PHYSICS ANSWERS 23

 9 ▶ 4 m/s2
PHYSICS 10 ▶ a 20
18
UNIT 1 ANSWERS 16
14
CHAPTER 1

velocity in m/s
12
 1 ▶ 8 m/s 10
 2 ▶ a 10 500 m (10.5 km) 8
b 105 000 m (105 km) 6
c 630 000 m (630 km) 4
 3 ▶ 4000 s 2

 4 ▶ a C b A c B 0
0 2 4 6 8 10
 5 ▶ time in s
b 20
18
distance

16
14

velocity in m/s
12
10
time 8
 6 ▶ 12.00 6
distance
10.00
gradient = ​​ ________  ​​ 
 
time 4
distance / m

8.00 8 m 2
= ​​ ______
  ​​ 
6.00 0.25 s 0
0 2 4 6 8 10
4.00 = 32 m/s time in s
2.00
11 ▶ a 3 m/s b 15 m/s c 75 m/s
0.00
12 ▶ a B b A c D d C
00
05
10
15
20
25
30

13 ▶ 12
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

time / s
10
velocity in m/s

 7 ▶ a The car is moving at constant velocity (speed). 8

b Time interval between first and seventh drip is 15 s 6
(6 × 2.5 s) so average speed is 135 m ÷ 15 s = 9 m/s.
4
 8 ▶ a 40
2
35
0
30 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
velocity in m/s

time in s
25
20
14 ▶ a 12
15
10
10
velocity in m/s

8
5
6
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 4
time in s 2
b Distance travelled is given by the area under the 0
graph. (Divide area into a rectangle and a triangle.) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
= (5 s × 20 m/s) + (0.5 × 5 s × 15 m/s) = 137.5 m time in s
b 2.5 m/s2
c i 20 m ii 50 m
24 ANSWERS PHYSICS

total distance travelled

d average speed = ________
   
​​      ​​  5 ▶ a friction b
time taken
70 m
= ______
​​   ​​ 
 
9 s friction
= 7.78 m/s
 6 ▶ a When the slope is small the car comes to a halt. The
15 ▶ The total distance travelled increases with the square car experiences an unbalanced force acting up the
of the time from the start, 0.5 m after 1 s, 2.0 m after slope (against the direction of motion) because friction
2 s, 4.5 m after 3 s, etc. Calculating the average velocity is greater than the force of gravity acting down the
over each 1 s time interval (between the drips) and then slope.
plotting a graph of average velocity against time allows b When the slope is steep the car accelerates. This is
the acceleration to be calculated from the gradient of the because there is an unbalanced force acting down the
graph. The acceleration is 1 m/s2. slope.
16 ▶ a The student must measure a short distance at each c At a very specific slope the force of friction up the
point on the slope with a metre rule and time how long slope balances the force of gravity acting down the
it takes for the ball to cover each measured distance. slope so the car will continue to move down the slope
The average velocity for each position is found by at constant speed.
dividing the distance travelled by the time taken. (It is sufficient to name the two forces acting on the
b The student must also time how long it takes for car in the plane of the slope just once in the answer.)
the ball to travel from position A to position B. The
 7 ▶ The body may speed up (accelerate) or slow down
acceleration can then be calculated by finding the
(decelerate). The direction that the body is travelling in
increase in velocity from position A to position B and
may change. The unbalanced force may cause the shape
dividing this by the time to travel between A and B.
of the body to change.
c By taking repeated timings and taking an average for
all the timings made
CHAPTER 3
d The ball will accelerate at a greater rate and this will
make the time taken to travel the measured distances  1 ▶ A force that is not balanced by a force in the opposite
at A and B (and the time to travel from A to B) shorter. direction. An accelerating car has an unbalanced force
This makes the reaction time taken to start and stop when the forwards force from the engine is bigger than
the stopwatch more significant. the backwards force from air resistance.
 2 ▶ From the equation force = mass × acceleration (F = ma) we
CHAPTER 2 can see that if F, the thrust force of the rocket engines, is
 1 ▶ a Gravity b Friction constant and m, the mass of the rocket, decreases then
the acceleration must increase.
c Normal reaction or contact force
d A magnetic force  3 ▶ a F = ma, where mass = 0.5 kg and acceleration = 4 m/s2
e An electrostatic force So F = 0.5 kg × 4 m/s2 = 2 N
F
 2 ▶ Friction and air resistance (or viscous drag) b m = ​​ __ ​​ , where force = 200 N and acceleration = 0.8 m/s2
a
 3 ▶ a 1200 N b 1250 N c 50 N d red 200 N
So m = ________ ​​    ​​ 
= 250 kg
0.8 m/s2
 4 ▶ reaction from ground acting
upwards at each wheel F
c Use a = __ ​​    ​​ , where force = 250 N and mass = 25 kg
m
250 N
So a = ______ ​​   ​​ 
= 10 m/s2
25 kg
air resistance  4 ▶ a Thinking distance is the distance a car travels after
forward thrust the driver has seen a hazard but before the driver
from friction of applies the brakes; during this period the car is not
road on the wheels decelerating.
weight
b The braking distance is the distance travelled by the
reaction car after the driver has started braking and the car is
decelerating to rest.
c The overall stopping distance is the sum of the
thrust air resistance thinking distance and the braking distance.
 5 ▶ The braking distance of a car depends on the speed at
which the car is travelling and the braking force that can
weight
be applied without the car skidding (as skidding means
the car is out of control). The maximum braking force
will be limited by factors that affect the friction between
 PHYSICS ANSWERS 25

