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CIE CheckPoint Book 3 CH 03 - Shapes - GeometricReasoning - 1

CIE CheckPoint Book 3 Ch 03_Shapes_GeometricReasoning_1

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179 views28 pages

CIE CheckPoint Book 3 CH 03 - Shapes - GeometricReasoning - 1

CIE CheckPoint Book 3 Ch 03_Shapes_GeometricReasoning_1

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ritu
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@) @ Calculate the interior or exterior angle of any regular polygon; prove and use the formula for the sum of the interior angles of any polygon; prove that the sum of the exterior angles of any polygon is 360°, @ Solve problems using properties of angles, of parallel and intersecting lines, and of triangles, other polygons and circles, justifying inferences and explaining reasoning with diagrams and text. @ Analyse three-cimensional shapes through plans and elevations, @ Draw three-cimensional shapes on isometric paper. @ Adentify reflection symmetry in three-cimensional shapes. @ Use a straight edge and compasses to: = construct the perpendicular from a point to a line and the perpendicular from a point on a line — inscribe squares, equilateral triangles, and regular hexagons and octagons by constructing equal divisions of a circle. Polygons A polygon is a two-dimensional closed shape with straight sides. Examples of polygons include triangles, quadrilaterals, pentagons and hexagons. mu {en triangle quadrateral regular pentagon hexagon You already know that angles on a straight line add up to 180°. We can use this Information to work out the sum of the three angles of any triangle In this triangle, the interior angles are labelled a, b and cand the exterior angles are labelled a, e and f. ie Bar: fb discuss - —% Palygon (any clned = brag, — Pst a9 = 3B sides ed Figure made up of line Segment ts a folyaen | So circle jc NOT a plleen - ee Pll the above ave exanep|es of "Complore Blugons” ___ Triangles: Yaa Ais a Polygon wilk 3 sides > Sum of foie an angles Ga DA is J€” * > Sum of ExbrinY oagls a K iS 360 c 4 aid = 180 bres 180 C+Pf=/80 arbtctd+e+f = got 180 +180 180 +ate+f = Sno deer = 360° s 2 sides mf TRIANGLES @ Bangles a CLASSIFICATION on Te Basis OF Sides => gu jaleral A. = al) side FA ad ee 60 oy 3 => Isocceles A > dny 2 sides are equal > Pose vs B00 lsogetles A are equal HOW sum = Hpi_EQuicarerar A ave _|sosceves Bul al) ISosceLe’s AS ave NOT EQuILATERA => Scalene A Ef =A 3 sides unegual z => fi) 3 angles uneguol som U TRIANGLES ees SFICATI on THE RASS Of ANGLES © ) Rg ne ape a ° bay Lis 90 san 1 de app 10 right 1s the "longest” ES Z a And called hype mute « et __2) Dbluse An aA S a Ss of 3)? Acute Prpled A DAL LU oft. A are acute: ASK. Con 2 angles in a A be go" each => NO 2> At the most, how many obtuse rs anaAhae => 4 €a val Fo? EGULAR — PoLYGon's - . Sides — Hephagon _ }2.% Dodecager tie? "= Octegon => sides wy ws 7 Nonegen => han lo 4 ~ Decagon => Sum ‘of a)) Interior angles = 360 > fq. quae Rec 9S) Rha bus P, \=S ROX? = 360° heape?ivws Kite No gS Sides =) | 6 sides x S5E / Sum of all Snteriox an \ =No DAS xo | “ae AS = 2) x 180 = 3x 180° cee a = Suo® Hexa \ >6 ¢idas AS No of AS= 6-2-4 , tf | uo 2 Tnter ior LS = » | hx180° = 120° Be Dize ct each mnter jor angle = Sum ef interiov US No « Sides Sum OF Aw ExTerwR ANGLES = Berl]. L= 280 o GO Paxa\lo) lines. cuss ; i ovalle( ang bing ine 7 Vernate LS ae z pp al Set ax C= 180 4 Linear foir_ Gy btds 1$o Supplementa focmalovs 2y (oxresponding )S 7 u U wel ey aude Cae, formalin a a=’ = interior 1 § By _(0- interiow | =e ade b= 180 they add Ie Lk ~% oe i D “(o-Dpferior Li ave Ss 1 Fo Sy grey % Supplementeury LE hum upto 18D” # (oenplemeniasy 1§ sum upto qo* 7 sna _linear fair (Skaig 4, F line | Ove Supplemen upplimenta de. aye * (pl Interior E are ‘SHAPES AND GEOMETRIC REASONING @ Imagine a person standing at one of the vertices (corners) and walking along the edges of the triangle until they are at the start again. At each vertex they would have turned through an angle the same size as the exterior angle at that point. During the complete journey, they would have turned through an angle equivalent to one complete turt,, i.e. 360°. Therefore d+e+f=300° We know that a + d= 180° (angles on a straight line), also b + e = 180° and += 180°. Therefore atbtctdtet a+b+ce+360 ath+ 180° + 180° + 180° = 540° — 360° = 180° ‘These findings lead us to two important rules. The exterior angles of a triangle (in fact of any polygon) add up to 360°. The interior angles of a triangle add up to 180°. Calculate the size of the unknown angles in these diagrams. i 2 90° © CHAPTER 3 @) Interior angles of polygons We have seen that the three interior angles of any triangle always add up to 180°. This result can be used to calculate the sum of the interior angles for arty polygon. This diagram shows a quadrilateral split into two triangles. As the sum of the interior angles of each triangle is 180°, then the sum of the four angles of any quadrilateral must be 2 x 180° = 360°. Other polygons can also be split into triangles, as shown. \ r A regular polygon is one in which all the sides are the same length and all the angles are equal in size. Therefore you can calculate the size of each interior angle of a regular polygon as follows: sum of interior angles Size of each interior angle = TUM Oa ‘SHAPES AND GEOMETRIC REASONING @ Similarly, all the exterior angles of a regular polygon are the same size. Size of each exterior angle = ior of sides SEeseeeD) 1 By drawing polygons and splitting them into triangles, copy and complete this table. n-2)* Number of sides | Name of polygon | Number of triangles | Total sum of interior angles Ey triangle 271 180° 4 ‘wathrlateral 2 2.x 180° = 360° 5 pentagon 3yN 6 ayor 2-4 4x180= I20 8 bctodor 8-2 = AISD 5 9 y an |9-2- 1x )€D 10 rGOY g x yy ig Dodemgen 10 DY) 0 7 1 S00 2 From your table of results for question 1, describe any pattern linking the number of sides of a polygon and the number of triangles it can be split into. 3. Copy and complete this table for regular polygons. Number of sides ss Daa SG alin en fest Oma 2 y Sum of the interior angles_| 180° | 360° | S 1/0 py yu 60 Size of each interior angle | 60° | © > \ 11 [ian] se 5 30 Size of each exterior angle | 120° | © CHAPTER 3 Parallel lines ~ In Student's Books 1 and 2 you studied the relationships between angles within parallel and intersecting lines. You know that: @ Alternate angles are equal. They can be found by looking for a’Z’ formation in a diagram. psenemsicnrie Cansiea =angleb > airs eee © Corresponding angles are equal. They can = be found by looking for an’F’ formation in a diagram, BIO & anglee =angled > eco y Calculate the size of the unknown angles Give reasons for your answers. SHAPES AND GEOMETRIC REASONING @ Circle geometry 1. This diagram shows a triangle ABC drawn c inside a circle. The line AB passes through the centre of the circle, O. a) What is the name given to each of the lines OA and OC? Rad g) Copy and complete the following statements. Justify your answers. @ p+rtstus le l A Gi) r+s=4 h) Look at the diagrams below. Thinking about your answers to part g), what conclusion can you make about the size of each of the angles labelled C? c cf B iu A B A B a A If a triangle ABC is drawn in a circle such that all three vertices lie on the circumference and AB is the diameter of the circle, then the angle at Cis always 90°. Drawing three-dimensional shapes Plans All views of objects are either two-dimensional (2D) or three-dimensional (3D). However, it is possible to draw a three-dimensional object using two- dimensional techniques One way is by drawing a net of the object. You are already familiar with drawing nets of simple three- dimensional shapes. © CHAPTER 3 The diagram on page 37 shows a cylinder. It is drawn in such a way as to look three-dimensional The diagrams below show how a cylinder can be drawn using plans or elevations. These are two-dimensional views of an object from different angles. As the name suggests, the front elevation is the view from the front; the side elevations are the views from the left and right sides; the top elevation is the view from above and is more commonly known as the plan view. Notice that the dimensions of all the views must be consistent with each other. This is shown in the diagrams above by the dotted lines. For each of the three-dimensional shapes below, draw front, side and plan elevations, 1 : 2 3 4 —— SHAPES AND GEOMETRIC REASONING @ You will need Multi-link cubes for this exercise. You may find the dratvings easier to do if you are able to | build each of the shapes first — using Multi-link cubes. The following diagrams shows shapes made of small cubes. For each of them, { draw the front, side and plan elevations. Tn each case, an arrow shows the direction of the front elevation. Assume that there are no hidden cubes. : ce 3 7 B} 4 5 6 object. x x AH SHAPES AND GEOMETRIC