CHAPTER

SEQUENCE, SERIES
AND LOGARITHM
DEFINITION General term is also denoted by ( (last term)
)
An arrangement of according to delinite
numbers < X, Xn. (ii) n (No. of terms) always belongs to set of natural numbers
rule or a set ofrules is calleda SEQUENCE The various numbers *

(1) Common ditference can be zero, ve or ve

curng in a sequence are called its terms. The n term of the

Sequence is denoted by x, The nh tenn is also called the GENERAL (iv) nh term from end is given by
TERM of the sequence. For example, Tm-(n-1)d (m- n )"
=
*
term Irom beginning where m is

total no. of terms

witten
Thenumbers(, 4,9, 16.. represent a sequence
Formula for Sum ofn terms of an A.P.

accordingtothe rule xn =n, neN The sum of first n ternis of the Arilhmetic series

AGOE
/123 S7
2 The numbers 4 represen2fequence)
ALE
IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICOFA.P.

written according totherule Xn neN

1+ |Xn =S, -Sn-1, n>land x =S|
written
Thenumbers<1,3,5, 7, represent a sequence
| 2.X+ X =X2 +Xn-1
2n -, nEN
accordingto the rule xn
=

That is the sum of terms equidistant from beginning and

4 The numbers <I, 3,7, 13,21,.. represent sequence written

a
end is constant

=n* l. neN
accordingto the rule xn -n+

Xk, X2 tk. X^ tk. S an A.P., where k is |

PROGRESSION constant
A sequence is said to be a PROGRESSION if its terms numerically
4 k x , kX2, KX3...IS an A.P., where k is
increase (or numerically decrease) continuously.
. Arithmetic progression (A.P.): constant

I S called an
Thesequence,X2, X3. A
****************'I an A.P., where k is non-zero
arithmetic progression (A.P.) if

Constant.
X2-X -X2 . n-1

In general Xn+- Nn = Constant (say.d) n eN ie the

6 The kh term from end of an A.P. =(n1-kyh term from
beginning= a (n -k) d.
difference of successive term is constant
/- (k-1)(-d). wherelis
kth term from end ofan A.P.
=

or
The constant difference d is called the common diference
the last term.
of the A.P. choose them a-d. a,
If the first term x, of the A.P. be taken a. Then the standard Ifthree terms to be selected in A.P.
a d.
form of A.P. is a. a+ d, a+ 2d,.
be selected in AP. choose them
Formula for General Term of an A.P. 8. If four terms to

The nh term ofthe A.P. x a - (n - 1)d. neN

a-3d. a-d, a +d, a+3d
 MATHEMATICAL SKI
M298

Arithmetic Mcan (A.M.): IMPOKTANTCIHARACTERISTICSOFGP

I a. A. h are in AP then A is caled

ARITHMETIC MEAN f
No tcmof aGP can be zero
d+b
numbers a and b and A . 1> and N =S
d,
2. Geometric Progression (G.P): three terms to be selected in GP.choosethem a
I
theni
The GP cho0se
sequence N. \. N <
A IS called a Tour
terins to be selected in

geometric progression (G.P) if

.... ", where none ol x C

X - Three numbers a. b. eare in GP ifandonlyiforif
X 7ero
and only it b
the some
T every teri of a GP Is multiplied or divided by
Ingeneral Constant (say, r). neN non-7ero quntity, the resulting progression Is au.
nen
I cach tern of a G.P be raiscd to the same power,
resulting serIes is also a GP
Ie.the ratio of succesSIve terms is constant I 1 a ,, hd b.b. b,,.. be two GP's of common ratio
The constant ratio r is called the common ratio of the GP.
Ifthe first term x, of the GP.be taken as a, then the standard and r.respectively.thena,b,a,b.and
form of GP.is a. ar. ar-..

Formula for General Term of a CP.: will aso, form a GP Common ratio will be r,r, and

The n term of the GP is x = ar. neN Fesprvely

9 T a aa. bea GP.ofpositiveterms,then loga,. log a,.
loga . Will be an A.P. and conversely.
Formula for sum of n terms of a GP.:

The sum of first n terms of the geometric seriesS Geometric Mean (GM.):
Ifa.Gbare in GP (a and bare positive), then GistheGEOMETRIC
S.
-r
if iricl and S al-ifrl>l MEAN of numbers a and b and G = yab

NOTE Also, GGG. ab2-(ab=G"

Product nh power
I. When r=l, S, =a a at. upto n terms = na. ofn
geometric mean terms between a and b=
of G.M. between a and b.