the car tyres and the road surface – for example, the   6 ▶ a At A (when the ball is released 20 m above the ground)
condition of the tyres and the road surface. If the road (1); at C (when it hits the ground) (1) and E (when the
surface is wet, icy or oily, friction will be reduced. The ball reaches its maximum rebound height) (1).
braking distance is greater if the speed of the car is b At B (when it is on the point of hitting the ground) (1)
higher or the maximum safe braking force is reduced. c Between A and B (while the ball is falling and the only
 6 ▶ a 0.75 s (the period during which the velocity of the car force acting on it is gravity/its weight) (1); between
is constant at 24 m/s) D and E (after the ball has rebounded from the
b 18 m (given by the area under the velocity–time graph ground) (1).
during the first 0.75 s) d At A (1)
c 2.5 s (the period during which the velocity of the car is e Between B and D (Accept any of B, C or D) (1)
decreasing to zero) f At B (1)
d 48 m (the sum of the thinking distance and the braking g At D (1)
distance – the total area under the graph) h At E (its maximum height after the first rebound) (1)
 7 ▶ a Use weight = mass × gravity i At C (when the ball is squashed most) (1)
mass of apple in kg = 0.1 kg
strength of gravity on the Earth is approximately 10 N/kg
weight of apple on the Earth = 0.1 kg × 10 N/kg = 1 N
UNIT 2 ANSWERS
b Use weight = mass × gravity
mass of apple in kg = 0.1 kg CHAPTER 4
strength of gravity on the Moon is approximately 1.6 N/kg  1 ▶ a 3 W b 50 V c 0.26 A
weight of apple on the Moon = 0.1 kg × 1.6 N/kg  2 ▶ a The kettle is designed for a voltage of 230 V. At this
= 0.16 N voltage, 1.5 kJ of electrical energy is transferred into
 8 ▶ Force = mass × acceleration and heat energy each second.
P 1500 W
change in speed b I = __
​​   ​​  = ​​ _______ ​​ 
= 6.52 A
 
acceleration = V 230 V
time taken for the change in speed c Electrical energy is being transferred at a rate of
The mass of the egg is not something that can be 100 J/s in the 100 W bulb but only at 60 J/s in the
changed so solutions must either: reduce the change in 60 W bulb.
speed or increase the time that it takes for the egg to be  3 ▶ a i V
mains supply
brought to a halt or both, but tackling one or the other is
enough here.
To reduce the speed that the egg is travelling when it hits
the ground can be achieved by devising some sort of
t
parachute; or
To lengthen the time it takes for the egg to come to
rest can be achieved by encasing it in material that will
crumple when it hits the ground.

ii V
Note: Passengers in cars are less likely to suffer injury if the
cars are not travelling at high speed when they meet an cell or battery
obstacle and if the cars are designed with crumple zones!

UNIT 1 EXAM PRACTICE t

  1 ▶ A (1)
  2 ▶ C (1)
 3 ▶ B (1) b The voltage from the mains increases and then
decreases and then does the same again but in the
  4 ▶ a v = at, v = 10 m/s2
× 3 s (1 evidence of use of correct
opposite direction, the graph looks like a wave.
formula) = 30 m/s (1)
b average speed = (30 + 0) / 2 (1 evidence of use of Cells and batteries provide voltages that are always
correct formula) = 15 m/s (1) in the same direction and have the same value. The
graph is a straight horizontal line.
c distance = average speed × time, 15 m/s × 3 s
(1 evidence of use of correct formula) = 45 m (1)  4 ▶ The power ratings of most appliances are shown on the
appliance itself.
  5 ▶ a F = ma, F = 108 kg × 0.2 m/s2 (1 evidence of use of
correct formula) = 2 × 107 N (1)
v 5 m/s
b t = , t = (1 evidence of use of correc
a 0.2 m/s2
formula) = 25 s (1)
26 ANSWERS PHYSICS

CHAPTER 5 d i A straight line graph passing through the origin,

indicating a constant resistance.
 1 ▶ a Electrons
I
b There are many free charge carriers (free electrons) in
metals, but very few in a plastic.
 2 ▶ a i Charge can travel all the way around a complete
circuit. An incomplete circuit has gaps, so charge
cannot travel all the way around it.
V
ii

ii As the current increases, the filament gets hotter

complete circuit incomplete circuit and its resistance increases.
b S1 open: bulbs, A, B and C will go out. I

S2 open: bulbs A, B and C will go out.

c All the bulbs will glow with equal brightness.
d It is a series circuit; therefore the current through all
bulbs is the same.
V
e The brightness of each of the four bulbs will be less
than the brightest of the three bulbs.
f The energy carried by charges is now shared between
four bulbs instead of three.
 3 ▶ a b V  3 ▶ a 4 Ω b 0.24 A c 30 V
 4 ▶ a

 4 ▶ a Radio, tv, computer, electric kettle, toaster, etc.

