, thermal insulation and vapor barrier, acoustical qualities, ease of
modification, and inexpensive tooling for fabrication. Limiting characteristics
include cost, susceptibility to damage, system pressure, and code
acceptance.

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3-2 DUCT Shapes :

Ducts are usually fabricated in round or rectangular shapes. Both types
have advantages and disadvantages, and both find applications where one
is definitely superior to the other.
Recently, a round spiral duct that has been stretched to an oval shape has
been utilized more frequently. Following are the key characteristics of
common duct shapes :

A- ROUND DUCT :
1. A round duct has a smaller cross-sectional area and has less duct wall
exposed to moving air. An 18 inch diameter duct, for example, has the
same air-carrying capacity as a 26” x 11” rectangular duct. The round
duct has a cross-sectional area 254.5 sq-in and a perimeter of 4.7 ft,
while the rectangular duct has 286 sq-in area and a perimeter of 6.2 ft.
The rectangular duct thus has 32% more metal in it and would cost
proportionately more. Also the insulation, supports and labor shall be
higher for rectangular ducts of similar capacity.

2. Round ducts have a smaller pressure drop per unit area of all duct types
and are generally the most cost effective. Round ductwork provides
maximum air-carrying capacity with minimum pressure loss.

3. Round spiral duct leaks less than rectangular duct due the lack of
longitudinal joints and generally fewer transverse joints when run in long
straight duct sections.

4. The low-frequency sound is well contained a round duct. The flat

sections of rectangular duct and wide flat oval duct behave like a drum,
easily transmitting low frequency duct rumble .

5. Round ductwork is stiffer than rectangular, is easier to insulate, and can

be sealed more easily than rectangular ducts.

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6. One big disadvantage of round duct is; they require more clear height for
installation. If the net clear height of a furred space above suspended
ceiling is, for example, 14 inches, an 18 in diameter duct cannot be installed
therein; however, its equivalent 26” x 11” rectangular duct will fit the space
easily. A combination of a rectangular plenum and round branches
sometimes is a good compromise.

B- RECTANGULAR DUCT :
Rectangular ducts can be adapted to any space height restrictions and are
easily shipped when broken down or nested. They provide flat surfaces for
branch tap-ins and they are conveniently fabricated.
For large plenums and duct sections containing many fittings, rectangular
duct fittings are usually easier to assemble than round and oval fittings.
When rectangular ducts must be used due to space limitations, keep the
width-to-height ratio (aspect ratio) low and preferably not exceeding 1:4.
Lining rectangular duct is least expensive since it can be done automatically
on coil lines.

Disadvantages are :
1- They create higher pressure drop .
2- They use more pounds of metal for the same air-flow rate as round duct
3- Joint length is limited to the sheet widths stocked by the contractor .
4- Joints are more difficult to seal; also, rectangular transverse joints are
more costly to install than round ones.

Rectangular ducts, particularly those with high aspect ratio can transmit
excessive noise if not properly supported. If round ducts cannot be installed
in a particular space because of height limitations, the main trunk can be
constructed of rectangular shape and the branch tap-ins can be round.

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C- OVAL DUCT :
Flat oval ducts have smaller height requirements than round ducts and retain
most of advantages of the round ducts. However , fittings for flat oval
ducts are difficult to fabricate or modify in the field. Other
disadvantages of flat oval ducts include: difficulty of handling and
shipping larger sizes; a tendency of these ducts to become more
round under pressure; and, in large aspect ratios, difficulty of
assembling oval slip joints

3-3 DUCT CLASSIFICATION

Duct systems are classified in terms of their application, velocity, and
pressure.

A- Velocity CLASSIFICATION
1. Low Velocity Duct Systems: Low-velocity ducts are characterized by air
velocities in the range of 400 to 2000 feet per minute (fpm).

2. Medium Velocity Duct Systems: Medium-velocity (MV) duct systems are

characterized by air velocities in the range of 2000 to 2500fpm.

3. High Velocity Duct Systems: High-velocity (HV) duct systems are

characterized by air velocities in the range of 2500 to 3500 fpm

Low-velocity ductwork design is very important for energy efficiency in air

distribution systems. Low-velocity design will lead to larger duct sizes, but it
may be worth since, doubling of duct diameter will reduce friction loss by a
factor of 32 times and will be less noisy. The low-velocity systems occupy
more space and have higher first costs; facility owners are often reluctant
to provide the space for more expensive ductwork, but significant energy
savings can be realized even when the ductwork is only increased by one
standard size.

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.
B- DUCT Pressure CLASSIFICATION

Low pressure Up to 0.1 in-wg

Medium pressure From 0.1 to 0.2 in-wg

High pressure From 0.2 to 0.4 in-wg

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Table -1-
Recommended and Maximum Air Velocities
For low Velocity system
CONTROLLING FACTOR- DUCT FRICTION
CONTROLLING Main ducts Branch ducts
FACTOR NOISE
APPLICATION
GENERATION Supply Return Supply Return
MAIN DUCTS

Residences 600 1000 800 600 600

Apartments
Hotel Bedrooms 1000 1500 1300 1200 1000
Hospital
Bedrooms
Private Office
Directors Rooms 1200 2000 1500 1600 1200
Libraries
Theatres 800 1300 1100 1000 800
Auditoriums
General Offices
High Class 1500 2000 1500 1600 1200
Restaurants High
Class Stores
Bonks
Average Stores 1800 2000 1500 1600 1200
Cafeterias
Industrial 2500 3000 1800 2200 1500

*Adapted from Carrier Handbook Design Manual .

Note:
1-Commercial comfort air conditioning – low velocity up to 2000 fpm. Normally
between 1500and 1800 fpm.
2. Factory comfort air conditioning – low velocity up to 2500 fpm. Normally
between 1800 and 2200fpm.
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Table -2-
Friction Loss Correction Factors for low velocity Ducts

Velocity Material
(fpm)
Galv. steel Aluminum Carbon Fiber PVC Dry
Stainless Steel Glass Wall
steel
500 1 0.98 0.93 1.25 0.93 1.25

600 1 0.98 0.92 1.27 0.92 1.27

700 1 0.98 0.92 1.3 0.92 1.3

800 1 0.97 0.91 1.31 0.91 1.31

900 1 0.97 0.90 1.31 0.90 1.31

1000 1 0.97 0.90 1.32 0.90 1.32

1200 1 0.97 0.89 1.33 0.89 1.34

1400 1 0.96 0.88 1.36 0.88 1.36

1600 1 0.96 0.87 1.38 0.87 1.38

1800 1 0.96 0.86 1.39 0.86 1.39

2000 1 0.96 0.85 1.4 0.85 1.4

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Table -3-

Recommended sheet metal thickness for rectangular duct

Dimension Galvanized steel Aluminum

(gauge) (gauge)

Up to 30 inch 24 (0.6mm) 22

31 - 61 inch 22 (0.8mm) 20

61-91 inch 20 (1mm) 18

91 inch and 18 (1.2mm) 16

above

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Table -3-
Typical Design velocities for HVAC
Components
Equipment Velocity (Fpm)

Intake louver 400

Exhaust louver 500

Panel Filter
*Viscous impingement 200-800
Panel Filter
*Low Efficiency 350

* High Efficiency 500

*Medium Efficiency 500

*HEPA (HEPA Filter inside Duct) 250
Renewable Media Filter
* Moving – Curtain Viscous 500
* Moving – Curtain dry-media 200

Electronic Air Cleaners

* ionizing plate type

300-500
* Charged media non-ionizing 250
* Charged media ionizing 150-350
Steam and Hot Water Coils 200-1500

Dehumidifying Coils
500

Spray- Type Air Washers

300-600

*Adapted from ASHRAE “Fundamentals” Handbook ,2013

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3-4 Duct Design Procedure

A- Using Ductulator

1- set the velocity(fpm) on the cfm

Note:
In designing duct we only use low velocity duct system and the velocity range
500-1800 fpm depend on type of application . We can select the velocity from
table -1-

2- from the same cfm read the friction loss inch/100 ft

3- read duct dimension

Note:
The ratio between duct height and width must not exceed
1:4 .