2 Iflis the last term of the G.P., then Sn (r-a

rl
Example I:
Find the Geometric Mean of the sequence 1,2,4,8. 16..
2n

Forimula for the Sum of infinite terms of a GP. Solution:

Theterms are1,2,2.2 ****s*mes**

Iflrisl, the sum of infinite terms (S) of the G.P. a+ ar +

ar
IS Geometric Mean =x2x2 x2x*** "

n+1 nin+)
V2
nn +)
. as-3 n=
 M-299
SEQUENCE, SERIES AND LoGARITHM
Since D, E, F, are mid- points of
ample 2:
sides BC, CA, AB respectively
The sums of n, 2n J terms of the of an AP are S. S

S respectively Find the valuc of S(S» S)

DE AB 12cm
Solution:
Iet the first term= a.common difference = d.

Bn 12 cm. Therefore the perimeter

Similarly EF- 12 cim and DF
=

S2an -1)d
ofsecondequilateral triangle 312=36cm
Similarly, the perimeter of
third cquilateral friangle
a+l-12an -M =36 18cin
infinite. therefore sum
Since the number of such triangles
is

Hn-4d-2a -nd +d of perimeters of these triangles

72 36+18 (CP.a =72,r= 12)

S
2a-(3n-1}d) > s, -S 2
=144 cim
Example3
X-I 5:
If log log 2 0.then c(a.b)Utc.d).Ifa. b.k. Example
N

Find the sum to 20 terms ofthe GP. 128, -96.72,-54

-k? c** dis
c, d are in A.P, then the value of a* - b: Solution:
Solution: Herea =
128. ar =-96,therefore. r=-3/4
NotethatrI. Therefore,.
A-Y-2_Z- log.a loy
log.a log, b log,c -

by ratio and proportion the above quantit eeu

log, a+log, b log,Clog,abc abc = | - -1231
S20
0
(X-y)+(y-2)+(7- x)
Also equal to

zlog, a+x log, b+ ylog; Og, DCa'b'e =| 1284-3),24-x)-

zx -y)+ X(y-2)+ y(z-x) 20 (7)
Similarly above quantities are equal to
(x+y)log a+(y+ 2)log, b+(z+x)log2
Example 6:
Find the maximum sum of the series
(x-y)+(y -t)+(7-x)

loya"6*¢ 20+1918 1820-19-188

a"b"'c" =1
Solution
Given expression is equal to 20.
The given series is arithmetic whose first term
=

common difference= -2/3

ahc
will become
+l=125 As the common difference is negative, the terms
negative after some stage. So the sum is maximum if only
Example 4:
One side of an equilateral triangle is 24 cm. The mid-points of
positive terms are added.
its sides are joined to form another triangle whose mid points Nowt 20(n-1)(-2 3)20if60 -2(n-129
arejoined to fom stillanother triangle. This proces continues or62 2 2n or 31 2n
indefinitely. Find the sum ofthe perimeter ofallthe triangles The first 3l terms are non-negative
Solution:
Maximum sum
The perimeter (ie., sum of all sides) of the equilateral triangle
ABC 3 (sidc)-3 24=72cm
L.et DEF be the triangle formed by joining the nmid- pointso -S 2001-1
2
the sides of first equilateral ABC
 MATHEMATICAL SKILLS

300
Froni() and (iu).
EREMEMBER d
128
= 06
Sum ton ternis of
special Sequences:
Sumof first nnatural numbers Or - 6 ó a - 128 = 0

a 64.2
n(n+)
n-12.3 Example 9:
numbers such that a. D,
C

d. 0. C are three unequal a:b cis

then
b, a are in G.P.
Sum of squares of the first n natural numbers dre in A P and b - a, c
-

b) 3:45
(a) 123
n(n+ )(2n +1) (c) 234 (d)5:7:9
6 Solution: a)
a(b
-

3. Sum of cubes of the first n natural numbers (a) Givenb- a = b and (c b) = *

c-
a)
b-a a(;"b
=

b a)= a(b a) -
>

b 2a and e = 3a
n(n+1)
--'.2' 2 abc-l:2:3.