b Less energy is needed to make an LED glow
 5 ▶ If all parts of the cooker are connected in series, turning
one part on will turn on all the other parts as well.
b When the switch is closed, the circuit is complete
CHAPTER 6 and the bulb will glow. If the resistance of the variable
resistor is increased the bulb will become dimmer. If it
 1 ▶ C
is decreased the bulb will glow more brightly.
 2 ▶ a The current that flows through a conductor is directly
proportional to the potential difference (or voltage) across c A dimmer light switch in a house.
its ends, provided its temperature remains constant.
b S
UNIT 2 EXAM PRACTICE
  1 ▶ a B (1) b B (1) c B (1)
  2 ▶ a Y is an ammeter (1); Z is a voltmeter (1)
b Variable resistor (1)
A
piece of wire c It can be used to change the current. (1)
d 2.5 A (1)
e 4.0 V (1)
4.0 V
V f R = _____
​​   
 ​​ (1)
2.0 A
c Close the switch and record the readings on the = 2.0 Ω (1)
ammeter and voltmeter. Use the variable resistor g It increases. (1)
to change the resistance and take new readings.
V
Repeat this at least six times. A graph of I against V   3 ▶ a I = __
​​    ​​ (1)
R
should show a straight line passing through the origin,
12 V
confirming Ohm’s law. = _____
​​   ​​ = 1.2 A (1)
 
10 Ω
 PHYSICS ANSWERS 27

b total resistance (R) = 10 Ω + 10 Ω = 20 Ω (1). d Gamma rays

I = V = 12 V = 0.6 A (1) e Infra-red
R 20 Ω
f Microwaves
P
  4 ▶ a I = __
​​   ​​  (1)  2 ▶ a Water molecules within the food absorb the
V
2300 W
_______
microwaves and become hot, so the food cooks
= ​​   ​​ 
  (1) throughout, not just from the outside as in the case of
230 V
= 8.7 A (1) a normal oven.
V 230 V b X-rays pass easily through soft body tissue but cannot
b R = ​​ __ ​ ​ (1) = _____
​​   ​​ 
(1) = 26.4Ω (1) travel through bones. Therefore bones leave ‘shadows’
I 8.7 A
 5 ▶ a 10 V (2) b 2 V (2) c 12 V (1) on x-ray photographs, which show the shape of the
bone and can show if bones have been broken.

UNIT 3 ANSWERS c The Earth’s ozone layer absorbs large quantities of

the Sun’s UV radiation. If this layer is damaged, more
UV light will reach the surface of the Earth. UV light is
CHAPTER 7 harmful to human eyes and can cause skin cancer.
 1 ▶ A d Exposure to gamma radiation kills the micro-
 2 ▶ a Energy organisms that cause food to decay.
b long wavelength  3 ▶ a i Wear lead-lined clothes, stand behind a lead screen
ii Wear clothing, use sunblock
b X-rays: overexposure can cause cancer.
Ultraviolet: overexposure can be harmful to human
eyes and can cause skin damage such as sunburn
and/or blistering.
short wavelength  4 ▶ Type of Possible harm Precautions
radiation
x-rays cancer lead screening
microwaves cancer metal screening
infra-red skin burns avoid over-exposure
c
large amplitude

ultraviolet cancer/skin damage glasses, sunblock

gamma rays cancer lead screening

CHAPTER 9
 1 ▶ Your diagram could look something like this:

45°

small
amplitude 45°

 3 ▶ a 0.4 s b 2.5 Hz  2 ▶ a and b

v 1500 m/s
 4 ▶ f = __
​​    ​​ = _________
​​   ​​ 
 
= 1000 Hz
λ 1.5 m air (less optically
normal dense medium)
 5 ▶ Wavelength = 0.68 m
 6 ▶ Rays of light from the fish have been refracted at the glass (more optically
surface of the water so the hunter does not see the real light is bent towards dense medium)
position of the fish. the normal

normal light is bent away air

CHAPTER 8 from the normal
 1 ▶ a They all: transfer energy; are transverse waves;
travel at the same speed through a vacuum; can be
reflected, refracted and diffracted. c As the ray of light enters the glass block, it slows
down and is refracted towards the normal. As the ray
b Light, microwaves and radio waves
leaves the glass block, its speed increases and it is
c Microwaves and infra-red waves refracted away from the normal.
28 ANSWERS PHYSICS

d c The final image created by a prismatic periscope is

air likely to be sharper and brighter than that produced by
a periscope which uses mirrors.
d A

glass

air

C
 3 ▶ Sound waves are emitted downwards from the ship. The Bicycle reflectors and binoculars use prisms to turn
time it takes the reflected waves to return to the ship is light through 180°.
measured. From this the depth of the water below the
ship can be calculated.  6 ▶ a outer cladding
of less optically inner core of more
dense glass optically dense
 4 ▶ a normal
glass
more optically light in
dense medium weak reflected ray light out
e.g. glass i r

less optically dense total internal

medium e.g. air strong refracted ray
reflection
As the fibres are very narrow, light entering the inner
core always strikes the boundary of the two glasses
b
at an angle that is greater than the critical angle.
This means that all the light is reflected (total internal
more optically reflection).
c c weak reflected ray
dense medium
e.g. glass
b Optical fibres are used in the construction of
endoscopes. Bundles of optical fibres carry light into
less optically dense refracted ray runs
medium e.g. air
and out of a patient’s body. Images of the inside of the
along the boundary
body can be created from the reflected light.
c Telecommunications
c
more optically dense
medium e.g. glass
strong reflected ray
UNIT 3 EXAM PRACTICE
i i   1 ▶ a A (1) b A (1)
  2 ▶ a l (1)
less optically dense all the light
medium e.g. air is reflected A (1)