REASONING @ Isometric drawings All the methods used for drawing three-dimensional objects so far have involved two-dimensional views of the object. However, views that look three-dimensional can also be used. There are many different types of three-dimensional drawings. One of the most common is called an isometric drawing. Inan isometric drawing, the object is shown aligned on a grid with three axes at 120° to each other. The axes are shown in a) drawn on‘isometric dot’ paper. The dots act as a guide for the lines. Horizontal and vertical lines on the three-dimensional object are drawn so that they are parallel to the three axes. The vertical lines on the object are drawn vertically on the paper. Diagram b) shows a cube drawn on isometric dot paper. The vertical and horizontal faces have been shaded differently to make the diagram clearer. This, is often useful, but it is not essential. When drawing more complex shapes, care needs to be taken. Diagram ¢) shows three cubes joined together to form an L-shape. Notice how only the faces and edges that can be seen are drawn, and how the shading has helped to show the direction of the faces, To avoid having to rub out hidden lines and faces, it is helpful to draw from top to bottom and from the front to the back. ee te ay eee *, © CHAPTER 3 You will need Multi-link cubes for this exercise. 1a) Use four Multi-link cubes to construct this shape. b) Draw the shape on isometric paper. ©) Turn the Multi-link shape so that it is standing up and draw it again on isometric paper. 4) Construct a different shape using the four Multi-link cubes and draw it on isometric paper. e) Construct yet another different shape using the four Multi-link and draw it on isometric paper. 2 a) Use five Multi-link cubes to construct this shape. b) Draw the shape on isometric paper. ©) Draw the same shape on isometric paper from a different viewpoint. ) Construct a different shape using the five Multi- link cubes and draw it on isometric paper. e) Construct as many different shapes using the five Multi-link cubes as you can and draw them on isometric paper. 3a) Use eight Multi-li as you can b) Draw the shape you have constructed on isometric paper from different viewpoints k cubes to construct a shape, Make it as complicated Reflection symmetry in three-dimensional shapes A plane of symmetry divides a three-dimensional shape into two congruent (identical) shapes. The cuboid below has three planes of symmetry fx = oF) re A three-dimensional shape has reflection symmetry if it has one or more planes of symmetry SHAPES AND GEOMETRIC REASONING @ For each of the following three-dimensional objects, make two copies of the diagram shown, Then: a) on each drawing show a different plane of symmetry b) work out how many planes of symmetry the shape has in total 3 e Ar1r4 arectangular cuboid a triangular-based pyramid (tetrahedron) y a square-based pyramid a oylinder ' Am pe acone acube (© CHAPTER 3 Geometric constructions In Student's Book 2 you studied how to construct a line perpendicular to another line, and how to bisect an angle using a pair of compasses. Construction using a pair of compasses is at the heart of many geometric diagrams. Constructing the perpendicular from a point to a line Look at the diagram below of a point P and a line. The point does not lie on the line. The distance from P to the line depends on how it is measured. Five different distances from P to the line are shown on the diagram. However, there is only one distance that can be the shortest distance from P to the line. This is represented by a line drawn through P which is perpendicular to the line, as shown. ‘SHAPES AND GEOMETRIC REASONING @ Worked example Use a ruler and a pair of compasses to construct the line though P which is perpendicular to the line shown. Pe © Open the pair of compasses. Place the compass point on P and draw two ares so that they intersect the line. Label the points of intersection A and B. This line passes through P and is at right angles to \ the original line. Constructing the perpendicular from a point on a line Similarly, it is possible to construct a perpendicular line from a point on an existing line. Worked example Use a ruler and a pair of compasses to construct the perpendicular to the line AB which passes through the point P. © CHAPTERS © Open the pair of compasses. Place the compass point on P and draw two arcs so that they intersect AB. Label the points of intersection X and Y. ONIN