Evample 10
Sumof first n odd natural numbers (2r-1)=
Find the number of terns in the series 20, 195.18 of
Which the sum is 300 Explain the double answer
S.
Sum of first neven natural numbers 2rn(n +1) Solution:
20. d= -2/3 and S,
=
300.
Clearly herea
=

6 Ifr"termofa sequenceisT,=Ar +Br+Cr+D, then _uo

of n term is

20-n-b-100
s ABY.cDE
(E
Simplifying,n 6ln 900 =0~n=25 or 36.
300. 1l shows
Since common ratio is negativeand S,s =Sh
Example 7 that the sum of the eleven terms

Findthevalueof1-2+3 15 I.e..2627 361 Zero.

(a) 11025 (b) 13400 Example I:
(c) 900 (d) 14400
b+c-a C+a-b a+b-c
Solution: are in A.P. then which of
(d) We have. C

the following is in A.P. -

(a) a.b,c (b) a,b2,c

14400
2
c) (d) None of these
Erample8: abc
In a geometric progression the sum of the first and the last Solution:
term 6ó and the product of the second and the second last
is
+C-a C+a-b a+b-c
term is 128 Determine the first term of the series. ic) are in A.P.
(a) 64 (b) 64 or 2
(C 2or 32 (d)
Solution b-3 0 2are in A.P
(b) Let a be the first term and r be the common ratio of the
GP (adding 2 in each term)
Also assume that n" term is the last term of the GP 2+b+C C+a+b a+b+c
are in A.P.
1 hen. a ar = 66 C
dividing by (a b -c) n each re
and arar 128

a 128 or
abdre inA P
SeaUENCE, SeRIES AND LOGARITHM M-301

Evample 12: Solutton:

Show that 2,3,S cannot be the leims of a single A.P Itermof135..) nhterm of ) 57
Solution:
T(n -)2] (3 (n ) 2
or

or T, (2n- D(2n 1) (4n- I

Assume that w2. N.NS are respectnvely the rth, sth and th
S,T,4n -1)
erms of an AP, having a as the tirst term and d as the common
4xn(n+ 2n+)
iflerence. Then=t, =a(r- I)d 4n1=

3=t =a(s-1d and i=, =a(1-1)d

n (n D2n )-n

S- t-s*Where kissomerationalnumber Evample 15

The first term ofan infinite G.Pis I and any term is equalto
the sum of all the succecding terms. Iind the series.
--k-3 Solution:
+2-26k(5+3-215) Given that Tn-(TpTp2..
or, ar ar+ar arlt2+
2kV15 -2 V6 =8k-5=i (say),
IS Some rational number sum otan intinite G.P
-r
6OK+24-
60k 24-8k 90 y10 24k* -

Since k and ( are rational numbers, 60k" +24-( i M

ence the series is I.-
raiional number, that is 10 is arational number.But '4'8
a contradiction. Hence 2,V3, V5 cannot be the terms of a Erample l6 :

The nh term ofa GP is 128 and the sum ofis nterms is 255.
single A.P.
Ifits common ratio is 2 then find the first term
Solution
Example 13:
Let a be the first term. Then as given
Ifmarithmetic means are inserted between 1and 31 so that
the ratio ofthe7thand (m-1l means is 5:9, then find the T 128 andS, =255
value of m.
2(128)-a
Solution: But Sn 255- 255
2-1
Letthemeans be x,kpso that lX.n3 isan A.P Example 17:
of(m+2) terms.
Now, 31=Tm2 =a*(m+ 1)d=I + (m+ 1}d lfab.c.d and p are distinct real numbers such that (a b
p-2plab bc +cd)(b cd) s othena.b.cdare
.d 30
m+ Givenx
(a) A.P (b) GP
(c) HP (d) none of these
+ 7d
Tm a+ (m-1)d 9 Solution:
(b) Here the given condition
30 (abc)p - 2p(ab be ca) b- e ds0
-9a+63d= Sa+ (m-5)d »4.1 = (`m - 68)
m+ (ap-b (bp-c)+(cp-d s0
Since the squares can not be negative
1022 ap - b = 0, bp - c = 0, cp - d=0
2m+2=75m- 102073m= 1022