 5 ▶ a If a ray of light travelling from glass or water to air v

b f = ​​ __  ​​ (1)
strikes the boundary between the two at an angle λ
greater than the critical angle, the ray is reflected by 20 m/s
the boundary and is not refracted. This phenomenon = ​​ _______  ​​ 
 
(1)
2.5 s
is called total internal reflection.
= 8 Hz (1)
b A
  3 ▶ a A is a glass with a higher refractive index (higher
optical density). (1)
45° b B is a glass with a lower refractive index (lower optical
density). (1)
B C
c The light strikes the boundary at an angle greater than
the critical angle (1) so total internal reflection takes
place (1).
45° d Optical fibres are used in endoscopes. These allow
doctors / surgeons to see inside the body, and make
keyhole surgery possible. (1)
 PHYSICS ANSWERS 29

 4 ▶ a To improve the accuracy of the experiment. (1)  2 ▶ a

b
Experiment Time in Speed of
1.2 cm 1200 J of light
seconds sound in m/s
1 2.95 339 3600 J of electrical
3.6 cm
2 3.00 333 energy supplied to
the lamp
3 2.90 345
4 3.20 313
2.4 cm
5 2.95 339

(1 mark for each row of table completed)

Average speed of sound from experiment = 334 m/s (1)
2400 J of heat
c No (1). The effect of any wind is cancelled out as the
sound travels in one direction as it approaches the
building, and in the opposite direction as it returns. (1)
 5 ▶ a Radio waves, microwaves, infra-red waves,
b 1.2 MJ
visible spectrum, ultraviolet waves, x-rays, gamma of kinetic
rays. (2 marks for all correct; lose 1 mark for each energy
wave in the wrong position (no negative marks))
b All these waves transfer energy (1), are transverse
waves (1), travel at the speed of light in a vacuum (1), 8 MJ of 6 MJ of
can be reflected, refracted and diffracted (1). electrical heat
c Radio waves – communication (1); microwaves energy energy
– communication / cooking (1); infra-red waves –
cooker / heater / remote control / night vision (1); 0.8 MJ
visible light – seeing / communication (1); ultraviolet of wasted
waves – fluorescent tubes / tanning lamps (1); x-rays energy
– x-radiography (1); gamma rays – sterilising food or
equipment / radiotherapy (1)  3 ▶ a 10 kJ raises the
temperature of
d Gamma rays (1), x-rays (1) and ultraviolet waves (1)
the kettle
e Radio waves (1), microwaves (1) and visible light (1)
 6 ▶ a Periscope (1) b Binoculars (1)
400 kJ of 350 kJ of
c Endoscope (1) d Car reflectors (1) electrical energy energy to
supplied to the heat the
kettle water

UNIT 4 ANSWERS
40 kJ escapes to
the surroundings
CHAPTER 10
350
 1 ▶ a Stored chemical energy in the battery → electrical b Efficiency = ​​ ____ ​​ = 0.875
400
energy in the circuit → heat and light in the lamp
filament  4 ▶ a 6 J of energy is converted to heat in the ball and the
b Stored chemical energy in the paraffin wax → heat and ground and to sound.
light as the candle burns b
c Kinetic energy of moving hands → heat energy
4 J of kinetic
d Stored energy in the stretched elastic of the energy
trampoline → kinetic energy of the trampolinist 10 J of
kinetic
moving upwards → gravitational potential energy 6 J of
energy
as the trampolinist slows to a halt at the top of the heat and
bounce sound energy
30 ANSWERS PHYSICS

CHAPTER 11 UNIT 4 EXAM PRACTICE

 1 ▶ a A wide range of answers possible, e.g. rubbing hands   1 ▶ a D (1) 2 C (1) 3 D (1)
to warm them.   4 ▶ a Work done = force × distance (1)
b Heat water to produce steam, which is then used to = 800 N × 30 m (1)
rotate a turbine. The turbine can then raise a weight. = 24 000 J (1)
 2 ▶ a Joule energy transferred
b Power = _________________
​​ 
     
b The joule is the amount of work done when a force of time taken
1 N is applied through a distance of 1 m in the direction 24 000 J
 ​​ = (1)
of the force. 16 s
c For each, use: work done = force × distance = 1500 W (1)
i W = 6 × 1 N × 0.8 m = 4.8 J c i This means that only 75% of the electrical power
ii W = 100 000 N × 200 m = 20 MJ supplied to the motor is transferred usefully in
iii W = (60 kg × 10 N/kg) × 2.8 m = 1680 J raising the load. (2)
useful power transferred
iv W = (350 kg × 10 N/kg) × 45 m = 157.5 kJ ii Efficiency = ____________________________
​​     ​​
   