This line passes through ( Pand is at right angles) \ to AB D So 1 Copy this diagram. Construct a line which passes through P and is perpendicular to the line XY. 2 Construct a triangle ABC such that AB = 8cm, AC = 5cm and BC =7em. c Sem Tom cm a) Construct a line which is perpendicular to AB and passes through C. Label its point of intersection with AB as X, b) Measure the distance CX. Give your answer to the nearest millimetre. ¢) Calculate the area aio the triangle ABC. ‘SHAPES AND GEOMETRIC REASONING @ 3 Construct a triangle POR such that PQ = PR = 6cm and QR= 10cm. Q 10cm om a ‘Gem Pp a) Extend the line QP. Draw a line which is perpendicular to QP and passe: through R. Label the its point of intersection with the extension of QP as S. b) Measure the distance RS. Give your answer to the nearest millimetre. ¢) Calculate the area of triangle PQR. 4 a) Drawa sloping line 8cm long. Label it) b) Mark a point on the line XY 3em from X. Label the point P. ©) Construct a line which is perpendicular to XY and passes through P. 5 a) Drawa sloping line 8cm long, Label it XY. b) On the line mark two points 6cm apart. Label them P and Q. ©) Construct a line which is perpendicular to XY and passes through P. 4d) Mark a point 6em from P on this perpendicular line. Label it R. e) Construct a line which is perpendicular to XY and passes through Q. £) Marka point 6cm from Q on this perpendicular line, on the same side of XYas P, and label it S. g) Join R and S with a straight line. h) What is the name of the shape PQRS you have constructed? Constructing geometric shapes Regular polygons can be constructed such that all of their vertices lie on the circumference of a circle. They are called inscribed polygons. Examples of some are shown below. © CHAPTERS Worked example Construct a square with all its vertices on ONO) the circumference of a circle. J This is called an inscribed i ¥ © Draw a straight line using a ruler. \ square, 3 ag fp ata med Mark a point O near its centre. © Using a pair of compasses draw a circle with its centre at O. Label the points where the circle intersects the line as A and C. © Construct the perpendicular bisector of AC. Label the points where the perpendicular bisector intersects the circumference of the circle as B and D. 8] YY , 4 0 © Join up the points AB, BC, CD and DA with a ruler. Fadia tile tedialians | The shape ABCD isan 4 | inscribed s¢ e, ¢ | inseribed square. ; Sig a pie tecncd™ The construction used for an inscribed square can be extended to construct an inscribed regular octagon. SHAPES AND GEOMETRIC REASONING @ Worked example Construct an inscribed regular octagon. ¢ Follow the same steps as for the inscribed square until this stage. © Construct the perpendicular bisectors of AB and BC. Label the points of intersection with the circumference of the circle as E, F,G and H. POOP The resulting shape isan inscribed regular octagon. pa © CHAPTER 3 Worked example Construct an inscribed regular hexagon using a pair of compasses and a ruler. © Open the pair of compasses and draw a circle. © Keep the compasses open by the same amount. Put the compass point on the circumference of the circle and draw an arc. Make sure that the arc intersects the circumference. © Place the compass point on the point of intersection of the arc and the circumference and draw another arc. Repeat this procedure until you have drawn six ares. © Join up the points of intersection with a ruler. IOS, [The resulting shape is an 2 inscribed regular hexagon. be ses poeta ‘SHAPES AND GEOMETRIC REASONING ® The same process can be used to construct an inscribed equilateral triangle. The only difference is that, rather than joining all six points of intersection in the final, stage, only alternate points are joined, like this. Construct the following geometric patterns using a ruler and a pair of compasses. | © | | = . 4 Design a geometric pattem of your own involving a regular octagon. 5 Design a geomettic pattem of your own involving a regular hexagon and equilateral triangles. wy ai ogle AGD 2tx® 2 Angle CGH = 2425 «Find ° = b) Dngle GHF = ths Find y: b 2) For the Gave Lig ve re ARC fae ZA &) Rng e RAC = ra Reason 2 Ered is = 2 8 ¢ = plo Go RLS x Ss pL 3 | QSis parallel te RT + Argle. QUN= 110° x a) Lxus= Reason: I b) luyt= Reoaven ? x c)(Rvy = Reason ¢ Nv dD) )Gux = Reasom: y_fe) NVT= Reac 4] ie a Fentogor, Q) Tota) numbex aon a that cow he draumn from one ver = hk) Ta tal

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