4- set the friction that you read it in step 2 to determine

The new cfm .
Note:
We will continue set the same friction loss because we use
Equal friction method . Friction range for low velocity system 0.01-0.1 inch/100
ft
the recommended friction loss between 0.05-0.08 inch/100 ft

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Super cool Ductulator

Trane Ductulator
Note:
You can buy Ductulator From amazon.com
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B- Using Duct Sizer Program :

1- type the required cfm .

2- set the Head loss in.WC/100 Ft typically 0.05-0.08 inch/100 Ft

3- read the velocity and make sure that the velocity range 500-1800 Fpm.

4- type duct size (width or height) you can change width or height depend on
the size you want .
5- set the new cfm and Head loss in.WC/100 ft and type the new duct
size .

Note:
You can download McQuay
Duct sizer from
http://www.daikinapplied.com/design-tools.php
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Note :
1- in duct design we must take care for the spaces above false ceiling
and under the concrete ceiling and beams in the Building structure .

2- for finding T measure in branch use this formula:

T= [Cfm (in branch) * main duct width ] ÷ Cfm (in the main duct)

3- Supply air diffuser size must be taken min . Less than 50 mm from
duct width .

4- Return air grille , return and exhaust air diffusers size can
Be taken at the same duct width .

5- Flexible round duct size must be taken min less than

50 mm from duct height .

6- All duct supply and return must be insulated witch add

About 50 mm to duct height and width .

7- Exhaust and fresh air duct are not insulated .

8- we must put duct silencers in the main duct root for

Friction loss 0.06 inch / 100 ft and above .

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Example :
An AHU of 4500 cfm provides a meeting room by 2500 cfm And two office
room by 1000 cfm each . Calculate the supply duct .

1000 cfm 1000 cfm

office office
500 * 250 (mm) 500 * 250 (mm)
T= 250

50 0* 500 (mm)

2000 cfm
T= 355
4500 cfm
AHU
800 * 500 (mm)
T= 455
450 * 500 (mm)

2500 cfm

Meeting room

Note :
I did not draw supply air terminal ( diffuser or slot ) Because I will let
you know how to select them in chapter-5- and I will provide a
complete designing example .

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Using duct sizer program :

1- Enter 4500 cfm in the flow rate field .

2- Enter the Head loss let us enter 0.06 in field of head loss .
We also se that the velocity is 1120.7 Fpm .

3 - Enter the duct size you want let us enter 20 inch we see that the other size
is 31 inch .
So for 4500 cfm the duct size is 32 * 20 inch . 800 * 500 (mm)

Note :
We select 32 inch instead of 31 inch because In ducting size (inch) we
select odd number . The reason We do that because 31 inch is equivalent
to 775 mm and 32 inch equivalent to 800 mm .

4 - convert the duct size from inch to mm .

Duct width or height (inch) * 25 = duct width or height (mm)

5 - Enter 2000 cfm in the flow rate filed and keep the same Friction.

6 - we enter 20 inch in the duct size filed we will see that the Other size is
17 inch . So the new size is 20 * 18 inch .

Note :
It is better to keep the same width or height for the
Next duct size .

7- Enter 2500 cfm in the flow rate filed and keep the same
Friction .

8 - we enter 20 inch in the duct size filed we will see that the
Other size is 20 inch . So the new size is 20 * 20 inch .

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9 - Enter 1000 cfm in the flow rate filed and keep the same
Friction .

10 - we enter 20 inch in the duct size filed we will see that the
Other size is 10 inch . So the new size is 20 * 10 inch .

11- Calculate the T :

T= [Cfm (in branch) * main duct width ] ÷ Cfm (in the main duct)

T= [2500 * 800 ] ÷ 4500 = 445

T= [1000 * 500 ] ÷ 2000 = 250

T= [2000 * 800 ] ÷ 4500 = 355

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3-5 Exhaust Duct :

Table - 3-
Exhaust Air Requirement ) ACH )

Janitor closets 10

Locker room 10

Toilets 10-20

Mechanical/Electrical room 12

Laundry 25

Battery room 10

Bakeries 20-30

Boiler room 15-30

Cellars 3-10

Kitchen (Domestic) 15-20

Kitchen (commercial) 20-30

Welding shops 15-30

Note:
The friction loss for exhaust duct is 0.1 inch/100 Ft.
The velocity range for exhaust duct 800 – 1000 Fpm

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Example :
A toilet room of 40 m2 and ceiling height 2.6 m calculate the
Total exhaust air required :
From table -3- Toilet 20 ACH

Exhaust rate (cfm) = (toilet volume * ACH) ÷ 1.7

Exhaust rate (cfm) = [(40 *2.6 )* 20] ÷ 1.7 = 1224 cfm

The exhaust duct size at 0.1 inch/100 Ft 20 * 10 (inch)

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3-5 Exhaust and Fresh Air Louver Calculation :

Louver area (m2) = cfm (fresh ) ÷ ( air velocity * net area * 10.76)

Louver area (m2) = cfm (exhaust ) ÷ ( air velocity * 0.8 * 10.76)

Note:
Air velocity 500-800 Fpm

Net area ( fresh) 0.65 – 0.7

Example:
Fresh Air louver of 6000 cfm calculate the louver
Area and size :
Louver area (m2) = cfm (fresh ) ÷ ( air velocity * net area * 10.76)

Louver area (m2) = 6000 ÷ ( 600* 0.65* 10.76) = 1.42 m2

So in order to find louver size we use this formula :

louver width (m) = louver area (m2) ÷ louver height that you want (m)
louver width (m) = 1.42 ÷ 0.8 = 1.775 m
So louver size is 1750 * 800 (mm) .

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3-6 Kitchen Exhaust :

To calculate the kitchen exhaust air flow , first we must know the types of hood
and the duty category .

Hood type :

Wall Mounted Canopy

Back Shelf

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Single Island Canopy

A single island hood is used over one row of cooking equipment placed
where no walls exist. Single island hoods can be seen from all direction ,
therefore, have four finished sides. This type of hoods is more susceptible to
cross drafts, spillage, and is dependent only on the thermal updraft of heat
from the cooking equipment. These hoods should be sized larger and use
more airflow than a wall canopy hood with the same cooking battery. The
single island hood must overhang the cooking equipment by a minimum of
6 inches on all four sides of the hood.

Single Island Canopy

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Double Island Canopy :

A double island hood is placed over two rows of cooking
equipment placed to back . This configuration is made up of two wall
canopy hoods placed back to back , thus creating four finished sides.

Double Island Canopy

Pass Over Hoods

The pass-over hood configuration is used over counter- height
equipment where a pass-over capability is required. That is, prepared
hood is passed over from the cooking surfaces to the serving side.

Pass Over

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Eyebrow hoods
Eyebrow style hoods are mounted directly to ovens and
dishwashers to catch effluents. This hood type can be designed to
operate only when appliance doors are opened or at certain
points in the cycle.