total electrical power supplied
 3 ▶ Use gravitational potential energy = mgh
GPE = 200 000 000 kg × 10 N/kg × 800 m = 160 000 MJ Total electrical = 1500 (1)
power supplied 75/100
 4 ▶ a Use the formula KE = _​​ 12  ​​  mv2 where m is the mass of the
moving object in kg and v is its velocity in m/s to give Total electrical power supplied = 2000 W = 2 kW (1)
the KE in joules. d
32 kJ of 24 kJ of mechanical
b i KE = _​​  12  ​​ × 80 kg × (9 m/s)2 = 3240 J electrical 3 work done (useful
ii KE = ​​ _12 ​​ × 0.0002 kg × (50 m/s)2 = 0.25 J energy output)
(input) 1
iii KE = ​​ _12 ​​ × 0.06 kg × (24 m/s)2 = 17.28 J
 5 ▶ At the top of the stone’s flight, all of its initial KE is
8 kJ of energy transferred to heat,
converted to GPE, so 48 J = mgh, where m = 0.04 kg and
sound etc. (unwanted output) (3)
48 J
g = 10 N/kg. Hence: h = ________________
​​        ​​ = 120 m   5 ▶ a B (1)
0.04 kg × 10 N/kg
b Once the rocket has left the launcher, it loses speed
 6 ▶ The initial GPE that the coin has is completely converted as KE is transferred to GPE. (1)
to KE when it reaches the ground, so mgh = _​​  21  ​ ​mv2.
At the top of the flight, the rocket comes to a stop: KE
As mass, m, is common to both sides of the equation, is zero, GPE is maximum. (1)
it cancels to give gh = ​​ _12  ​ ​v2.
_____ The rocket then falls and gains speed as GPE is
Rearranging, we can calculate the velocity v = ​​√ (2gh) ​​  , transferred to KE. (1)
__________________
so v = ​​√ (2
   × 10 N/kg × 80 m) ​​= 40 m/s. It hits the ground with max KE, which is then
Assumption: air resistance has little effect. transferred to heat, sound etc. (1)
 7 ▶ Power is the rate of doing work (or the rate of converting   6 ▶ a i The current through the load (1)
energy) and can be calculated using:
ii The angle between the plane of the PV cell and the
work done in J
______________ horizontal (1)
power =   
​​ 
time taken in s
iii Any one from: the distance between the lamp and
 ​ ​The unit of power is the watt. the PV cell (1); the brightness of the lamp (1); the
 8 ▶ a Weight = mass × gravitational field strength, so the brightness of other lighting in the room (1), etc.
person weighs 400 N b
current produced
by PV cell / mA

b Total height = height of one step × number of steps = 4 m 200

c Work done = force × distance = 1600 J 150
Sun overhead
work done 100
d Power = __________
​​   ​​ 
so the person’s power output is
133 W time taken 50
 9 ▶ a i 144 km/h × 1000 = 144 000 m/h 0
0 20 40 60 80
144 000 m/h
ii ​​ __________
    ​​ = 40 m/s angle to the horizontal / degrees
3600
All points plotted correctly (2)
b KE = _​​  12 ​​ × 500 kg × (40 m/s)2 = 400 000 J
Sensible scales (1)
c Assuming no energy is converted to other forms than
Scales labelled (1)
movement (impossible in reality), the average power
Smooth best fit line (1)
400 000 J
developed by the engine is: _________ ​​   ​​ 
= 80 000 W
  c i Anomalous result ringed in red (1)
5 s
ii Peak between 50° and 60° (1)
 PHYSICS ANSWERS 31

d i By raising the lamp, keeping the stand position

where it is (and re-angling the lamp to keep the PV
cell in the beam (1)
ii See red graph line:
Peak at 0° (any magnitude, likely to be greater than
for original graph) (1)
Curves downwards (1)
To a very low level at 90° (1)
  7 ▶ a Power = Energy transferred / Time taken (1)
so, Time taken = Energy transferred / Power (1)
= 300 kJ / 2.4 kW CHAPTER 13
= 125 s (1)
b It takes longer because not all the energy is transferred  1 ▶ As a substance is cooled, the pressure it exerts becomes
to the water (1), some energy is also transferred to the smaller as the particles move more slowly. Absolute zero
surroundings and to the kettle itself (1). is the temperature at which the particles are not moving /
the gas is exerting zero pressure.
c The energy transferred in 2½ minutes (150 s) is given
by 2.4 W × 150 s, 360 kJ (2) so, the useful energy  2 ▶ a i 273 K ii 373 K iii 293 K
transferred = 300 kJ and 60 kJ is the energy that is b i –23 °C ii –4 °C iii 32 °C
wasted heating other things.  3 ▶ a The piston moves out. The air particles will move
Useful energy transferred faster when they are heated, so there will be more,
Efficiency = × 100% (1)
Total energy transferred and harder, collisions with the walls of the container
300 kJ and the piston, increasing the pressure. The increased
= × 100% force on the piston will make it move outwards.
360 kJ
= 83.3 % (1) b As the beaker is pushed down, pressure from the water
will tend to compress the air trapped in the beaker, so
the particles in the air will be closer together.
UNIT 5 ANSWERS c As the container is heated, the air particles inside
will move faster. The pressure will increase, and may
increase enough to force the cork out of the opening.
CHAPTER 12
 1 ▶ a The person’s weight will be spread out over the area UNIT 5 EXAM PRACTICE
of the ladder, so the pressure on the roof will be less.   1 ▶ a C (1) b C (1) c D (1)
b Area of one boot = 0.021 m2   2 ▶ a (2)
force ________850 N
Pressure = _____
​​   ​​ 
= ​​    ​​ 
= 40  476 Pa
area 0.021 m2
c Force = 850 N + 70 N = 920 N
920 N
Pressure = ______
​​    ​​ 
= 3067 Pa
0.3 m2 b The pressure on the bubble decreases as it rises
 2 ▶ a The particles in a gas are in continuous random towards the surface of the cola (1)
movement. When the particles bump into the walls
so the bubble gets bigger (1)
of the container they exert a force on the wall as they
rebound. As there are large numbers of particles because pressure × volume is constant (for a fixed
moving around rapidly, the total amount of force mass of gas at constant temperature) (1).
acting on any area of the wall remains constant on   3 ▶ a The temperature of a gas is proportional to the mean
average, so the force per unit area remains constant. kinetic energy (1) of the gas molecules. Transferring
b Removing some air from the container reduces the energy to the gas increases the movement energy
number of particles, and so the number of particles stored by the molecules. (1)
colliding with any part of the wall in a given time goes b Cooling a gas means that energy is being transferred
down. This means that the average force exerted on away from the gas (1) and therefore the mean kinetic
the container walls goes down and so, therefore, does energy of the gas molecules decreases (1). The more
the pressure. energy that is transferred from the gas the slower the
 3 ▶ As the rubber sucker is pushed against the smooth gas molecules move (1). The gas temperature would
surface air is pushed out of the sucker and so, the become zero when all the kinetic energy of the gas
pressure on the inside of the sucker is smaller than the molecules has been removed. (1)
pressure of the air outside the sucker. The difference in   4 ▶ a 200 K (1) and 400 K (1)
pressure holds the sucker in place and prevents the air b The pressure exerted by a fixed amount of gas kept at
getting back inside the sucker. constant volume is proportional to its absolute (Kelvin)
temperature (1) so doubling the temperature will cause
the pressure of the gas to double. (1).
32 ANSWERS PHYSICS