Evample 14:
a.b.c.dare in GP
Findsum ofnterm ofseries 1.3+35+57 Pbc d
 MATHEMATICAL SKLLS

M-302
anmple 18: Evample 19
Find thhe sum of n terms of the series 8 +88+ 888+
Solution Find log. Vs

Solution
Sum (999 999 nterims|

8
etmlog then 5- =(5)
l0-1) +(100 -1)+ (1000-1)*.nterms

So.
t0 10 +10 10")-n
Erample 20:
810(10-)
910-1 10P-9n 10] It log log .hen find the value of x

LOGARITHMS 24
(a) 18 (b)
For cach positive real number a, a:l, the unique real
C) 16 d) 12
number m Is called the logarithm ofb to the base a written
as logb. ifa" b. Solution
Thus log b m, if and oniy if a" = b. "log' being the
abbreviation of the word logarithm'. (d) logDE

EREMEMBER or logs

log,I= 0 because a" = 1; log, a = I because a' =a,

log,a x because a' = a
or i0

LAWS OFLOGARITHMS
Ifa>0 and a z1. then Or 8 : log,b=N (a)°= b
6
log, (mn) =log, in +log, n, m>0, n>0

m
2loglog, m-log, n, m>0, n>0
or x=12
3. log, m" = n log, m. m>0

4 Change of base : For any positive real numbers r and b,

Example 21:
b#l log log
log,b
Find the value or
log1o 25-2log1o3+ log10l8
5.log b. log, a =1, b> 0, b*|
(a) 18 (b)
(c) log (d) None of these
6
logt m log, m. m >0 Solution:
7 a Oa= x. x>0
8. o og, for any positive xand c not cqual to I
(b)log25-2log103+ logio 18
9 log N= loga y=>X =y
log,o25)-logo(3) log 18
10. logaA = logh X a = b orA =|
logi0-log09 logio(9x 2)
Ny if a >
log,> l0ga y if0 <a <l log5-log09- logio 9+log|2

y if a>
log5los102-log1o(5»2)
12 oy, < log, y - logo0 - 1
N yif 0<a<l
 303
SEQUENCE, SERIES ANO LoGARITIHM
Solution:
Evample 22:

(d) Using. log mlogm

log,17 log, k
logg 23 log23
o l08, log,
(a) (h) logg log, 23 log 23
logo 23 log 23
2
8
(c) (d) 0
9 Hence,
17
logg17 lo8/lo817 log,
logo 23 lo83 23 log 23 log, 23

EXERCISE
What is the eighth term ofthe sequencel. 1,9. 16. 25. 7 The arithmetic mean of theseriesS

(a) 8 6) 64 1.2,4,8,16,. . .2" is

(c) 128 (d) 200

2 The smallest positive value of x satisty g a) (b

n+
2 is
lo9os Sinx+ l0gunCOSX
=

GDE 2 +1
(a) (6) (d)
n+ n+l

pg 2=0.30103, then find the number ofdigits in

(c) (b) 15
a)
(c)17 d) 19
3Simplify
9Thenextnumber in the series 8,24, 12, 36, 18, 54,is:
(a) 27 (b) 108
logy(xy7) ogy (xyz) logz(Nyz) (c) 68 (d) 72

(a) 4 (6) 10. IfA= log log2 loga256+2 log/52, then Ais equal to
3 (d) 2
a) 2 (b) 3
4Iflogblg,eandlog,a thenthewalueofK (c) (d) 7

II. Which of the following identities is not correct"

IS

(a) 25 (b) 35
(a) Iflog,m =x,then log1/
(c) 30 (d) 20
Ifa log, 12. b =logq, 24,C = log,, 36. Then I abc is

equal to
(b) log logab a
(a) 2ac (b) 2bc log,ab
(c) 2ab (d) None of these
6. Which of the following is true? (C) log, n logh n + log, n log, n + log, nlog,n =

(a) log,275=log, 375 (d) All of these are correct

(b) log ,275 < log, 375
12 The value of (1+2 3+ 15)- -2-315) is.
() logy,275> logj, 375 (a) 14280 (b) 14400
(d) None of these
(c) 12280 (d) 13280