Eyebrow

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Table -4-
Appliance types by duty category
Light duty Electric or Oven(including standard , bake
(200C0) gas Roasting ,revolving , retherm
Convection ,combination , conveyor
Deck or deck style pizza ,pastry)
Compartment steamers
Cheesemelters
Rethermalizers
Medium duty Electric or Hot- top range
(200C0) gas Griddle
Double- sided griddle
Fryers(including open deep-fat fryers
Donut fryers , kettle fryers , pressure
Fryers)
Pasta cooker
Conveyor (pizza) oven
Tilting skillets/braising pans
Rotisseries
Heavy duty Electric or Open- burner range
(315C0) gas Gas underfired broilers
Chain (conveyor) broilers
Work ranges
Overfired (upright) salamander broilers

Extra-Heavy Electric or Appliances using solid fuel such as

duty gas Wood , charcoal , briquettes and
(375C0) Mesquite to provide all or part of the
Heat source for cooking

*Adapted from ASHRAE applications 2011

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Table -5-
Exhaust flow rate by cooking equipment
Cfm per liner meter of hood

Type of hood Light duty Medium duty Heavy duty Extra-heavy duty

Wall – mounted 655 985 1310 1800

canopy

Single island
1310 1640 1970 2300

Double island
825 985 1310 1800

Eyebrow Not Not

825 825 allowed allowed

Back shelf 985 985 1310 Not

recommended

*Adapted from ASHRAE applications 2011

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3-7 Exhaust Hood Calculation Method :

1- select the type of hood that you want to use .

Note:
The type of hood depend on kitchen equipment location .

2- select the duty type from table -4- depend on kitchen equipment .
3- determine the total length and width of the hood depend on kitchen
equipment length and width .

4- determine the hood exhaust flow rate :

Hood exhaust flow rate(cfm) = hood length * table -5-

We select the cfm per meter of hood

length depend on the type of hood .

5- determine the hood exhaust duct size at velocity 1800 Fpm .

Note:
To determine hood duct size at 1800 fpm use duct Sizer program .

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Note:
• Duct velocity should be between 1500-4000 fpm .

• Hood velocities not less than 50 fpm over face area between hood and the
cooking surface .

• The distance between the cooking area and hood is 1.2 m .

• Select filter velocity between 100-400 .

• Install filter at 45-600 to horizontal , never vertical .

• Shield filters from direct radiant heat .

• Provide removable grease drip pan .

• Establish a schedule for cleaning drip pan and filters.

• For hood select Up blast exhaust fan .

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Example:
Three type of cooking equipment shown in fig -3.1- the kitchen equipment are
against the wall .

Determine :
The hood length and width , the hood exhaust flow rate and the exhaust hood
duct size .

griddle
oven Hot-range

Hot-range (L*W) m 1.4 * 0.8

Oven (L*W) m 1 * 0.6

Griddle (L*W) m 0.6 * 0.6

Fig -3.1-

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1- because the kitchen equipment are against the wall we

Will select (wall mounted canopy hood) .

2- from table -4- we select (medium duty ) because top-range and griddle are
from medium duty category .

3- determine the total length and width of hood from Total length and width
of equipment

Hood total length (m) = length of top-range + length of griddle + length of

oven
Hood total length (m) = 1.4 + 0.6 + 1 = 3 m
Hood total length (m) = 3 + 0.15 = 3.15 m

Note :
0.15 is the end cape of the hood from one side . Because the other side is
against the wall , if we used island type hood We will add 0.15+0.15.

Hood total width (m) = width of top-range + width of griddle + width of oven
Hood total width (m) = 0.8 + 0.6 + 0.6 = 2 m
Hood total width (m) = 2 + 0.3 = 2.3 m

Note :
0.3 is the end cape of the hood from one side . Because the other side is
against the wall if we used island type hood
We will add 0.3+0.3 .

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5- determine the hood exhaust flow rate :

Hood exhaust flow rate(cfm) = hood length * table -5-

Hood exhaust flow rate(cfm) = 3.15* 985 = 3100 cfm

5- determine the hood exhaust duct size at velocity 1800

Fpm .
Hood exhaust duct size = (550 * 300 ) mm .

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3-8 Duct External Static Pressure Calculation :

To calculate the duct external static pressure we use this formula :

E.S.P (inch) = [Longest length of supply and return duct(m) * 3.28 * 1.3 *
pressure loss (inch/100 ft) ] ÷ 100
Total E.S.P (inch) = E.S.P (inch) + silencer static pressure + louver static
pressure + furthest grill static pressure + furthest diffuser static pressure +
filter Static pressure +furthest slot diffuser static pressure .

Note :
*We can you E.S.P formula for exhaust duct .
•Static pressure for louver , grill , diffuser or other outlet can be found
in catalogue .

Note :
* We only take Louver & filter static pressure if we have a fresh air
Duct in AHU .

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3-9 Duct Silencer Calculation Method :

1- specify the AHU or P.U duct output length and height .

2- Calculate the area :

Area = supply or return duct air flow (m3 /h) ÷ (velocity *3600)

Note :

Velocity range 7.5 – 11.5 m/s recommended 9m/s

Baffle (D) 200 mm

Free space (s) ( 120 , 130 , 140 ) mm

Range

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3- Calculate the duct height :

Area = supply or return duct silencer width * height

Note :
Silencer width at free space 120 mm 320 * number of free
space

Silencer width at free space 130 mm 330 * number of free

space

Silencer width at free space 140 mm 340 * number of free

space

Note :
Recommended Silencer Length for AHU or P.U 1500-1800(mm)

Recommended Silencer Length for Ducted 800-1200(mm)

Fan coil Unit.

Note :
For more accurate Silencer length selection you can refer to
Silencer length chart , you can find the chart in Silencer Catalogue .

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Example :
An AHU has a supply air flow of 3300 cfm the output supply
Duct size for AHU is (900 * 500 ) mm . Calculate the duct silencer size :

1- Calculate the area :

Area = supply or return duct air flow (m3 /h) ÷ (velocity *3600)
Area = 3300 * 1.7 ÷ ( 9 *3600 )
Area = 0.173 m2

2- Calculate the duct height :

Area = supply or return duct silencer width * height
0.173 = (3 * 0.14 ) * height
duct height = 0.41 m

3- For duct height = 0.5 m

Note :
It is better to keep the same duct height and silencer height
Area = supply or return duct silencer width * height
Area = (3 * 0.14 ) * 0.5
Area = 0.21 m

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4- Calculate the velocity :

Area = supply or return duct air flow (m3 /h) ÷ (velocity *3600)

0.21 = 3300 * 1.7 ÷ (velocity *3600)

Velocity = 7.4 m/s

Silencer width = 340 * n = 340 * 3 = 1020 mm

Silencer size = (1020 * 500 ) mm

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References :
1- Carrier Hand Book of Air Conditioning Design .
2- ASHRAE Applications 2011 .

3- My Design Experience in NCEC .

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 Chapter 4
Piping design

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4-1 Velocity in Water Piping :

Header water piping for chillers , boilers, pumps 3 FPS

Main water piping for chillers , boilers 5-8 FPS

And pumps .
Header water piping for cooling tower 3 FPS

Main water piping for cooling tower 5-8 FPS

Chiller and cooling tower piping in & out Min. 6 FPS

Note -1-:
Pressure drop in piping must not exceed 4ft/100ft or 1.74psi/100ft
For pipe size 2 ½ inch and greater .
Note -2-:
Velocity must not exceed 4 fps for pipe size 2 ½ or less .
Note -3 - :
We can use Pipulator to calculate pipe size, velocity of pipe and the
Friction loss of the pipe .

Note:
You can download Pipulator from http://share.shabakaty.com/.
I uploaded there

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4-2 Pipe Sizing procedure :

A- Using Chart :
1- Specify the Chiller flow rate (GPM) .

2- Find the Chiller pipe size at the chiller flow rate (GPM) & Velocity
of 6Fps minimum , the recommended Velocity is 6.5Fps .