c If the container could expand the rate at which b

collisions between the gas molecules and the
container walls occurred would decrease (1) and the
area of the walls would increase (1), so the pressure
exerted by the gas would decrease. (1)
 5 ▶ Pumping more air into the tyre means that there are more
N S
air molecules in the tyre (1). This means that there are
more collisions between the air molecules and the tyre
walls per second (1). The average force on the tyre walls
therefore increases (1) and so too does the pressure
inside the tyre. (1)
 6 ▶ a When current passed through the wire, a magnetic
field was created around it.
UNIT 6 ANSWERS b From right to left. The magnetic field around the wire
is circular, with the wire at its centre. The field is
therefore in opposite directions on opposite sides of
CHAPTER 14 the wire.
 1 ▶ B c No. If the current flowing through the wire is reversed,
 2 ▶ D the direction of the magnetic field around the wire will
 3 ▶ The two magnetic fields overlap creating a new magnetic also be reversed.
field.
 4 ▶ a Shape, strength and direction CHAPTER 15
b A field that has the same strength everywhere.  1 ▶ a The wire is pushed upwards.
c b The wire is pushed downwards.
c The wire is pushed upwards.
N S d The wire is pushed with a larger force.
 2 ▶ a
N S
uniform field
between the uniform
poles of the magnetic
magnets field

N S b

uniform field
between the
poles of the
magnets c wire moves in this direction

 5 ▶ a

strong field weaker field

N N

 3 ▶ Increase the strength of the current in the wire or increase

the strength of the magnetic field.
 PHYSICS ANSWERS 33

 4 ▶ a non-magnetic case   5 ▶ a–c

vibrating paper cone wire moves upwards (1)

signal
from
source (2)
N
N S
S sound waves
(1)
N

speaker coil
d Change the direction of either the current in the wire or
the direction of the magnetic field (1).
permanent magnet e Increase the strength of the current flowing in the wire
b Varying electric currents from the source create or increase the strength of the magnetic field (1).
magnetic fields (around the speaker coil); the strength
and direction of these fields change as the current
changes. These changes make the speaker vibrate, UNIT 7 ANSWERS
creating the sound waves we hear.
CHAPTER 16
UNIT 6 EXAM PRACTICE  1 ▶ Atomic Relative mass Relative charge
  1 ▶ B (1) particle of particle of particle

  2 ▶ electron 1 +1
proton 2000 –1
neutron 2000 0
S N S S
 2 ▶ a Neutron b Electron
c Proton d Proton
w S w
e Electron

S N S S  3 ▶ a The atomic number of an atom is equal to the number

of protons in the atomic nucleus. This defines the
chemical element. Different chemical elements have
different atomic numbers.
b The mass number of an atom is equal to the total
Two Ss placed anywhere in the diagram where the field number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
lines are closest together (or where they ought to be
 4 ▶ 3 13 23
closest together, close to the poles of the magnets) (2). ​  ​​​He
2  ​  ​​​C
 6  ​  ​​​Na
11 