3- Find the Header pipe size at flow rate (GPM) and Velocity of 3Fps.

4- Find the main pipe size & Friction loss (ft/100ft) at flow rate (GPM) and
Velocity of 5-10Fps , The recommended Velocity is 7Fps .

Note :
Recommended Velocity for the main pipe after Header is 7Fps .

5- Use the Friction loss (ft/100ft) for the main pipe to determine
The other pipe size .

B- Using Pipulator :
1- Specify the Chiller flow rate (GPM) .

2- Select the pipe material usually STEEL SHCEDULE 40.

3- Use Equal Velocity Method .

4- Enter the flow rate of the chiller (GPM) & the Velocity usually 6Fps minimum
the recommended is 6.5 Fps to determine the Chiller pipe size .

Note :
Do not use Pipulator to determine the Header pipe Size we must use the
Chart to determine the Header pipe size .

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5- Enter the flow rate of the Main Pipe (GPM) & the Velocity usually 7Fps to
determine the Main pipe size .also Read the Friction loss for
The main pipe (Psi/100Ft).

Note :
Main pipe is the pipe after the Header.

6- Change the calculation method to Equal Friction Method .

7- Use the Friction loss (psi/100ft) for the main pipe to determine the other
pipe size .

Note:
You can also use Standard method to determine the pipe size in this
method You only enter the flow rate and you will get the pipe size , pipe
velocity and pipe friction loss.

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*Adapted from Carrier Handbook Design Manual .

Note :
Chart -4- is used for Cooling Tower
.
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*Adapted from Carrier Handbook Design Manual .

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*Adapted from Carrier Handbook Design Manual .

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Table -1-

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Table -2-

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Table -3-
Pipe hanger spacing and weight

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Table -4-
Pipe hanger spacing and rod size
For copper tubing

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4.3 Chiller Flow Rate Equation :

Flow Rate(GPM )= Cooling load (Btu/h) ÷ 500 * (Tchiller (out) – T Chiller (in) )

Example :
A 400 ton screw chiller , Tchiller (out) = 44.6 F0 , Tchiller (in) = 53.6 F0

Find :
The flow rate

Sol :
Flow Rate(GPM) =( 400 * 12000 )÷ 500 * (53.6– 44.6) = 1066.66 GPM

GPM / Ton = 1066.66/400 = 2.667

Note :

T (10 F0 ) 2.4 GPM / Ton

T ( 9 F0 ) 2.667 GPM / Ton

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4.4 Cooling Tower Flow Rate :

Flow Raye(GPM) =[ Cooling load (Btu/h) *1.25] ÷ 500 * (Tcooling tower (out) – T cooling
tower (in) )

Example :
Tcooling tower (in) = 95 F0 , Tcooling tower (Out) = 86 F0
A 400 ton screw chiller ,

Find :
The flow rate

Flow Rate (GPM) =[ Cooling load (Btu/h) *1.25] ÷ 500 * (Tcooling tower (out) – T cooling
tower (in) )

GPM =[ 400 *12000 *1.25] ÷ 500 * (95 – 86 ) = 1333.33

Note :

T (9 F0 ) 3.3 GPM / Ton

T (10 F0 ) 3 GPM / Ton

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4.5 Chiller Pump Head Loss Calculation :

A-Method one :
1- Calculate the longest supply and return pipe length .

2- Calculate head of pump :

Piping Head Loss (ft) = [longest length of supply & return pipe (m)*1.5 * 3.28 *
friction loss (ft/100 ft)] ÷ 100

1.5 is the factor to cover pipe

friction loss in pipe for main pipe
fittings& valves
3- Calculate the total head loss :

Total Head Loss (ft) = Piping Head Loss (ft) + chiller pressure drop(ft) + AHU
pressure drop(ft) + fan coil pressure drop(ft) .

from chiller catalogue

from AHU catalogue

Total head loss (ft) = Total head loss (ft) * 1.1

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B-Method Two :
1- Calculate the longest supply and return pipe length .

2- Calculate the valve equivalent head loss .

Valve equivalent head loss (Ft) = Glove valve + Gate valve + check valve + Strainer

3- Calculate the head loss .

Piping (ft) = [longest supply and return pipe length (Ft) + Valve equivalent]
Head Loss * friction loss (Ft/100ft) ÷ 100

Note :
We can find pipe equivalent head loss from table -10 -

4- Calculate the total head loss :

Total head loss (ft) = Piping Head Loss(ft)+ chiller pressure drop(ft) + AHU pressure
drop(ft) + fan coil pressure drop(ft) .

Total head loss (ft) = Total head loss (ft) * 1.1

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4.6 Cooling Tower Pump Head Loss Calculation :

A-Method one :

1- Calculate the longest supply and return pipe length .

2- Calculate head of pump :

Piping Head Loss (ft) = [longest length of supply & return pipe(m) *1.5
* 3.28 * friction loss (ft/100 ft)] ÷ 100

3- Calculate the total head loss :

Total head loss (ft) = Piping Head Loss (ft) + Cooling tower pressure
drop(ft) + Condenser pressure drop(ft) .

Total head loss (ft) = Total head loss (ft) * 1.1

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B-Method two :
1- Calculate the longest supply and return pipe length .

2- Calculate the valve equivalent head loss .

Valve equivalent head loss (Ft) = Glove valve + Gate valve + check valve +
Strainer

3- Calculate the head loss .

Piping Head(ft) = [longest supply and return pipe length (Ft) + Valve equivalent]
Loss * friction loss (Ft/100ft) ÷ 100

Note :
We can find pipe equivalent head loss from table -10-

4- Calculate the total head loss :

Total head loss (ft) = Piping head Loss(ft) + Cooling tower pressure drop(ft) +
Condenser pressure drop(ft) .

Total head loss (ft) = Total head loss (ft) * 1.1

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4.7 Open Type Expansion Tank Calculation :

Volume of expansion tank (liter) = 0.0009 * total cooling load (kcal/h)

Note :
1 ton = 3024 kcal/h .

4.8 Pump power Calculation :

Power (hp) = [flow rate (GPM) * total head loss * 1.25] ÷ 3960 * efficiency

Note :
Efficiency = 60 – 65 %

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Example :
Two 150 ton air cooled chiller one stand by , shown in fig 4.1 calculate.
The pipe size & pump head . Assume the longest pipe length is 120m .
Chiller -1- Chiller -2-
400 GPM

400 GPM

400 GPM

AHU-1- AHU-2-
173.355 GPM

293.32 GPM AHU-1- 40 TON

AHU-2- 25 TON
120 GPM

AHU-3- 20 TON

AHU-2- AHU-3-
PUMP

AHU-1-
106.68 GPM

400 GPM

106.68 GPM

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1- Calculate the chiller flow rate :

GPM = Cooling load (Btu/h) ÷ 500 * (Tchiller (out) – T Chiller (in) )
GPM = [12000 * 150 ]÷ 500 * ( 53.6– 44.6 )
chiller flow rate = 400 GPM
GPM / Ton = 400/150 = 2.667

2- Calculate the AHU flow rate :

Flow rate = 40 * 2.667 = 106.68 GPM AHU-1-

Flow rate = 25 * 2.667 = 66.675 GPM AHU-2-

Flow rate = 20 * 2.667 = 53.34 GPM AHU-3-

3- Calculate the Header size from chart -3- at 400 GPM & 3Fps :
Header size = 8 inch (200 mm)

Note :
Do not calculate Header Pipe using Pipulator

4- Calculate the Chiller & AHU pipe size from Pipulator or chart -3- :

pipe size = 3 inch (80 mm ) AHU-1-

pipe size = 3 inch ( 80 mm ) AHU-2-

pipe size = 2 ½ inch ( 65 mm ) AHU-3-

pipe size = 5 inch ( 125 mm ) For Chiller in & Out
pipe size = 5 inch ( 125 mm ) For Chiller main pipe after the
Header

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5- Calculate the other pipe size from Pipulator or Chart -3- at the GPM
pipe size = 5 inch (125 mm ) For 293.32 GPM

pipe size = 4 inch (100 mm ) For 173.335 GPM

pipe size = 3 inch (75 mm ) For 120 GPM

Note :
There is no 3 ½ inch pipe size so we will choose 3 inch .