Two Ws where the lines are distinctly widely spaced (2). protons 2 6 11
  3 ▶ a The strength of the magnetic field remains the neutrons 1 7 12
same. (1) electrons 2 6 11
b A uniform magnetic field. (1)
 5 ▶ a Nucleons, protons, neutrons, +2
  4 ▶ (1 mark for each correct underlined word)
b Electron, proton, neutron
When current passes through a wire, a magnetic field
c Gamma, short
is created around it. The field is circular in shape. If
the direction of the current is changed the direction of d Electromagnetic
the field changes. If the battery connected to the wire  6 ▶ Alpha radiation is stopped by card; since there is a drop
is removed no current flows and the field collapses/ in the detected radiation when a piece of card is placed
disappears. between the source and the detector, the source must be
emitting alpha particles.
Beta radiation is stopped by a thin sheet of aluminium;
since there is no change in the detected radiation when
an aluminium sheet is used, the source cannot be
emitting beta particles.
34 ANSWERS PHYSICS

Gamma radiation is stopped by a thick block of lead; Irradiation is the deliberate exposure to ionising
since there is a drop in the detected radiation when radiation, such as gamma rays or x-rays. The
a lead block is placed between the source and the irradiation lasts for a controlled period of time and is
detector, the source must be emitting gamma radiation. then turned off.
b Irradiation is used to sterilise surgical instruments.
CHAPTER 17 The instruments are sealed into wrappers and then
 1 ▶ a Background radiation is radiation produced by irradiated with ionising radiation. The radiation passes
radioactive material in the Earth and in the Earth’s through the wrapper, destroying any organisms on the
atmosphere. It should be measured and taken into instrument; the instrument then remains sterile within
account when measuring the activity of radiation from its wrapper. The process does not contaminate the
a particular source. instruments with radioactive material.
b Natural background radiation is due to the decay of  4 ▶ a b radiation is used. It can pass through paper (unlike
naturally occurring radioactive isotopes in the Earth a particles) but the thicker the paper, the greater the
that were formed when the Solar System was created. amount of b radiation absorbed.
Natural radiation also results from high-energy b A b-emitting source is placed above the paper as
particles that bombard the Earth. Artificial background it emerges from the rollers used to press it to the
radiation comes from human-made sources, rather required thickness. A detector is placed beneath
than from the rocks that make up the Earth. the paper in line with the source. The count rate
 2 ▶ a The half-life of a radioactive sample is the average will decrease if the thickness of the paper passing
time taken for half the unstable atoms in the sample to between the emitter and the detector increases.
undergo radioactive decay. c To ensure accuracy, the background radiation count
b Random means that the decay of an individual atom should be measured regularly so that the reading from
is unpredictable; we cannot say when any particular the detector can be corrected. The half-life of the
atom will undergo decay. b-emitting source needs to be quite long, so the count
rate does not fall significantly over short intervals. The
 3 ▶ In 8 hours the sample has halved so the activity in apparatus will need to be recalibrated regularly using
8 hours is half of 240. Activity = 0.5 × 240 = 120 Bq. paper of known thickness.
 4 ▶ a 70 seconds (1 minute 10 seconds) d Care should be taken to ensure workers cannot come
b ​​1​​ _34 ​​  minutes is three half-lives (3 × 35 seconds), so the within range of the radiation from the source. The
volume of water in the burette will have halved again. source must be stored in a secure container that is
The burette will be one-eighth full, containing 6.25 ml. lined with lead to ensure no ionising radiation can
escape. The storage area and the part of the paper-
CHAPTER 18 making works in which the radiation source is being
used should be clearly identified with standard signs.
 1 ▶ a It has a short half-life, so its activity drops to a The source must be selected and screened to ensure
negligible level in a day or two. that it emits only β radiation.
b Beta particles and low-energy gamma rays penetrate
 5 ▶ a Alpha radiation has a very limited range. After alpha
soft tissue easily, so the progress of the isotope
particles have travelled only a few centimetres in air,
through the body can be monitored easily. The emitted
they have lost most of their kinetic energy and thus
radiation is not strongly ionising, so the risk of tissue
their ionising power. Alpha particles are stopped
damage is acceptably small. (It is also relatively easy
completely by quite thin layers of material, even if the
to produce.)
material is not very dense. Thus alpha radiation is not
 2 ▶ a Iodine-131 is taken up by the thyroid gland in the particularly dangerous to living cells unless the source
same way as ordinary iodine. An overactive thyroid is very close to living tissue. If a source is very close
concentrates more iodine – if the concentration of to the skin it may, if the exposure is prolonged, cause
I-131 is greater than normal, this can be detected burns and other tissue damage. The greatest danger
by measuring the activity and comparing it with the is when alpha-emitting material is absorbed into the
expected take-up from a normal thyroid gland. body. Inside the body, cells do not have the protection
b I-131 is a high-energy beta-emitter. The radiation is of a layer of skin and fat, so they are readily affected by
sufficiently ionising to destroy cells in the thyroid, the highly ionising alpha particles. This will result in cell
reducing its activity. destruction or mutation.
 3 ▶ a Radioactive contamination is the accidental transfer b Radon-220 is an alpha-emitter. It is a dense gas and
of radioactive material onto or into an object or therefore accumulates in the lower parts of buildings,
living organism. If safety procedures are ignored, etc. As it is a gas, it is readily inhaled and thus comes
people working with radioactive materials could be into close contact with internal cells. As described
contaminated by radioactive materials. above, this is the most hazardous condition for alpha
sources.
 PHYSICS ANSWERS 35