6 - Calculate the pump header pipe size :

Header size = 8 inch (200 mm)
Note :
chiller header pipe size = pump header pipe size .

7- Calculate the pump pipe size from Pipulator or Chart-3- at GPM :

Pump pipe size = 5 inch ( 125 mm )

A-method one :

8 - Calculate the piping head loss :

Piping head loss (ft) = [longest length of supply & return pipe *1.5 * 3.28 * friction
loss (ft/100 ft)] ÷ 100

Piping head loss (ft) = (120*1.5 * 3.28 * 3)÷ 100 = 17.7 Ft

9 - Calculate the total head loss : 1.3 * 2.3 ≈ 3 ft/100ft

Total head loss (ft) = piping head loss (ft) + chiller pressure drop + AHU pressure
Drop.
Total head loss (ft) =17.7 + 16+ 15 =48.7 Ft

Total head loss (ft) = 48.7 * 1.1 = 53.6 ft = 16.3 m

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B-Method Two :
Gate valve = 3.2 Ft For AHU-1- From table -10- at pipe size

Globe valve = 84 Ft For AHU-1- From table -10- at pipe size

Strainer valve = 42 Ft For AHU-1- From table -10- at pipe size

Gate valve = 6 Ft For chiller From table -10- at pipe size

Globe valve = 140 Ft For chiller From table -10- at pipe size

Strainer valve = 80 Ft For chiller From table -10- at pipe size

Gate valve = 6 Ft For pump From table -10- at pipe size

Globe valve = 140 Ft For pump From table -10- at pipe size

Strainer valve = 80 Ft For pump From table -10- at pipe size

Valve equivalent head loss (Ft) = (3.2+6+6)+ (84+140+140)+(42+80+80)

Valve equivalent head loss (Ft) = 581.1 Ft

Piping Head loss (Ft) = [longest supply and return pipe length (Ft)] + Valve
equivalent] *friction loss (Ft/100ft) ÷ 100

Head loss (Ft) = [(120 *3.28) + 581.1] * 3 ÷ 100 =29.2 Ft

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Total head loss (ft) = head of pump (ft) + chiller pressure drop + AHU pressure
Drop .
Total head loss (ft) = 29.2 + 16 + 15 = 60.2Ft = 18.4 m
Total head loss (ft) =18.4 * 1.1 = 20.2 m

Note :
It is better to use method -2- for calculating the total
Head loss .

Note :
3ft/100ft is the main pipe pressure drop in this example .

Note :
1psi/100ft = 2.3 ft/100ft

Note:
You can download Pipulator from http://share.shabakaty.com/,I uploaded there .

9- Calculate expansion tank volume :

Volume of expansion tank (liter) = 0.0009 * total cooling load (kcal/h)
Volume of expansion tank (liter) = 0.0009 * (150 *3024) = 408 liter

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References :
1- Carrier Hand Book of Air Conditioning Design .

2- My Design Experience in NCEC .

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 Chapter 5
Equipment Selection

Engineer
IHAB JABBAR HAMZAH
 Engineer
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5.1 Chiller Selection:

Before we enter to chiller selection , we must know the type of chillers :

1- Air Cooled Chillers :

A- screw Air cooled chillers

B- scroll Air cooled chillers

C- Rotary air cooled chillers

2- Water Cooled Chillers :

A- screw water cooled chillers

B- scroll water cooled chillers

C- Centrifugal water cooled chillers

3- Absorption Chillers :
A- Single effect absorption chiller
B- Double effect absorption chiller
B- Direct fired absorption chiller

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Air Cooled Chillers Selection :

1- Determine the number of chillers that you want to use .

2- Select the leaving & entering water temperature for chiller .

Note :
Evaporator Leaving water temp for chiller 6.7C0 or 7C0
or 7.2C0 Also it is depend on the type of application.
If it used for district cooling the LWT= 4.2C0 . For
Entering water temperature it is 12C0 or 12.7C0 .

3 - The selected condenser air temperature must be 48C0 .

Note :
Some catalogue does not have 48C0 Condenser air Temp. but it
Does have 52C0 Condenser air temp. , So we make interpolation .

4 - Select the chiller electric power required in (Kw) .

5 - Determine the chiller water flow rate in GPM :

Flow rate (GPM) = Chiller capacity (Btu/h) ÷ [500 *(T water in – T water out ) ]

6 - Select the chiller pressure drop .

7- Select the chiller weight .

8 - Select the chiller dimensions .

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Example :
A building has a total cooling capacity of 228 ton select the
Required number chiller for this building .
1- First we will use Trane air cooled chiller Model -RTAC-
Helical rotary compressor .

2- we will select the leaving water temperature .

LWT= 7C0 , EWT = 12C0
3- At condenser air temperature 48 C0 we will select the Capacity and the model :

Interpolation
model 275 HE

Capacity 811.26 Kw = 230 ton

4- Select the chiller electric power required in (Kw) .

Power input = 359.3 Kw Interpolation

5 - Determine the chiller water flow rate in GPM :

Flow rate (GPM) = Chiller capacity (Btu/h) ÷ [500 *(T water in – T water out ) ]
Flow rate (GPM) = (230 * 12000)÷ [500 *(53.6-44.6) ]
Flow rate = 613.33 GPM = 38.69 L/s

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6 - Select the chiller pressure drop at the 275HE and 38.69 L/s
Chiller pressure drop (Kpa) = 30 kpa

7- Select the chiller weight :

chiller weight = 8745 kg

8 - Select the chiller dimensions :

chiller dimension =( 5088 * 2240 * 2445 ) mm

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Evaporator Water Pressure drop

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Dimension, weights and clearances

Note :
We select two chillers model 275 HE , One operating
And the other is one stand-by .

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Water Cooled Chillers Selection :

1- Determine the number of chillers that you want to use .
2- Select the evaporator leaving & entering water temperature for chiller .

Note :
Evaporator Leaving water temp for chiller 6.7C0 or 7C0
or 7.2C0 Also it is depend on the type of application.
If it used for district cooling the LWT= 4.2C0 . For
Entering water temperature it is 12C0 or 12.7C0 .

3 - Select the condenser leaving & entering water temperature for chiller .

Condenser leaving water temperature = 35C0

Condenser leaving entering temperature = 30C0

4 - Select the chiller capacity & electric power required in (kw) .

5 - Determine the chiller evaporator water flow rate in GPM :
Flow rate (GPM) = Chiller capacity (Btu/h) ÷ [500 *(T evap water in –
T evap water out ) ]

6 - Select the evaporator pressure drop .

7- Select the condenser pressure drop .

8 - Select the chiller weight .

9 - Select the chiller dimensions .

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Example :
A building has a total cooling capacity of 216 ton select the
Required number chiller for this building .

1- First we will use Trane water cooled chiller Model -RTHD-

Helical rotary compressor .
2- Select the evaporator leaving & entering water
temperature for chiller .
LWT= 7C0 , EWT = 12C0
3- Select the condenser leaving & entering water
temperature for chiller .
Condenser leaving water temperature = 35C0
Condenser leaving entering temperature = 30C0

4 - Select the chiller Capacity & Electric power required in (Kw) .

Capacity 760.5Kw = 216.3 ton

Power input 141.2 Kw

5- Determine the chiller evaporator water flow rate in GPM :

Flow rate (GPM) = Chiller capacity (Btu/h) ÷ [500 *(T water in – T water out ) ]
Flow rate (GPM) = (216.3 * 12000)÷ [500 *(53.6-44.6) ]

Flow rate = 576.8 GPM = 36.4 L/s

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6- Select the evaporator pressure drop .

evaporator pressure drop = 25 kpa

7- Select the condenser pressure drop .

Condenser pressure drop = 25 kpa

8 - Select the chiller weight .

Chiller weight = 5885 kg

9 - Select the chiller dimensions .

Chiller dimension = ( 3292 * 1600 * 1940 ) mm

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Note :
Some catalogue do not give evap & coned pressure drop

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5.2 Cooling Tower Selection:

A- Induced draft cooling tower
B- Forced draft cooling tower

Forced draft cooling tower Selection :

1- Determine the EWT & LWT & WB :

EWT = 35C0

LWT = 30C0

WB = 26C0

2- Determine the flow rate (GPM):

Flow rate (GPM) =[ Chiller capacity (Btu/h) *1.25] ÷ [500 *
(T water in – T water out ) ]

3 - select the cooling tower flow rate and model.

4 - Select cooling tower (Kw)

5 - Select cooling tower weight

6 - Select cooling tower dimension

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Example :
A water cooled chiller of 215 ton select the cooling tower size .

1- First we will use Evpaco forced draft counter flow cooling

tower.

2- Determine the EWT & LWT & WB :

EWT = 35C0
LWT = 30C0
WB = 26C0

3- Determine the flow rate (GPM):

Flow rate (GPM) =[ Chiller capacity (Btu/h) *1.25] ÷ [500 *(T water in – T water out ) ]
Flow rate (GPM) =[ 215*12000*1.25] ÷ [500 *(95-85) ]

Flow rate (GPM) = 645 GPM = 40.7 L/s

4- select the cooling tower flow rate and model :

Model LSTE 5412

Flow rate 41 L/S

5- Select cooling tower (Kw)

Motor power = 18.5 Kw

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6 - Select cooling tower weight

Operating weight = 3065 kg

7- Select cooling tower dimension

Cooling tower dimension = (3832 * 3562 * 2280 ) mm

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5.3 Pump Selection:

1- Determined the chiller or cooling tower flow rate .

2- Determine the evaporator or condenser head loss .

3 - Select the pump based on 50Hz & 1450 or 1480 RPM.

Note :
The pump must me centrifugal end section type or split case type .
IP54.

Example :
An air cooled chiller of 150 ton and the total head loss is 23.5 m select
the pump :

1- Determine the chiller flow rate :

Flow rate (GPM) =[ Chiller capacity (Btu/h) *1.25] ÷ [500 *(T water in – T water out ) ]
Flow rate (GPM) =[ 150*12000] ÷ [500 *(9) ] = 400 GPM

2- Determine the evaporator head loss :

Evaporator head loss = 23.5 m = 77 ft

3 - Select the pump model based on 50Hz & 1450RPM :

model 4*6*10M
At 400 GPM & 77Ft

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5.4 Package Unit Selection(P.U):

A-Supply and return air package unit selection :

1- Determine the total cooling load that you want to select

P.U on it .

2 - Select the entering wet &dry bulb temperature & outdoor

temp.

DBT = 80 F0

EWB = 67 F0
T outdoor = 118.6 F0

3 - from the air flow & cooling load that you calculated from
Sheet load select the P.U model .

4 - Select the P.U weight and dimension .

5 - from E.S.P and air flow select the fan .

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Example :
A meeting room has a total cooling load of 19ton and air flow 6900 cfm &
E.S.P=1.2 Inch, select the P.U :

1- Determine the total cooling load that you want to select

P.U on it .
Total cooling load = 19 ton

Supply air flow = 6900 cfm

2- Select the entering wet bulb temperature & outdoor temp.

EWB = 67 F0
T outdoor = 118.6 F0

3 - AT EWB=67F0 & T outdoor = 118.6F0 we select the model :

Model 50TJM34-50Hz

Air flow 7000 cfm

Cooling capacity 237019 Btu/h

4- Select the P.U weight and dimension .

P.U weight = 1150 kg
P.U dimension = (3200*2485*1400) mm

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5- from E.S.P and air flow select the fan .

Fan RPM = 867

Note : the selection based on carrier P.U
Fan BHP = 4.54

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B-All fresh air package unit selection :

1- Determine the total cooling load that you want to select

P.U on it .

2- Select the entering wet temperature & outdoor

temp.
EWB = 78.8 F0
T outdoor = 118.6 F0

Note :
Some catalogue does not have 48C0 Condenser air Temp. but it
Does have 52C0 Condenser air temp. , So we make interpolation .

3 - from the air flow & cooling load that you calculated from
Sheet load select the P.U model .

4 - Select the P.U weight and dimension .

5 - from E.S.P and air flow select the fan .

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Example :

An operating room has a total cooling load of 13 ton and the

fresh air flow rate is 1600 cfm select the P.U :
1- Determine the total cooling load that you want to select
P.U on it .
Total cooling load = 13 ton
Note:
We use CLIMAUNO ALL FRESH AIR P.U
Supply air flow = 1600 cfm

2- Select the entering wet bulb temperature & outdoor temp.

EWB = 78.8F0 (26C0 )

T outdoor = 118 F0 (48C0 )

3- AT EWB=26C0 & T outdoor = 48C0 we select the model :

Model 200FA1C
Air flow Interpolation
756 L/S (1600 cfm )

Cooling capacity 47KW (13.3 ton )

Power input 16.9 KW

4- Select the P.U weight and dimension . Interpolation

P.U weight = 960 kg
P.U dimension = (2340*1940*1367) mm

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5.5 Fan Coil Selection :

There are two type of fan coil horizontal and vertical
Fan coil unit .
1- specify the fan coil water inlet temperature and water
Outlet temperature .

Note :
Fan coil inlet and outlet water temperature = chiller
Inlet and outlet water temperature .

2- Determine the room cooling load .

Note :
When determining the room cooling load for fan coil
Unit do not calculate OASH & OALH in sheet load.

3- Specify the room dry bulb temperature .

T drybulb (room) = 72F0 or 75F0

4 - Form T drybulb (room) & cooling load select the fan coil model.

5 - Select the fan coil weight and dimension .

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Note :
• IF the fan coil catalogue based on Tindoor(room) = 80F0 :
Fan coil cooling load(new) = fan coil cooling load from catalogue * 0.8

• If the fan coil catalogue based on high speed :

Fan coil cooling load(new) = fan coil cooling load from catalogue * 0.85

• If the fan coil catalogue based on high speed & Tindoor(room) = 80F0 :
Fan coil cooling load(new) = fan coil cooling load from catalogue * 0.7

• For fan coil application we must add fresh air to room using all Fresh AHU:
Typically each hotel room required = 100 cfm of fresh air

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Example :

A hotel room has cooling load of 1.5 ton , Troom = 75F0, entering and
leaving water temperature for chiller are 7&12C0
Select the fan coil for this room .
1- specify the fan coil water inlet temperature and water
Outlet temperature .
T water in = 7C0
T water out = 12C0

2 - Determine the room cooling load .

Room cooling load = 1.5 ton

3 - Specify the room dry bulb temperature .

T drybulb ( room) = 75F0

4 - Form T drybulb (room) & cooling load select the fan coil model.

Model 11

Cooling load 6 kw at high speed= 5.1 kw for medium speed

Cooling load for medium speed = cooling load for high speed * 0.85

Water flow rate 1081 L/h (4.8GPM)

At the model
Fan coil pressure drop 18 kpa And flow rate

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5 - Select the fan coil weight and dimension .