 6 ▶ a Beta radiation. Alpha radiation is unsuitable because   7 ▶ a Gamma (1) b Beta (1) c Alpha (1)
it is blocked by thin paper. Gamma radiation is d Gamma (1) e Alpha (1) f Beta (1)
unsuitable because it passes through paper without g Beta (1)
being affected. Beta radiation passes through paper
but the amount that passes through decreases as the
paper thickness increases.
b If the half-life of the isotope is short the amount of
UNIT 8 ANSWERS
radiation detected will change over time as the isotope
decays. This will mean that the control system would CHAPTER 20
need to be continuously adjusted or the isotope used
 1 ▶ a Gravitational forces
would need to be replaced on an hourly basis.
b The mass and diameter of the planet
CHAPTER 19 c The orbit of Mercury is much more curved than the
orbit of Neptune because the gravitational forces
 1 ▶ a The nuclei of its atoms can be split apart by a nucleus. between the Sun and Mercury are much stronger than
b A chain reaction is a reaction that produces further those between Neptune and the Sun.
reactions. When a U-235 nucleus splits apart, the d The closer a comet is to the Sun, the faster it travels.
neutrons produced can cause further nuclei to split,
and so on.  2 ▶ Moons orbit planets. Planets and comets orbit the Sun.
The orbits of moons are circular. The orbits of planets are
 2 ▶ Advantages: virtually inexhaustible supply of energy; a little elongated (squashed circles or ellipses). The orbits
does not produce ‘greenhouse’ gases. of most comets are very elongated.
Disadvantages: produces waste that remains extremely
dangerous for thousands of years; very high set-up and  3 ▶ a Any suitable answer, e.g. the moon.
decommissioning costs. b Any suitable answer, e.g. the International Space
Station.
 3 ▶ a Shielding prevents radiation from escaping.
b The shielding is a 5 metre thick layer of concrete.  4 ▶ a Jupiter
b Jupiter
 4 ▶ Nuclear fission is the splitting of large unstable atoms of
isotopes of elements, like uranium, into smaller atoms c Venus
and other particles, producing large amounts of energy.
Nuclear fusion occurs when atoms of light elements, CHAPTER 21
such as hydrogen, are brought together with enough  1 ▶ A
energy to make them combine to form heavier atoms
 2 ▶ a A galaxy
such as helium.
b Attractive gravitational forces pull them together
UNIT 7 EXAM PRACTICE c The Milky Way
d Billions
  1 ▶ D (1) 2 C (1) 3 C (1)
 3 ▶ a B class stars have a surface temperature of 33 000–
  4 ▶ a E (1) b D (1) c C (1) d B (1)
10 000 K and a lot of the light they emit is in the blue
  5 ▶ a i Nuclear fission is the splitting of large unstable part of the visible spectrum. K class stars have a
atoms of isotopes of elements, such as uranium, surface temperature of 5200–3700 K and emit a lot of
into smaller atoms and other particles producing light in the orange / yellow part of the visible spectrum.
large amounts of energy. (4) b M class
ii Nuclear fusion occurs when atoms of light c F or G class
elements, such as hydrogen, are brought together
d 5200–7500 K
with enough energy to make them combine to
form heavier atoms, such as helium. (4)  4 ▶ The distance the star is from the Earth and the luminosity
b A chain reaction occurs when neutrons emitted from of the star (the rate the star is emitting energy).
a nucleus of a fissile material (such as U-235) collide  5 ▶ Clouds of particles are pulled together so strongly by
with further unstable nuclei, causing them to decay gravity that nuclear reactions begin: the star is born.
and emit further neutrons. If each decay triggers more Forces of expansion due to the nuclear reactions and
than one further decay, the reaction will accelerate, forces of contraction due to gravitational forces become
causing a huge release of energy in a nuclear balanced. The star is in its stable period. As the nuclear
explosion. (4) reactions between hydrogen nuclei become rarer, the
  6 ▶ a A is the atomic mass of the element, equal to the forces become unbalanced. The star collapses and
number of nucleons (protons and neutrons) in the becomes very hot. New nuclear reactions begin and
nucleus (1). Z is the atomic number, equal to the the star expands greatly until a new balance of forces is
number of protons in the nucleus (1). established. For stars as massive as our Sun, the new
star is called a red giant. In the core of the star, new
b i D (1) ii B (1) iii A (1) iv C (1)
nuclear reactions can begin. The star becomes very hot
and very dense, it is now a white dwarf.
36 ANSWERS PHYSICS

 6 ▶ a Nuclear reactions   5 ▶ a Your diagram should show an ellipse (1), with the Sun
b Thermal energy near one end of it (1):

UNIT 8 EXAM PRACTICE

  1 ▶ a B (1) b A (1) c D (1)
  2 ▶ comets (1); orbit (1); closest (1); Mercury (1); Venus (1);
strongest (1); curved (1); furthest (1); Uranus (1); Neptune
(1); weakest (1); curved (1); circular (1); elliptical (1);
satellites (1); moons (1)
  3 ▶ a W = 80 × 9 = 720 N (3) b As a comet gets closer to the Sun, the gravitational
b W = 80 × 4 = 320 N (3) forces acting upon it increase (1) and it speeds up
c W = 80 × 11 = 880 N (3) (1). As it travels away from the Sun, the Sun’s gravity
slows it down (1) so its speed is least when it is
  4 ▶ a Mercury, Venus and Mars (1) furthest from the Sun (1).
b 30 years (1)
c 750 million kilometres (2)