Fan coil weight = 55 kg

Fan coil dimension = (1191*574*291) mm

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Dimension and weights

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5.6 AHU Selection :

There are two type of AHU horizontal and vertical . Also there is
a DX AHU and it is use refrigerant instead of water in
Coils.

1- specify the air flow rate that you want to select AHU on it.

2- specify the AHU face velocity :

AHU face velocity = 2.5 m/s

3- Select the AHU model depending on the air flow rate and
AHU face velocity .

4 - Determine the AHU width and height .

5 - Determine the AHU Length from the AHU legend .

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Example :

A meeting room has air flow rate of 6000cfm, select

The Horizontal ahu unit for this room .
1- specify the air flow rate that you want to select AHU on it
Air flow rate = 6000 cfm
2- specify the AHU face velocity :
AHU face velocity = 2.5 m/s

3- Select the AHU model depending on the air flow rate and
AHU face velocity :

Model 10
Selected air flow rate 2.9 m3 / s (6140 cfm)
4- Determine the AHU width and height at model -10- :
AHU width = B= 1150 mm
AHU height = A= 1800 mm

5- Determine the AHU Length from the AHU legend at model -10- :
Two way mixing box = G+150 = 450 + 150 = 600 mm
Flat filter = 130 mm
Back filter = 500 mm
Coil section for 5 to 9 rows = 400 mm
Fan section = 1250 mm
AHU length = 600 + 130 + 500 + 400 + 1250 = 2880 mm

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5.7 Air Terminal Unit Selection

There are many type of air terminal , supply & return and Exhaust .

Table -1-
Recommended air outlet velocities

APPLICATION TERMINAL VELOCITY (FPM)

Broadcast studios 300-500

Residences 500-750

Apartments 500-750

Churches 500-750

Motel bedrooms 500-750

Legitimate theaters 500-750

Private offices, acoustically treated 500-750

Private offices , not treated 500-800

Motion picture theaters 1000

General office 1000-1250

Dep. Stores , upper floors 1500

Dep. Stores , main floors 2000

*Adapted from Carrier Handbook Design Manual .

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Table -2-
Acceptable HVAC noise level

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Air terminal unit selection :

1- specify the air flow rate that you want to select air
Terminal on it .

Note :

Most common used air terminals are :

A- Diffuser
B-Grill
C-Liner bar grill
D-Slot diffuser
E-jet Diffuser

2- specify the type of air terminal that you want to use .

3 - Select the air terminal from catalogue depend on the air

Flow and outlet velocities and Noise level .

Note :
Neck velocity = outlet velocity ÷ 1.8

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Example :

An AHU of 4500 cfm provides a meeting room by 2500 cfm

And two office room by 1000 cfm each . Select the air terminals .

1000 cfm 1000 cfm

500 * 250 (mm) 500*250(mm)
T= 250

Diffuser of 450 * 450 neck size

50 0* 500 (mm)

2000 cfm

T= 355
800 * 500 (mm)
AHU

4500 cfm
450 * 500 (mm)

T= 455
2500 cfm

Flexible duct of 300 mm diameter

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A- For office room

1- specify the air flow rate that you want to select air
Terminal on it .
Air flow rate = 1000 cfm

2- specify the type of air terminal that you want to use .

I will use a diffuser .

3 - Select the air terminal from catalogue depend on the air

Flow and outlet velocities and Noise level .

Neck velocity Between 400-500 Fpm

From table -1- outlet velocities for office = 1250 fpm

Neck velocity = 1250 ÷ 1.8 = 694 fpm .

Supply air flow Between 900-1125 cfm

Noise level Between 33-40 Nc

So we will select the diffuser Neck size = (18 * 18 ) in = (450 * 450 ) mm

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B- For meeting room :

1- specify the air flow rate that you want to select air
Terminal on it .
Air flow rate = 2500 cfm

2- specify the type of air terminal that you want to use .

I will use a slot air diffuser .

3- Select the air terminal from catalogue depend on the air

Flow and outlet velocities and Noise level .

Note :
There are 1slot , 2 slot , 3 slot , 4slot , 5 slot , 6 slot ,7 slot, 8 slot
The slot width are (½ , ¾ , 1 , 1 ½ ) inch .

I will use 1 inch width , 3 slot .

cfm per liner foot 180

NC level 32

Ps or static pressure 0.09

cfm per liner meter 180 * 3.28 = 590

Number of slot = 2500 ÷ 590 = 4.2= 4

So
Slot number 4 number each 625 cfm , 1 m length ,
1 inch width

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5-8 Boiler Selection :

Before we enter to boiler selection we must know boiler classification

Classifications :
A. According to method of manufacture.
The two most general classification of heating boilers pertain to the method of
manufacture:

* By casting (cast Iron, bronze, brass).

* Fabrication (steel, copper or brass).

Note:
Steel is the most common material used.

B. According to heat sources.

• Electric (electrode type, immersion heater type).

* Nuclear sources

C. According to the outputs.

* Hot water boiler.
* Steam boiler.

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Notes:
• 1BHP = 33475 Btu /h
• 1BHP= 10 kw
• 1kw of steam boiler produce 3.5Ib of steam per hour at 212F0 .
• 1kw of steam boiler produce 1.6 kg of steam per hour at 100C0 .
• 1kw of steam boiler produce 1.4 kg of steam per hour at feed
Water temperature less than 100C0 .
• 1kw of steam boiler produce 3Ib of steam per hour at feed water
Temperature less than 212F0 .
• It is strictly recommended to heat the feed water temperature to
avoid thermal shock by mixing :
A-The return condensate water.
B-Using some percentage of steam output to the feed water storage Tank.
• 1kw of electric boiler requires 4.5 Amps for 1phase .
• 1kw of electric boiler requires 1,4 Amps for 3 phase .
• Natural gas boiler require 40.825 ft3/hr per BHP .
• Propane gas boiler require 16 ft3/hr per BHP .
• Oil No-2- boiler require 0.29 GPH per hour .
• Most common T boiler are (20 – 40 ) F0

BHP GPM (L/hr) T0F (0C)

1 3.34(12.6) 20(11)
Heating capacity
1 2.23(8.4) 30(17)

1 1.67(6.3) 40(22)

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Hot Water Boiler Calculation:

Boiler of a high water temperature up to 95C0 & T up to 35C0
Are using in hotel, hospital, ….. etc.

For air condition central heating and for sanitary uses as follow :

*Laundry : hot water temperature required up to (185F0) by using a

heat exchanger .

*Kitchen : hot water temperature required up to(185F0) by using a

Heat exchanger

* Shower : hot water temperature required up to(149F0) by using a

Heat exchanger .

Example :
Hot water boiler of 500 BHP, water temperature different of 30C0
Compute the hot water flow required .

Ans:
Flow rate (GPM) = Q ÷ ( 500 * T)

Flow rate (GPM) =( 500 * 33475 ) ÷ (500 * 30 ) = 1115 GPM

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Boiler Room Air Supply :

The starting point in any combustion system is the supply of fresh air.
To avoid serious problems, the boiler must have adequate of fresh air
and supply system that does not affect the boiler operation. An
adequate, proper and consistent supply of fresh air must supply into
the boiler room for burner combustion air. A rule of thumb is to
to provide four six square inches open, unrestricted area for every
boiler horse power .

Amount of Air Required CFM :

• Combustion air = BHP × 8CFM
• Ventilation air = BHP × 2 CFM

Total require = BHP × 10 CFM

Acceptable Air Velocity in Boiler Room

FPM :
• From floor to 7 foot height = 250 FPM
• Above 7 foot height = 500 FPM
• Duct from air supply to boiler = 1000FPM
In general the following formula have been developed to determine the
minimum amount of combustion air required for any boiler room with a package
fire tube boiler firing gas or oil fuels.

Area (ft2) = CFM / FPM

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Example :

Determine the area of the boiler room air supply opening for 300BHP.
The air openings are to be 5 feet above floor area .
1.2 m
Ans:
Combustion air = BHP x 8CFM
300 X 8 CFM = 2400 CFM
1.4 m
Ventilation air = BHP x 2 CFM
300 X 2 CFM = 600 CFM
Total require air supply = 2400 + 600 = 3000 CFM
Louver up to 7 feet
Or Total require air supply = 30x10= 3000 CFM

Air velocity up to 7 feet = 250 FPM

Net Area requires ft2 = CFM/FPM

= 3000/250 = 12 sq . ft total

Louver area = 12/0.65 = 18 sq.ft ( 1.72m2 ) 1.2 m

Air velocity above 7 feet = 500 FPM

Net Area requires ft2 CFM /FPM

0.7m
3000/500 = 6 sq.ft total
Louver area = 6/0.65 ft2 = 9.2 sq.ft ( 0.85 m2)

Louver above 7 feet

It is preferable to use the height of the lower edge of 7ft. ( 2.1m) above the
FFL and the required height is available because all the plant rooms of such
boiler capacity are not less than 4m.

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Stack and breeching

provide a manual damper ( lock damper in the open position )or motorized
damper ( tow position damper ) at boiler out let.
A motorized damper interlock with boiler operation is preferable.
Multi boilers with common stack and breeching damper will prevent
products of combustion from entering.

Multiple Boiler Stack and Breeching

Where more than one boiler is connected to a common breeching should

be increasing in size to accommodate the successive boiler added. Increases
in duct area should be accomplished gradually with a maximum of 10
degree angle of expansion figure ( 5,6,and 7 ) ; second and successive
boiler should enter main breeching as near parallel to flow of gasses as
possible and entrance angle should not exceed 45 degree .

No fixed or hand operated damper shall be installed in main breeching as

they will create high pressure drops and cause flue gasses to back flow
through a non- firing boiler rather than through the breeching stack . Motor
operated over fire draft dampers in main breeching are acceptable . Motor
operated dampers must be interlock to prevent burner operation unless the
damper is the proper position . Another method would be to use separate
breeching for each boiler .

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Figure ( 6)

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Figure ( 6)

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Note :
When several boilers with the capacity vent to common manifold connector
use the table below to connector .

Figure ( 7)

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Stack Material

Breeching and stack should normally be constructed of steel heavy

enough to give a reasonable expected life span and also heavy enough
for structural rigidity . Minimum 12 gage steel is recommended for stack
section if the stack will be inaccessible, the use of a non – corrosive
material (eg. Glass lining ) should be consider .

Stack Weight

Boiler vent outlets will withstand a maximum direct vertical load of

2,000 pounds . This loading must include the effect of wind and guy
wires.

Rain Cap
A rain cap or hood should be used at top of the stack to
minimum the entrance of rain Figure (8) typical rain cap
details.

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Figure ( 8)

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Sizing the Feed Water Tank :

Evaporation rate = 0.069 GPM/BHP

Note:
Use 15 min or more storage capacity in the tank is ample (sufficient) allowance
for average cold startup, load swings, or other normal Operating conditions .

Example :

a steam boiler of 500 BHP calculates the feed water tank capacity require .

Ans :
Evaporate rate = 0.069 GPM / BHP
= 0.069 x 500 = 41.4 GPM

Tank capacity = 41.4 GPM x 15 min = 621 gallons

or Evaporate rate = ( 15.68 kg/BHP ) / 1 kg x 60 ( min)
hr litter hr
= 0.2161 ( Litter ) / main per BHP

The same Bhp = 600 Bhp

Tank size = ( 15min x 0.261 L / BHP ) x 600 BHP

min
= 2352 litter

I US gallon = 3.784 Litter

:. ( 2352 Litter ) / 3.784 = 621 gallons

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Size Boiler Feed Pump, Condensate Return Receiver :

A - Boiler feed pump sizing :

boiler feed pump should be minimum of
1.7 times maximum boiler evaporation rate, for fast response to load
charges some manufactures use (2.5- 3) times the evaporation rate.

Note:
2.5 times the evaporation rate is preferable.

The pump discharge should be at (5 psi) above the working pressure

the boiler For boilers under (50 psi).
But (10 psi) above the working pressure of the boiler
For boiler above (50 psi).

B - Condensate return receiver & pump sized

-The designer should size condensate receiver for (1 minute) of net
Capacity .
- Condensate pump: the size condensate pump at (3 times) the
Condensate return rate.

C- Deaerator sizing:
Deaerator system sizing (10 minutes) supply

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Steam boiler water make-up:

Boiler water make up 4.0 GPM / 1000 lbs/hr

4 gpm x 60 = 240 gpm

1 gallon = 8.33 Ib
Ib
gallon 8.33 Ib
240 X = 1999.2 = 2000
Hr. gallon Hr.

2000 Ib /( hr. ) ( water )

:. =2
1000 Ib /( hr. ) ( steam )

Example:
Asteam boiler 500 BHP. Compute the makeup water in ( L/hr).
Kg/hr
Ans : 500 BHP x 15.68 = 7840 kg / hr = 7840 L/hr
BHP
Makeup water flow = ( 2 times ) boiler steam output kg / hr (L /hr)

= 2x 7840 = 15700 ( L / hr)

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Electric Hot Water Boiler Calculation :

1- Determine the heating load that you want to select boiler on it .
2 - Specify the T for boiler .

Note:
T bolier (out) = 150F0 , T boiler (in) = 130F0

3 - from the heating load in (kw) select the boiler from

Catalogue .

Example :

A building has heating load of 200 kw select the hot water electric boiler .

1- Determine the heating load that you want to select boiler on it .

Heating load = 200 kw
2- Specify the

Note:
T bolier (out) = 150F0 , T boiler (in) = 130F0

3- from the heating load in (kw) select the boiler from

Catalogue .

Model number FB-W 210

Rating (kw) 210

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Number of element 6

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Electric Steam Boiler Calculation :

1- Determine the heating load that you want to select boiler on it .

2- Specify the T for boiler .

Note:
Depend on the
T bolier (out) = 185F0 , T boiler (in) = 165F0 Application type

3 - from the heating load in (kw) select the boiler from

Catalogue .

4 - Calculate the feed water tank :

Feed water tank (gallon) = 0.069 GPM/BHP * 15

5 - Calculate the water make-up:

Steam boiler water make-up (L/H)= 2 * boiler steam output (kg/h)

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Example :
A building has heating load of 500 kw select the steam boiler .

1- Determine the heating load that you want to select boiler on it .

Heating load = 500 kw
2 - Specify the

Note:
T boiler (out) = 185F0 , T boiler (in) = 165F0

3 - from the heating load in (kw) select the boiler from

Catalogue .

Model number FB-L 500

Rating (kw) 500

Number of element 7

4 - Calculate the feed water tank :

Feed water tank = 0.069 GPM/BHP = 0.069 * 50 *15 = 51.75 Gallon

5 - Calculate the water make-up:

Steam boiler water make-up= 2 * boiler steam output (kg/h)
Steam boiler water make-up= 2 * 774 = 1548 L/h

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Number of element 7

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References :
1- Carrier Hand Book of Air Conditioning Design

2-Design and Selection of Steam and Hot Water Boilers with

Accessories By Consulting Engineer Tamer Abbas Jassim

3 - My Design Experience in NCEC .

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